Szirmai, John - The Archaeology of Medieval Bookbinding

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5. The roman numerals refer to the final official numbering as given in the Facsimile Edition of the Nag Hammadi Codices (1972-7); it replaces earlier ones, including those used by Van Regemorter (I960) and Doresse (1961). 6. Although all authors describe tackets as made of leather, I have doubts about the Tightness of their identification of the material: the so much greater strength and durability of parchment or rawhide, materials that were likewise available (Lucas and Harris 1989 p. 37), appear to be far more suitable for tackets and also for stays. 7. This codex underwent surgery for a second time in the late 1950s: its separated leaves were joined again and laminated with silk gauze, the single-quire structure was reconstructed and mounted in a new calfskin replica of the leather cover (Auster et al. 1959) - one wonders to what good purpose? 8. I am grateful to Dr Jennifer M. Sheppard for examining for me the dismantled fragments of Cambridge UL T.S. 6 H9-21 and confirming that there are no sewing holes in the centrefolds. Several other examples of stabbing single-quire codices are given in the unpublished typescript of Father Theodore C. Petersen's Coptic Bookbindings in the Pierpom Morgan Library (Petersen 1948), which contains a wealth of information on early binding structures. An updated edition is being prepared by John L. Sharpe 111 (Depuydt 1993 p. XI).
Chapter 2 The first multi-quire Coptic codices 2.1 INTRODUCTION In Chapter 1 we saw that the single-quire codex was in use in ancient Egypt during the third and fourth centuries AD. But it was not the only codex form at that time: multi-quire codices are extant even from as early as the second century AD and considerably outnumber the single-quire type. From the data of Roberts and Skeat (1983 pp. 37-44) we can conclude that over 500 codices have survived from the period before 400 AD, the majority probably of the multi-quire type. Turner (1977 pp. 61-4) examined the make-up of the quires of 56 codices (36 papyrus, 20 parchment) dating from the third to the seventh centuries: the number of folded sheets in a quire ranged from one to nine, four sheets (quaterniones) being most frequent (22 cases). Papyrus seems to have been the preferred writing material in the earlier period: out of about 250 codices extant from before 300 AD, only 11 per cent were written on parchment (calculated from the data of Turner 1977 pp. 89-94); this figure is hardly astonishing if we remember that virtually all finds originate from Egypt, the home of papyrus. In this chapter an attempt is made to examine the binding structure of the earliest multi-quire codices from their first beginnings to the seventh century. This period spans from the rise of Coptic communities as part of the Byzantine Empire to the Arab conquest of Egypt around 640 AD. Only a very small fraction of the codices from this period have retained their original binding more or less intact. The corpus listed in Table 2.1 comprises 11 parchment codices (10 with wooden boards, one with papyrus boards) dating from the fourth to the seventh centuries and containing. Biblical texts. Their most fundamental common features are that their quires are joined to form a bookblock by sewing through the centrefolds using the link-stitch technique and that the bookblock is attached to the boards by means of the extensions of the leather back strip. Codices A, B, C, D and E were found in the 1920s near Saqqara, under the ruins of the Monastery of Apa Jeremiah; their bindings were dismantled and only insufficiently described by Lamacraft (1939). The Freer Gospels, known since 1906 and believed to have come from the Monastery of the Vinedresser near Giza, has detached wooden covers with paintings of probably a later date, still containing vestiges of the board attachment (Morey 1912); the textblock and sewing already showed unambiguous signs of repair when examined by Petersen. 1 The Glazier codex, PML M 910, the Scheide codex and the Barcelona codex surfaced in the early 1960s (site uncertain); although no longer intact, they have still managed to escape harsh conservation treatment. The latest find is the Mudil codex, unearthed in a cemetery near al-Mudil, Middle Egypt, in 1984; the binding
Page 2 and 3: Contents Preface and acknowledgemen
Page 4 and 5: Contents vii 7.8 Covering and decor
Page 6 and 7: Preface and acknowledgements This b
Page 8 and 9: Preface and acknowledgements XI (Ve
Page 10 and 11: Preface and acknowledgements xiii S
Page 12 and 13: Abbreviations Dates are abbreviated
Page 14 and 15: Part I The Mediterranean heritage
Page 16 and 17: surmise e sUentio: for too long its
Page 18 and 19: decorated book covers have been fou
Page 20 and 21: Figure 1.2 Diagram of tire construc
Page 22 and 23: 'spine' see Chapter 2, note 3). The
Page 24 and 25: gefunden sein mussté' (Schmidt 189
Page 28 and 29: 16 The first multi-quire Coptic cod
Page 30 and 31: extended link stitch (Gnirrep and S
Page 32 and 33: Figure 2.2 Spine of the sixth-centu
Page 34 and 35: A B C Figure 2.4 Two alternative me
Page 36 and 37: Figure 2.5 The upper cover and back
Page 38 and 39: pristine condition is the back cove
Page 40 and 41: 307 fig. 24, p. 319 fig. 74). Sever
Page 42 and 43: [a] pastedown [b] Figure 2.10 Two d
Page 44 and 45: Chapter 3 Late Coptic codices 3.1 I
Page 46 and 47: M 633 M 634 M 580 1 M 586 I h — 1
Page 48 and 49: Figure 3.4 Various types of hinging
Page 50 and 51: separately from the book and before
