L. Fituni, I. Abramova Resource Potential of Africa and Russia's ...

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supplies only it is either a blatant lie or a mere ignorance. In reality, quite a number of large-scale development projects were realized here with the Soviet assistance in the fields of industry, education, agriculture (for instance, a well-known irrigation project in Gambella). Big industrial enterprises and generating capacities were constructed (for example, the largest at the time and still one of the most significant ones Ethiopian hydropower plant in Melka Wakena). Comprehensive geological surveys were conducted, various mineral deposits were discovered (many of them are currently being exploited or prepared for extraction). Nowadays such type of aid is usually described as “official development assistance”. And it does not really matter that at that time Soviet assistance was to some extent conditioned by certain ideological or political considerations. Whatever the reasons were, one can safely say that in the 1970–1980s the USSR was the largest economic donor of Ethiopia contributing greatly to the development of almost every sphere of the latter’s economy, as well as conducting a large-scale training of Ethiopian students (suffice it to say that over 20 thousand Ethiopians studied in the USSR). 38 With the end of the Cold War the basic principles and targets of foreign policy in my country and in the whole world have considerably changed. Russia’s economic relations with Ethiopia are no longer based on political or ideological factors. Moreover, nowadays it is not public but private enterprises that are the leading economic operators in Russia. In their activities they are guided mainly by market rules and principles (profit generation, secure and rapid return of investments, etc.). This trend, inter alia, has had a positive effect on the relations between Russia and Ethiopia. Though 2009 was marked by the culmination of the global financial crisis, it proved to be the most economically successful in the Russian-Ethiopian relations since 1991. Thus, the overall bilateral trade totaled about $170 million, increasing 1.6 times as compared with 2008 (Table 3.4.2). 39 In 2009, for the first time in the post-Soviet period the Russian Federation took an active part in the regular Addis Ababa International Trade Fair. More than 20 Russian companies, organizations 191
and agencies displayed their exhibits in a special Russian pavilion. Several Russian participants signed a number of contracts and protocols of intent with their Ethiopian and other foreign partners. A «Russia Day» was also held during the Fair. Table 3.4.2. Russian-Ethiopian trade (USD million) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Turnover 56.49 95.22 24.94 15.5 30.7 107.7 169.3 Export 56.02 93.86 22.06 10.8 22.9 100.6 160.4 Import 0.47 1.36 2.883 4.7 7.8 7.1 8.9 During the same period a Meeting of the co-Chairs of the Russian-Ethiopian Intergovernmental Commission (IGC) on Economic, Scientific, Technical and Trade Cooperation was held in Addis Ababa. It should be noted that both Russia and Ethiopia attach great importance to this mechanism in terms of promoting bilateral trade and economic partnership. The latest IGC Meeting took place in the end of 2010. The imbalance in bilateral trade is still there with about 97% of it consisting of Russian exports (mainly fertilizers, cellulose, wheat, factory equipment, vehicle spare parts, etc.). The major items of Ethiopian export to Russia are agricultural products – coffee, cut flowers, oil seeds and leather. Russia expected the bilateral trade volume in 2010 to exceed the figures of the previous year. Thus, according to the data provided by the Ethiopian Revenues and Customs Authority, during the five months of 2010 the bilateral turnover surpassed $90 million and is steadily growing. 40 In 2010, about two dozens of projects with full or partial participation of Russian investors were registered in Ethiopia. The total volume of expected investments exceeded $80 million. Unfortunately, the global financial and economic crisis delayed the practical implementation of these projects. The absence of direct air communication between Russia and Ethiopia is another factor hindering the establishment of more active business ties, though the discussions about resuming direct flights are continually revived. 192
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS: Dr. IRINA ABRAMO
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330.324.22 330.123.72 351.823.003 3
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INTRODUCTION IN THE GLOBALIZED WORL
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At certain stages of their history,
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tives. The authors are not describi
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cations, including monographs 1 and
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arena by the loftiest goals and ide
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quence, their role in the world eco
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thus the last seller of the commodi
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Table 1.1.2. World chromium product
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Table 1.1.3. World cobalt productio
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shore in many parts of the world. L
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Though US totally depends on import
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isk of supply shortage in the next
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long been obsolete, do exist and te
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a European-African energy forum; th
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upon the same ideology: the new roa
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Force. At the request of the UN Sec
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- The United States has sole jurisd
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uses to track terrorists. Algerian
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sum, in exchange for terminating th
