L. Fituni, I. Abramova Resource Potential of Africa and Russia's ...
L. Fituni, I. Abramova Resource Potential of Africa and Russia's ... L. Fituni, I. Abramova Resource Potential of Africa and Russia's ...
Table 1.1.2. World chromium production and reserves 2008–2009 MINE PRODUCTION 2008 2009 19 RESERVES (Shipping grade) World total (rounded) 23,800 23,000 >350,000 including: United States – – 620 India 3,900 3,900 44,000 Kazakhstan 3,630 3,600 180,000 South Africa 9,680 9,600 130,000 Other countries 6,540 6,300 NA* * NA – not available. Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2010 Washington, DC. P. 42. This type of strategic material also matters to the EU and the Russian Federation. Chromium is found in many different minerals, but only chromite (FeO·Cr2O3) is used as commercial source for chromium. Once the sel-sufficient USSR collapsed, Russia lost nearly all major deposits of chromites. Now it mainly imports them from Kazakhstan. The present crisis has temporarily cut back this demand, but the Russian government program unveiled in February 2009 in support of its defense industry complex prevented further cutback. The EU meets only about 6% of the demand from local sources (mainly Finland and very small amounts from Greece). Its imports from Africa are over 75 percent (79.1% in 2006), the balance comes from Albania, Kazakhstan, Turkey and other suppliers. Main end-use markets for chromium products (worldwide)are steel production (anti-corrosives, stainless steel); refractories: (for manufacturing bricks and other devices in the refractory industry); pigments and other (leather tanning, metal corrosion inhibition, drilling muds, cosmetics, for textile dyes, catalysts and for wood and water treatment. Emerging technologies requiring chromium (seawater desalination, orthopedic implants) are not expected to significantly increase total demand up to 2030. 6
African resources of cobalt represent another area of competition for Africa’s natural wealth. More than half the cobalt for heat– resistant and high-strength alloys and jet engines used in defense and energy production in the U.S. and EU comes from Africa. Assessed by reference to the production of cobalt metal or cobalt chemicals from cobalt containing materials requiring further refining, was estimated at 56 400 tonnes in 2008. EU production accounted for 18% of this total amount. The EU cobalt industry is sourcing all of its primary cobalt feed from outside the Community, with a strong reliance on African and Russian producers as regards ores and metal. The United States has its own cobalt ore deposits, but most of them are depleted and its further mining is proving too costly owing to which all cobalt for U.S. industry has been coming from other countries since 1971. Identified cobalt resources of the United States are estimated to be about 1 million tons, in Minnesota, Alaska, California, Idaho, Missouri, Montana, and Oregon. The vast majority of these resources are in nickel–bearing laterite deposits, with most of the rest occurring in nickel–copper sulfide deposits hosted in mafic and ultramafic rocks in Australia, Canada, and Russia, and in the sedimentary copper deposits of Congo (Kinshasa) and Zambia. In addition, as much as 1 billion tons of hypothetical and speculative cobalt resources may exist in manganese nodules and crusts on the ocean floor. 7 Fifty-two percent of the world cobalt reserves are in the four African countries – the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Zambia, Morocco, and Botswana. The lion's share of the amount (60 percent of all world production, excluding the former USSR) belongs to DRC, which alone provides 65 percent of the U.S. internal demand for this metal. In 2001–2008, before the crisis, Africa's share in the world production of purified metal was steadily falling (from 65 percent to 10 percent) while its production in Europe and China was growing, but the main supplier of primary material was DRC as before. The main part of cobalt mined in DRC is exported to the U.S. and Europe. China meets a considerable proportion of its demand from Zambia and Morocco. 20
- Page 1 and 2: ABOUT THE AUTHORS: Dr. IRINA ABRAMO
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- Page 6 and 7: INTRODUCTION IN THE GLOBALIZED WORL
- Page 8 and 9: At certain stages of their history,
- Page 10 and 11: tives. The authors are not describi
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- Page 18 and 19: thus the last seller of the commodi
- Page 22 and 23: Table 1.1.3. World cobalt productio
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- Page 26 and 27: Though US totally depends on import
- Page 28 and 29: isk of supply shortage in the next
- Page 30 and 31: long been obsolete, do exist and te
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- Page 40 and 41: uses to track terrorists. Algerian
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- Page 46 and 47: ing Angola’s large oil resources
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Table 1.1.2. World chromium production <strong>and</strong> reserves 2008–2009<br />
MINE PRODUCTION<br />
2008 2009<br />
19<br />
RESERVES<br />
(Shipping grade)<br />
World total (rounded) 23,800 23,000 >350,000<br />
including:<br />
United States – – 620<br />
India 3,900 3,900 44,000<br />
Kazakhstan 3,630 3,600 180,000<br />
South <strong>Africa</strong> 9,680 9,600 130,000<br />
Other countries 6,540 6,300 NA*<br />
* NA – not available.<br />
Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January<br />
2010 Washington, DC. P. 42.<br />
This type <strong>of</strong> strategic material also matters to the EU <strong>and</strong> the<br />
Russian Federation. Chromium is found in many different minerals,<br />
but only chromite (FeO·Cr2O3) is used as commercial source for<br />
chromium.<br />
Once the sel-sufficient USSR collapsed, Russia lost nearly all<br />
major deposits <strong>of</strong> chromites. Now it mainly imports them from Kazakhstan.<br />
The present crisis has temporarily cut back this dem<strong>and</strong>,<br />
but the Russian government program unveiled in February 2009 in<br />
support <strong>of</strong> its defense industry complex prevented further cutback.<br />
The EU meets only about 6% <strong>of</strong> the dem<strong>and</strong> from local sources<br />
(mainly Finl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> very small amounts from Greece). Its imports<br />
from <strong>Africa</strong> are over 75 percent (79.1% in 2006), the balance comes<br />
from Albania, Kazakhstan, Turkey <strong>and</strong> other suppliers.<br />
Main end-use markets for chromium products (worldwide)are<br />
steel production (anti-corrosives, stainless steel); refractories: (for<br />
manufacturing bricks <strong>and</strong> other devices in the refractory industry);<br />
pigments <strong>and</strong> other (leather tanning, metal corrosion inhibition,<br />
drilling muds, cosmetics, for textile dyes, catalysts <strong>and</strong> for wood <strong>and</strong><br />
water treatment. Emerging technologies requiring chromium (seawater<br />
desalination, orthopedic implants) are not expected to significantly<br />
increase total dem<strong>and</strong> up to 2030. 6
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