Page 52 and 53: and 6.13). It should finally be men
Page 54 and 55: Figure 3.10 Peg and strap fastening
Page 56 and 57: 7. This double board of BL Or. 5000
Page 58 and 59: 4.2 SEWING AND BOARD ATTACHMENT The
Page 60 and 61: truly time-consuming procedure whic
Page 62 and 63: elevant corners of the boards. Yet
Page 64 and 65: tective boxes and even repairing wo
Page 66 and 67: may be done by several methods: one
Page 68 and 69: the former attachment and all evide
Page 70 and 71: ands (Figure 5.4) was ar first a pu
Page 72 and 73: locks of incised leather that obvio
Page 74 and 75: Chapter 6 Byzantine codices 6.1 INT
Page 76 and 77:
and Sonderkamp (1991). Geographical
Page 78 and 79:
tional station (shown as a broken l
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figure 6.3 Bulky chains of lhe exte
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and the making of the hinging loops
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Figure 6.6 Variants of the zigzag h
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outer face inner face Figure 6.8 V-
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in many cases, writing or decoratio
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Figure 6.12 Construction of a singl
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[a] 40.0 tbi 5.3 |c] 11.6 LdJ 10.5
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[a] [b] [c] [d] Figure 6.15 Fasteni
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6.11 'ALLA GRECA' BINDINGS Byzantin
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Figure fi.lS Construction of a sing
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similarities, to be a significant a
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fastened with trenails. The corners
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esulied in, among oilier things, di
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Introduction One of the distinctive
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Introduction 97 (1942) and Wilson (
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Chapter 7 Carolingian bindings 7.1
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7.2 Introduction of the sewing supp
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7.3 BOARDS AND BOARD ATTACHMENT Pre
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spine edge free edges 17.6 A A 14.3
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Figure 7.8 Variants in the disposit
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identical to the sewing thread, is
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outer face of outer face Figure 7.1
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7.4 Sewing 113 [a] [b] [c] [d] [e]
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7.4 Sewing 115 discussed below - on
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7.5 Endleaves 117 50 n % 40 H 30 H
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7.6 Edge trimming 119 (Schäfcr 199
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7.7 Endbands 121 earlier. Still ear
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7.7 Endbands 123 Figure 7.24 Suppor
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7.7 Endbands 125 The thread of the
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7. ŕ? Covering and decoration 127
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7.8 Covering and decoration 129 [d]
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7.9 Fastenings 131 7.9 FASTENINGS F
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Figure 7.32 1995). Concave distorti
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Figure 7.35 Model of a carolingian
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2. The majority of ť. f 60 carolin
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Chapter 8 Romanesque bindings 8.1 I
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same origin, were described by Stor
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Table S.l Number of sewing supports
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Schaffhausen St Salvátor monastery
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and two on single thongs employed f
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Lej Figure 8.7 are shown in [d] and
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% T 20- 10- 7 9 11 13 15 17 mm Figu
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studied have revealed two main type
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out of 10 Schaffliausen bindings ha
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[a] mm W W M [c] [d] T"' • " [e]
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Figure 8.16 Romanesque endband cons
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espectively (see Figure 7.26[h] and
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(1974) recorded their use in the el
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Figure S.22 A romanesque binding wi
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Figure 8.23 Construction of the two
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Figure 8.24 Spine lining and broken
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other Lraits. Michael Gullick assur
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174 Gothic bindings ports enter the
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Table 9.1 Groups of gothic bindings
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1612 pp. 72-3; de Bray 1658 p. 25).