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UK, Greece, Italy and Spain during
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ing Angola’s large oil resources
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China concluded two major M&A deals
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the continent. To help African coun
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egy with regard to Sudan and Zimbab
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some price-related difficulties for
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100,000 students from almost every
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15 U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral
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CHAPTER 2 Natural Resource Potentia
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tion in the global division of labo
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of other nations (manifest in an ex
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The mineral resource base (MRB) of
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In Nigeria, the smelter at Ikot Aba
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ite production at Komi to reach 6.5
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depletion. In South Africa, output
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25-26 thousand tons of copper conce
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Country 75 Cost Ranges Namibia 0 20
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The Elkon district, Southern Yakuti
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ites and Miocene sediments extendin
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South, Etango and Valencia alaskite
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of competitiveness by similar produ
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tive scenario, the above goals will
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The concept of resource efficiency
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vately owned. The leading enterpris
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In this respect African and Russian
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Table 2.2.2. Distribution of capita
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will allow the project to overcome
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World prices on all types of minera
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2.3. Competitors or Partners? Russi
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Soviet organizations supplied Alger
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that the gas crisis between Russia
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The second LUKOIL project in Egypt
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The agreement was finally signed du
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pany “Slavneft” would join a co
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DRC to extract copper and cobalt in
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for 22 years in 2002 Friguia refine
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licenses. They are the only Russian
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that the main aims were inter-alia
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Agency to develop plans for up to 4
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pit nickel mine and the Selkirk und
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deposit also contains a Peridotite-
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and Eastern parts of the EPL 3850 p
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Russian economy and the specifics o
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34 . 2009. C. 366- 368. 35 John St
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CHAPTER 3 Project RUSSAFRICA: Towar
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copra, spices, other products of tr
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This theoretic and scientific aura
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and technical cooperation with Afri
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higher and specialized secondary ed
Page 142 and 143: used and repaid part of the credit.
Page 144 and 145: exploitation of projects. Soviet ex
Page 146 and 147: At the same time we recognize that
Page 148 and 149: For the Soviet Union, solidarity wi
Page 150 and 151: disappeared together with their ass
Page 152 and 153: cial Representative of the Presiden
Page 154 and 155: countries and minimize the adverse
Page 156 and 157: The principled line in support of A
Page 158 and 159: Exports of Russian raw materials to
Page 160 and 161: of Su-30MKA fighters. At the same t
Page 162 and 163: etc. He also remarked that since th
Page 164 and 165: However, there are harbingers of a
Page 166 and 167: There was a good demand in Egypt fo
Page 168 and 169: Another promising sphere for Russia
Page 170 and 171: Lada users in Egypt. In 2010, a new
Page 172 and 173: All these companies have permanent
Page 174 and 175: ment of the Russian Federation 105
Page 176 and 177: As of mid 2010, other areas of econ
Page 178 and 179: cooperation and hydrocarbon product
Page 180 and 181: tion." The participants in the Raba
Page 182 and 183: 2009 consisted of such traditional
Page 184 and 185: From October 21-23, 2010, the Fourt
Page 186 and 187: (May 2009), and Ugandan President Y
Page 188 and 189: Russia provided humanitarian aid to
Page 190 and 191: Nigeria’s Share in Russia’s Imp
Page 194 and 195: On the initiative of the Ethiopian
Page 196 and 197: - Automotive and components - Capit
Page 198 and 199: led by the two Chambers and attende
Page 200 and 201: coal mixture of a new generation. T
Page 202 and 203: cial architecture and food safety a
Page 204 and 205: The talks in Luanda led the two cou
Page 206 and 207: 9 Annual Report of Alexander Saltan
Page 208 and 209: CONCLUSIONS THE RESULTS OF THE UNDE
Page 210 and 211: interpretations is the intensifying
Page 212: Leonid FITUNI and Irina ABRAMOVA RE
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