Data Center Kyoto Cooling Air Economizers - Critical Facilities ...

Introducing the Heat Wheel
to the Data Center
Robert (Dr. Bob) Sullivan, Ph.D.
Data Center Infrastructure Specialist
KyotoCooling International
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 1

A New “Free Cooling” Technique
• New ASHRAE Environmental Guidelines
• Introducing the Heat Wheel (KyotoCooling)
• Efficiency Comparisons
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 2

Computer Product
Environmental Limits ‐ New
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 3

Computer Product
Environmental Limits ‐ New
• Who developed the new limits
– Not ASHRAE
– Computer Manufacturers
• Temperature Ranges
– Recommended
– Allowable
– Prolonged Exposure
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 4

Computer Product
Environmental Limits ‐ New
• Benefits
– Larger environmental envelope
– Wider temperature ranges –to 27 °C (81 °F)
– Change from Relative Humidity to Dew Point
• Range from 5.5 °C (42 °F) to 15 °C (59 °F)
– Greater opportunity for “Free Cooling”
• Concerns
– Low Rh levels at low Dew Point and high temperatures
– Latent Cooling with cold coil systems and Dew Points
above 10 °C (50 °F)
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 5

Free Cooling Techniques
• Airside Economizing –“Free Air Cooling”
• Waterside Economizing – Chilled water
without the refrigeration
• Heat Wheel –the new player in the business
– Airside Economizing without air transfer
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 6

Free Cooling Techniques
Heat Wheel Application
• Uses a heat wheel to transfer the heat from
the computer room outside environment
• Normal heat wheel (energy recovery system)
application is in building HVAC systems
– Pre‐Cools the air in Summer
– Pre‐Heats the air in Winter
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 7

Typical Heat Wheel Application
• Cooling in Summer • Heating in Winter
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 8

Heat Wheel – Data Center Cooling
10/5/2009 September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 9

Heat Wheel Application
• Heat wheel applied to a computer room
cooling system
• “Plumbed Wrong”
– Wheel actually isolates computer room and
ambient air
• Isolated Hot Aisle
• Room flooded with cold air
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 10

Enclosed Hot Aisle
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 11

Doors Sealing Hot Aisle
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 12

Open Cold Aisle
and Sealing of Hot Aisle
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 13

Heat Wheel Cooling ‐ Illustration
Heated datacenter air is collected
above the datacenter ceiling
Heated air flows through the
heatwheel and is cooled down to a
temperature of 18‐27°C
(adjustable)
Physical separation of
hot and cold air
Exhaust air
Heatwheel
Cold make up air in front
of the IT equipment
‘Cold ‘
outside air
September 10/5/2009 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 14

The Wheel
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 15

The Ventilator
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 16

Heat Wheel Application
• Little exchange of air from ambient to computer
room
– Air exchange through wheel

Heat Wheel Application
• Minimal Water usage required
• Supplemental cooling
– Modular DX units located within each cell
– Chilled water supplied from central plant
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 18

Capitol Cost of Installation
• Capitol cost equivalent to conventional chilled
water installation
• KPN estimate for 12.5 MW critical load in the
Netherlands
– $130M
– Includes – Building, Electrical, Mechanical,
Controls, etc.
– Doesn’t include – Land, Computer Equipment,
Cabling, Move In costs
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 19

Heat Wheel Application
Control mechanism
®
Recirculation
of heated
outside air
Increase
rotation speed
of the wheel
Increase of
outside air
volume
Additional
cooling with
DX cooling
capacity
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 20

Heat Wheel Application
Control Mechanism
• Computer Room airflow volume controlled
automatically by:
– Delta T across wheel
– Power dissipated by computer equipment
• Supply air temperature to computer room is
controlled by:
– Rotation speed of wheel
– Ambient temperature
– Airflow volume through wheel on ambient side
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 21

Heat Wheel Application
Control Mechanism
• Cold temperatures ‐ below 9 °C (48 °F)
– Warm ambient exhaust air recircurculated back to input
face of the wheel
– Wheel speed and ambient airflow volume at minimum
levels
• Normal temperatures ‐ 10 °C (50 °F) to 23 °C (95 °F)
– Wheel speed increased
– Ambient airflow increased
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 22

Recirculation Louvers
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 23

Heat Wheel Application
Control Mechanism
• Warm air temperatures ‐ above 23 °C (76 °F)
– Heat Wheel combined with supplemental DX or Chilled
water cooling
– Supplemental cooling brought on in stages, keeping heat
wheel at maximum capacity
• Hot temperatures –above 35 °C (95 °F)
– Wheel stops
– All cooling with supplemental cooling
– Computer room fans circulate air through evaporator coil
– Ambient fans dissipate heat from DX condenser coil
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 24

Modular DX System
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 25

Evaporator Coil
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 26

Condenser Coil & Fan Motor
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 27

Heat Wheel Application
Control Mechanism
• Safety Net ‐ If supplemental cooling fails
– Computer room can be maintained at ambient
temperature + 2 °C
– Just using the Heat Wheel and ambient airflow
– Temperature of room will not “run away”
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 28