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Table 9.2 Number of sewing supports
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Figure 9.3 Hole in the centrefold,
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Figure 9.4 Various types of thongs
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Tabic 9.4 Sewing structures oľ got
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[dl Figure 9.8 Valiums of integral
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Table 9.5 Final twist and structure
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130 St Gall rebindings of parchment
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Figure 9.12 Marks of the backing ha
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Tabic y.7 board) Parch- and transve
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Figure 9.15 Trimming the edge by di
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drawknife; in Group A, also predomi
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In 380 cases of the three groups st
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Table 9.9 Endbands on gothic bindin
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larger at the spine than at the for
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Figure 9.23 Saddle-siiLch endband (
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Figure 9.25 Secondary embroidered e
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[c] [d] Figure 9.27 Diagrams showin
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Figure 9.29 Braided endband (crosse
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Figure 9.31 Stuck-on endband (Type
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Tabic 9.11 Squares on godiic bindin
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same rounding as at the spine, [b];
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1464 and 1526), who had employed bo
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attachment also occurs: the rebindi
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Table 9.14 Leather coverings of got
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228 Goihk bindings an additional se
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Figure 9.37 Cross-hatcliinji over t
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= nificant diference (j 7.ó), unde
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crocea, viiidř; De Marinis 1960 vo
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198ft; see U. Bruckner 1997} and Br
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Figure 9.JO Girdle book from 1471,
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Figure 9.4) I-ower cover of a bindi
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Figure 9.4Í Detail of a cuir-ciscl
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Figure 9.44 Diagram showing the evo
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tised for about one hundred years b
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Figure 9.45 Gill roundels ' alia Ji
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Figure 9.46 Decoration with brush g
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Figure 9.47 The components of hook-
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Figure 9.48 Long-strap fastening on
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Figure 9..1O Hook-clasp fastenings
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Figure 9.SI Details of the clasp of
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however, it is equally possible tha
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Figure 9.54 Hook-clasp fastenings o
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K=3 o o 22 Figuro 9.55 Motal furnis
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Figuru 9.57 Four variants oi'brass
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cover clip first link chain links s
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the book lying with the lower cover
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Figure 9.61 Diagram showing the eff
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Figure 9.62 Effects of a sliff roun
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Figure 9.64 A well-prcscrvcd late g
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inding of a 1492 inclinable arc spe
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several instances, such as the chem
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as a possible equivalent of cuir-ci
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69. At the completion of [he rebind
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tion: 'Die kunstletisehe Verziemng
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Figure 10.2 Details of the construc
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Figure 10.4 Primary quire racketing
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a; id" T t^1 + + + + r^1 m * * w O-
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head LAI! la] o o O * * — I [b] h
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Figure lU.y Limp leather binding of
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Figure 10.11 Limp parchment binding
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Figure 10.12 Limp bindings with lin
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Figure 10.14 Limp bindings with var
Page 316 and 317:
order to tighten the sewing, which
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fpSTT^'V^-ľ.'ľ-TTľľT'-T "T--»
Page 320 and 321:
Figure 10.21 Distortion of the text
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Figure 10.23 Diagram of the constru
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Figure 10.24 Example of extreme con
Page 326 and 327:
Figure 10.2fi The construction of t
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Figure 10.28 Italian limp parchment
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Zulphen Libr. (3), Zutphen GA (2),
Page 332 and 333:
Bibliography Abbadie, Anloine ď (1
Page 334 and 335:
Berger, Pamela C. (1981). The Insig
Page 336 and 337:
Carvin, Denis (1988), La reliure me
Page 338 and 339:
Yemen' in Déroche, Francois and Ri
Page 340 and 341:
zur Mimsterialbibliothck', in Gampc
Page 342 and 343:
(1994), 'Uber Faltbiicher, vornehml
Page 344 and 345:
(1994), 'Three Ethiopian Bindings'
Page 346 and 347:
Leidinger, Gcorg (1924), 'Das sogen
Page 348 and 349:
Nascimento, Aires Augusto and Dias
Page 350 and 351:
Quecke, Hans (1972), Das Markusevan
Page 352 and 353:
Schmidt, Adolf (1928), 'Verlegerein
Page 354 and 355:
(1988b), 'Slop Destroying Ancient B
Page 356 and 357:
(1990), 'Inveniaire de reliures mé
Page 358 and 359:
Index Numbers in italic refer to fi
Page 360 and 361:
endbands, com. integral (def.) 171
Page 362 and 363:
open-backed binding 289. 307 orname
Page 364 and 365:
spine patrem (def.) 31 (n.3), in Et
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Szirmai, John - The Archaeology of Medieval Bookbinding

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