L. Fituni, I. Abramova Resource Potential of Africa and Russia's ...
L. Fituni, I. Abramova Resource Potential of Africa and Russia's ... L. Fituni, I. Abramova Resource Potential of Africa and Russia's ...
coal mixture of a new generation. This is reported to be equivalent to liquid fuel. The former Soviet Union made attempts to develop liquefied coal and it even had a 300-kilometer-long liquefied coal pipeline in Siberia to supply fuel to a thermal power station. But this technology proved to be too costly since it consumes 150 kilowatt hours to make a ton of fuel. The new technology developed by “Kompomash” consumes only 20 kilowatt hours. Initially, coal is processed mechanically and chemically to upgrade its combustion reaction. Ordinary coal emits black smoke during combustion owing to unburned carbon black and dust, while liquefied coal burns completely and emits white smoke and does not pollute the environment with hard particles. The liquefied coal does not emit carbon monoxide at all, and the content of carbon black and nitrogen oxides in the residues of combustion is ten times less than minimum standards. This technology is competitive. South African, US, or Chinese technologies are believed not to have achieved the same fine milling level as the Russian one (namely, a medium grain size of 0.7–0.8 microns). Consequently, there is no carbon dioxide emission since the fuel burns completely. Foreign technologies have failed to achieve this. Besides that, Russia uses advanced milling technology that consumes less energy. In 2010, in Tianjin, Russia’s “INTER RAO” Company and China’s state-run “Shenhua” Corporation signed a memorandum on the construction of a factory to produce liquefied coal fuel in Russia. The factory will be build near the Chinese border and the company is exploring coal mines the products of which meet the technological demands. The cost of the factory is estimated at one billion U.S. dollars. 47 President Zuma’s visit to Russia's in August 2010 gave new impetus to bilateral cooperation. The delegation accompanying Mr. Zuma included 11 Ministers and over 100 business leaders. These interactions were critical for South Africa's key domestic priorities, as well as for Russia's economic modernization and diversification policy priorities. During the 9th Joint South African-Russian Inter- 199
Governmental Committee on Trade and Economic Cooperation, held in Moscow at the time of the presidential meeting, International Relations Minister Maite Nkoana-Mashabane and her counterpart, Yuri Trutnev, signed a trade protocol. Under the protocol, the two countries agreed to increase trade and investment while lowering obstacles to economic co-operation. The two ministers also reaffirmed their determination to increase mutually beneficial social, economic and technical cooperation between the two countries. The ministers acknowledged that bilateral trade between South Africa and Russia fell below its potential, and agreed to take steps to increase trade while shifting the focus to high value added products, as well as to enhance cooperation in hightechnology areas. Russia ranks as the 44th largest export destination of South African goods and the 31st largest source of imports, with total trade amounting to R5.1 billion. South African foreign direct investment in Russia was estimated at US$325 million in August 2009, mainly in mining, metals, financial services, wood products, and chemicals, while Russian investment in SA was estimated at $1.209 billion. 48 The 2009 visit by President Medvedev was the main event in relations with Namibia. This visit constituted a breakthrough in the development of bilateral trade and economic cooperation. It will make it possible in the long run to expand Russia's involvement in major projects in Namibia, particularly in the exploration and exploitation of mineral deposits, hydrocarbons, power engineering, transportation and tourism. "Russia is returning to the African continent as its close partner after a break due to our internal difficulties," President Dmitry Medvedev said at the talks with Namibian President Hifikepynye Pohamba. "We consider Namibia a very promising and friendly state. We have being maintaining cooperation with Namibia for 20 years since it proclaimed independence and established diplomatic relations with Russia," the Russian president stressed. 49 It was stated during the visit that the positions of the two countries in the international arena are either very close or are identical. Medvedev named reform of the UN, establishment of a new finan- 200
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Governmental Committee on Trade <strong>and</strong> Economic Cooperation,<br />
held in Moscow at the time <strong>of</strong> the presidential meeting, International<br />
Relations Minister Maite Nkoana-Mashabane <strong>and</strong> her counterpart,<br />
Yuri Trutnev, signed a trade protocol.<br />
Under the protocol, the two countries agreed to increase trade<br />
<strong>and</strong> investment while lowering obstacles to economic co-operation.<br />
The two ministers also reaffirmed their determination to increase<br />
mutually beneficial social, economic <strong>and</strong> technical cooperation between<br />
the two countries. The ministers acknowledged that bilateral<br />
trade between South <strong>Africa</strong> <strong>and</strong> Russia fell below its potential, <strong>and</strong><br />
agreed to take steps to increase trade while shifting the focus to high<br />
value added products, as well as to enhance cooperation in hightechnology<br />
areas.<br />
Russia ranks as the 44th largest export destination <strong>of</strong> South <strong>Africa</strong>n<br />
goods <strong>and</strong> the 31st largest source <strong>of</strong> imports, with total trade<br />
amounting to R5.1 billion. South <strong>Africa</strong>n foreign direct investment<br />
in Russia was estimated at US$325 million in August 2009, mainly<br />
in mining, metals, financial services, wood products, <strong>and</strong> chemicals,<br />
while Russian investment in SA was estimated at $1.209 billion.<br />
48<br />
The 2009 visit by President Medvedev was the main event in relations<br />
with Namibia. This visit constituted a breakthrough in the development<br />
<strong>of</strong> bilateral trade <strong>and</strong> economic cooperation. It will make it<br />
possible in the long run to exp<strong>and</strong> <strong>Russia's</strong> involvement in major projects<br />
in Namibia, particularly in the exploration <strong>and</strong> exploitation <strong>of</strong><br />
mineral deposits, hydrocarbons, power engineering, transportation<br />
<strong>and</strong> tourism. "Russia is returning to the <strong>Africa</strong>n continent as its close<br />
partner after a break due to our internal difficulties," President Dmitry<br />
Medvedev said at the talks with Namibian President Hifikepynye Pohamba.<br />
"We consider Namibia a very promising <strong>and</strong> friendly state.<br />
We have being maintaining cooperation with Namibia for 20 years<br />
since it proclaimed independence <strong>and</strong> established diplomatic relations<br />
with Russia," the Russian president stressed. 49<br />
It was stated during the visit that the positions <strong>of</strong> the two countries<br />
in the international arena are either very close or are identical.<br />
Medvedev named reform <strong>of</strong> the UN, establishment <strong>of</strong> a new finan-<br />
200
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