L. Fituni, I. Abramova Resource Potential of Africa and Russia's ...
L. Fituni, I. Abramova Resource Potential of Africa and Russia's ... L. Fituni, I. Abramova Resource Potential of Africa and Russia's ...
As of mid 2010, other areas of economic cooperation between Russia and Egypt included banking, tourist sector, quality control of exported commodities of agricultural origin, pharmaceutics, and peaceful space exploration. On 25 March, 2008, the Intergovernmental Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Peaceful Use of Atomic Energy was signed between the two countries. Signing of this agreement was particularly timely because the Egyptian ministry of Electric Energy concurrently adopted a plan for construction of nuclear power stations along the country’s Mediterranean coast. The first plant may enter into exploitation in 2015–2016. The estimated cost of the planned project is 1,5 billion USD. Russian President Dmitry Medvedev's 2009 visit opened up new prospects for cooperation between Russia and Egypt. During the visit Cairo paid Moscow the courtesy of supporting its initiative to convene a Middle East peace conference in Russia's capital before the end of 2009 (the conference did not take place). In Cairo, Russia and Egypt signed a strategic partnership agreement between the two countries. It, in particular, has every chance of success because Cairo is becoming increasingly irritated at the constant criticism from Washington, especially on the human rights issue. Under the circumstances, Russia may again get access to an area which the Americans have held sway for almost 40 years, namely military sales. Specifically, according to available data, the Egyptian military is looking at the possibility of acquiring Russian S-300 or S-400 air defense missile systems in view of the increasing missile threat from Iran. A noteworthy event in bilateral relations was the September 15, 2010 announcement of the establishment of a working group to consider agro-industrial complex within the framework of the Russian- Egyptian intergovernmental commission on trade and economic cooperation. At the same time, Egypt proposed a long-term agreement for the sale of Russian wheat to Egypt that must clearly spell out mechanisms for determining compliance with the phytosanitary requirements of Russia and Egypt, and must also specify the authority responsible for oversight and inspection in this area. 175
In 2009, it was announced that in 2008 the volume of mutual trade in goods and services amounted to $4.1 billion (in 2007 it was $4.2 billion), of which $1.7 billion was for goods turnover. Cooperation in the field of tourism increased dramatically in 2008, 1.84 million Russians visited Egypt. In this regard, Russia obtained Egypt's agreement to provide tourist and transportation services comparable to generally accepted standards. Energy, transportation and space have been determined to be the most promising areas for bilateral cooperation. In particular, Russia has already received an official invitation to participate in the tender for construction of a nuclear power plant in Egypt. The tender is to be announced in late 2010. According to available data, Rosatom is proposing to build a plant in Egypt with a minimum of two and a maximum of four reactors. The starting price for a single reactor at the beginning of negotiations is the same as across the world – approximately $2.5 billion. The Russian and Egyptian space agencies are preparing two cooperation agreements – on the GLONASS system and for overall cooperation. Specifically, the discussion concerns the Estar project for remote sensing of the Earth. The first Egyptian satellite is planned for launch in late 2011; it will be followed by three more. Moscow and Cairo are continuing negotiations on a project to establish a Russian economic zone in Egypt and a free trade treaty; however, according to Medvedev, "they are not moving as quickly as the parties would like" due to legal complications. Libya. Russian President Medvedev believed that Russia's relations with Libya are on the upswing. "During recent years we have made significant progress on many fronts. Our political dialogue has become deeper and richer. Regular high-level meetings are taking place. Economic cooperation is improving," said Medvedev on October 12 at a credential presentation ceremony for ambassadors from a number of countries. He noted that "new joint investment projects and the development of humanitarian ties are on the agenda", but in March 2011 Russia joined UN sanction. 30 With regard to trade and economic relations with Libya, in 2009 Russia achieved progress in the areas of military-technical 176
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In 2009, it was announced that in 2008 the volume <strong>of</strong> mutual<br />
trade in goods <strong>and</strong> services amounted to $4.1 billion (in 2007 it was<br />
$4.2 billion), <strong>of</strong> which $1.7 billion was for goods turnover. Cooperation<br />
in the field <strong>of</strong> tourism increased dramatically in 2008, 1.84 million<br />
Russians visited Egypt. In this regard, Russia obtained Egypt's<br />
agreement to provide tourist <strong>and</strong> transportation services comparable<br />
to generally accepted st<strong>and</strong>ards.<br />
Energy, transportation <strong>and</strong> space have been determined to be the<br />
most promising areas for bilateral cooperation. In particular, Russia<br />
has already received an <strong>of</strong>ficial invitation to participate in the tender<br />
for construction <strong>of</strong> a nuclear power plant in Egypt. The tender is to<br />
be announced in late 2010. According to available data, Rosatom is<br />
proposing to build a plant in Egypt with a minimum <strong>of</strong> two <strong>and</strong> a<br />
maximum <strong>of</strong> four reactors. The starting price for a single reactor at<br />
the beginning <strong>of</strong> negotiations is the same as across the world – approximately<br />
$2.5 billion.<br />
The Russian <strong>and</strong> Egyptian space agencies are preparing two cooperation<br />
agreements – on the GLONASS system <strong>and</strong> for overall<br />
cooperation. Specifically, the discussion concerns the Estar project<br />
for remote sensing <strong>of</strong> the Earth. The first Egyptian satellite is<br />
planned for launch in late 2011; it will be followed by three more.<br />
Moscow <strong>and</strong> Cairo are continuing negotiations on a project to<br />
establish a Russian economic zone in Egypt <strong>and</strong> a free trade treaty;<br />
however, according to Medvedev, "they are not moving as quickly<br />
as the parties would like" due to legal complications.<br />
Libya. Russian President Medvedev believed that <strong>Russia's</strong> relations<br />
with Libya are on the upswing. "During recent years we have<br />
made significant progress on many fronts. Our political dialogue has<br />
become deeper <strong>and</strong> richer. Regular high-level meetings are taking<br />
place. Economic cooperation is improving," said Medvedev on October<br />
12 at a credential presentation ceremony for ambassadors from<br />
a number <strong>of</strong> countries. He noted that "new joint investment projects<br />
<strong>and</strong> the development <strong>of</strong> humanitarian ties are on the agenda", but in<br />
March 2011 Russia joined UN sanction. 30<br />
With regard to trade <strong>and</strong> economic relations with Libya, in<br />
2009 Russia achieved progress in the areas <strong>of</strong> military-technical<br />
176