Sulphur lamp with static bulb
Sulphur lamp with static bulb
Sulphur lamp with static bulb
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SULPHUR LAMP<br />
WITH STATIC BULB<br />
Plasma Lamp<br />
G. Courret, M. Croci, L. Calame, HEIG-VD<br />
A. Meyer, SOLARONIX, Switzerland
GOALS<br />
o High efficient light source<br />
o Color rendering in the best<br />
standard for buildings<br />
o No harmful substance<br />
Development of the sulphur<br />
<strong>lamp</strong><br />
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History<br />
o Early 90’s:<br />
Invention (Fusion Lighting, Ury et al., USA)<br />
o 1995: SOLAR-1000<br />
• Wattage = 1375 W<br />
• Bulb rotating at 2500 t/min -> reduced lifetime<br />
o 1999:<br />
• LG Electronics invested US $200 million<br />
• 2 wattage (900 & 700 W), spinning <strong>bulb</strong><br />
o 2005:<br />
• LG production capacity: 1000/month<br />
• Swiss start-up : www.akhtis.com<br />
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Fusion lighting<br />
Magnetron<br />
Cavity<br />
resonator<br />
Bulb &<br />
plasma<br />
Wave guide<br />
Rotation<br />
drive<br />
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Spectrum<br />
117 Lm/W at 1400 W 70 Lm/W at 600 W<br />
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Spectral Comparison <strong>with</strong><br />
Daylighting<br />
Visible<br />
Continuous spectrum<br />
=> real colors<br />
500 1000<br />
1500<br />
2000 nm<br />
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First Target Market<br />
o Illumination of large indoor spaces<br />
o Reduced energy consumption and<br />
maintenance cost (<strong>static</strong> <strong>bulb</strong>)<br />
o Continuous spectrum: real colors<br />
o Electrodeless <strong>bulb</strong>: no color fade<br />
o Low UV and IR emission: less heating and<br />
aging of sensitive goods<br />
=> Shopping areas, museums, exposition<br />
halls,…<br />
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Bulb heating<br />
<strong>with</strong> injected power <strong>with</strong> rotation<br />
! Quartz continuous use < 1100 °C !<br />
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Bulb at rest<br />
o Stabilized curent<br />
o Max power: 650 W<br />
(magnetron)<br />
o Only 40 Lm/W<br />
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Simplified stream lines<br />
Dissociation and<br />
recombination of<br />
sulfur (diatomic<br />
molecules)<br />
C 0<br />
C 1/4<br />
C 1/2<br />
r<br />
L<br />
ϕ<br />
C 3/4<br />
C 1<br />
z<br />
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Thermal cycles<br />
3<br />
kW<br />
T<br />
=<br />
T<br />
+<br />
∆T<br />
⋅<br />
Exp( jω<br />
t)<br />
2.5<br />
2<br />
1.5<br />
τ ≅10 −5<br />
secondes<br />
1<br />
0.5<br />
But ω No shift from LTE! The efficiency<br />
increases <strong>with</strong> rotation for other reasons:<br />
1/ Less creation of entropy (principle of Prigogine)<br />
2/ Cooler <strong>bulb</strong> -><br />
η<br />
Carnot<br />
=<br />
T<br />
H<br />
11<br />
−<br />
T<br />
H<br />
2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000<br />
T<br />
L<br />
K<br />
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Modulation of the<br />
magnetron<br />
τ ≅10 −5<br />
secondes<br />
-> Phase opposition <strong>with</strong> the<br />
molecules relaxation<br />
10 kHz < mod. frequency < 1MHz<br />
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Sulfur plasma<br />
( 5.4 cm 3 Bulb )<br />
Modulation OFF,<br />
30 Lm/W at 400 W<br />
13<br />
Modulation ON,71 kHz<br />
68 Lm/W at 490 W<br />
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Acoustic sustentation<br />
( 12.2 cm 3 Bulb )<br />
Modulation 18 kHz, 600W, on the <strong>bulb</strong> :860°C<br />
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Spectrum (sulfur)<br />
-1<br />
In red : modulation ON<br />
Supplied power: 674 W<br />
In blue : modulation OFF<br />
Supplied power: 657 W<br />
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Emission of light<br />
S 2 F S + S<br />
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Luminous efficiency vs<br />
supplied power (Sulfur)<br />
90<br />
Lm/W<br />
80<br />
70<br />
60<br />
ON (regime I)<br />
ON (regime II A)<br />
ON (regime II B)<br />
OFF<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
300 400 500 600 700<br />
Supplied power (W)<br />
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Luminous efficiency vs<br />
frequency (Tellurium)<br />
70<br />
Lm/W<br />
60<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80<br />
fréquence de modulation (kHz)<br />
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Luminous efficiency vs<br />
frequency (Selenium)<br />
Lm/W<br />
50<br />
48<br />
46<br />
44<br />
42<br />
40<br />
38<br />
36<br />
34<br />
32<br />
30<br />
28<br />
26<br />
24<br />
22<br />
20<br />
18<br />
16<br />
14<br />
12<br />
10<br />
8<br />
6<br />
4<br />
2<br />
0<br />
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500<br />
Fréquence de modulation [kHz]<br />
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Bests prototypes<br />
Static <strong>bulb</strong> <strong>with</strong> modulation<br />
Wattage [ W ] 660 500<br />
Luminous<br />
Efficiency<br />
[ Lm / W ] 86 68<br />
Color<br />
temperature [ K ] 7’500 8’200<br />
CRI 81 88<br />
Color white white<br />
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Comparing technologies<br />
Life time[ h ]<br />
IRC<br />
Cold cat hode<br />
magnetron<br />
Plasma Lamp<br />
(modulation) 5 10 3<br />
100 75 50 25<br />
Incandescent<br />
(halogen)<br />
Bulb out of<br />
the reasoning cavity<br />
1 10 4<br />
1 10 3<br />
25<br />
10 3<br />
10 4<br />
5 10 4<br />
10 1<br />
10 2<br />
Metal Halides (HID)<br />
and C-MHL<br />
Luminous<br />
density [ Lm / cc ]<br />
Fluorescent<br />
50 75<br />
21<br />
High pressure<br />
discharge (Na, ...)<br />
100<br />
Efficiency [ Lm / W ]<br />
and the LEDs ?<br />
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Thanks for your attention!<br />
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