Summary of Heat Wheel Cooling Application
• Novel application of a proven technology
• Components readily available for immediate
construction
• Requires new construction or major
renovation
• Minimal complexity, requires little
maintenance and skill level of facilities
technicians
• Both energy and environmentally efficient
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 30

Summary of Heat Wheel Application
• Limitations and Concerns with Heat Wheel
Cooling System
– New to data processing industry
• Reluctance to be the first to implement
– Requires unique architectural configuration
• Cooling cell immediately adjacent to computer room
• Hot Aisle containment
• Cold air flooding
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 31

Energy Efficiency Calculations
• Mech Eff = Mechanical Energy
Critical Load
– A lower ME value indicates more efficient operation
• The EER‐A (Annualized Energy Efficiency Ratio) or
Coefficient of Performance (COP)
– EER‐A = Annual Energy (Critical Load)
Annual Mechanical Energy
– The annual energy usage of the systems being cooled
(Critical Load) divided by the annual mechanical
energy usage
– A higher EER‐A value indicates more efficient operation
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 32

Comparison of Cooling Techniques
ME = Mechanical Load / Critical Load
Cooling Type
Hot &
Dry
Cold &
Dry
Marine
Hot &
Damp
Refrigeration Process 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
(Baseline)
Baseline with Airside 0.22 0.15 0.15 0.23
Economizing
Baseline with Water 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26
Free Cooling
Heat Wheel – Single Cell 0.22 0.08 0.10 0.17
Redundant Cooling with
Heat Wheel‐ 4 + 1 Cells
0.14 0.05 0.07 0.11
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 33

Cooling Type
Comparison of Cooling Techniques
Annualized Energy Efficiency Ratio
Hot &
Dry
Cold &
Dry
Marine
Hot & S
Damp
Refrigeration Process 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.67
(Baseline)
Baseline with Airside 4.55 6.67 6.67 4.35
Economizing
Baseline with Water 4.35 4.35 4.35 3.85
Free Cooling
Heat Wheel ‐ Single Cell 4.55 12.50 10.00 8.29
Heat Wheel –4 + 1 Cells 7.14 20.00 14.30 9.09
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 34

Conventional technical infrastructure
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 35
KyotoCooling® - The cooling problem solved

KyotoCooling infrastructure
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 36
KyotoCooling® - The cooling problem solved

Infrastructure you do NOT need anymore
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 37
KyotoCooling® - The cooling problem solved

Modular Heat Wheel Cooling
September 10/5/2009 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 38

Modular Heat Wheel Cooling
September 10/5/2009 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 39

Roof Mounted Package Units
• old PUE
2,95 (400 kW)
• new PUE
1,15 (1200 kW)
• Annual energy savings with 400 kW > € 630.000
(measured and calculated by ECN)
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 40

KyotoCooling Efficiencies
KyotoCooling Efficiencies
Supply=25C Delta
T=12C
KyotoCooling Efficiencies
Supply=22C Delta
T=12C
Location
Annual
P
U
E
m
+25%
P
U
E
m
100%
K
y
ot
o
Mixed
100%
D
X
Location
Annual
P
U
E
m
+25%
P
U
E
m
100%
K
y
o
t
o
Mixed
100%
D
X
SanFrancisco 0.095 0..188 95.3% 4.6% 0.0%
SanFrancisco 0.107 0.134 88.6% 11.1% 0.2%
Sacvramento 0.124 0.155 79.9% 18.2% 1.9%
Sacvramento 0.140 0175 72.1% 23.1% 4.8%
San Joxe 0.106 0.133 86.7% 12.1% 0.2%
San Joxe 0.122 0153 78.7% 20.4% 0.9%
Seattle 0.090 0.122 94.7% 5.3% 0.0%
Seattle 0.099 0.124 89.9% 9.9% 0.2%
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 41

KyotoCooling Efficiencies
KyotoCooling Efficiencies
Location
Annua
l
P
U
E
m
+25%
P
U
E
m
Supply=25C Delta T=20C
100%
K
y
o
t
o
Mixed
100%
D
X
SanFrancisco 0.042 0.052 88.6% 11.4% 0.0%
Sacvramento 0066 0082 72.1% 27.8% 0.1%
San Joxe 0.0.51 0.0.64 78.7% 21.3% 0.00%
Seattle 0.039 0.049 89.9% 10.1% 0.0%
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 42

KyotoCooling Efficiencies
Efficiency Improvements over chilled water system with
Mech Efficiency of 0.6
Per MW of Critical Load
Supply Temperature = 25 C Delta T = 12C
Location
ChW Energy
+25% Mech
Efficiency
Energy
Mech System
Improve
Overall
Improve
Savings/MW
@0.10 / kWHr
kW
kW
SanFrancisco 600 118 80% 30% $422,000
Sacvramento 600 155 74% 28% $398,000
San Joxe 600 133 78% 29% $409,000
Seattle 600 112 81% 30% $427,000
September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 43

More High Density Cooling Information
• Robert (Dr. Bob) Sullivan, Ph.D.
– dr‐bob@ix.netcom.com
– 408‐776‐8873
• KyotoCooling International, BV
– Mees Lodder
• mlodder@kyotocooling.com
• +31 6 2394 6557
– www.kyotocooling.com
10/5/2009 September 18, 2009
Critical Facilities Round Table 44