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Table 3: Fossil fuel production and reserves (2005 data) 9 . Oil Natural gas Coal Share of global production Share of global reserves Share of global production Share of global reserves Algeria 2.2% 1.0% 3.2% 2.5% Angola 1.6% 0.8% Cameroon 0.1% < 0.1% Chad 0.2% 0.1% Rep. of Congo (Brazzaville) 0.3% 0.1% Egypt 0.9% 0.3% 1.3% 1.1% Equatorial Guinea 0.5% 0.1% Gabon 0.3% 0.2% Libya 2.1% 3.3% 0.4% 0.8% Nigeria 3.2% 3.0% 0.8% 2.9% Share of global production Share of global reserves South Africa 4.2% 5.4% Sudan 0.5% 0.5% Tunisia 0.1% 0.1% Zimbabwe 0.1% 0.1% Rest of Africa 0.1% < 0.1% 0.3% 0.7% < 0.1% 0.1% Total 12.0% 9.5% 5.9% 8.0% 4.3% 5.6% 73 Trade & Industry <strong>Monitor</strong> 4. Saharan Monument: In Salah CO 2 Storage Project Storing carbon dioxide underground has shown considerable promise 12 . Interring ‘global warming’, as it is called, has to some extent mitigated the environmental impact of fossil fuel production. As a result, geological sequestration has opened up a vista of opportunities for reducing carbon dioxide emissions to a level that is becoming globally acceptable. There are several reasons for this. Sub-surface storage has diverse and practical geomorphological structures for engulfing millions of tons of carbon dioxide underground. Essentially there are three types of storage facilities underground that are currently implemented for such sequestration purposes: oil and gas reservoirs, intractable coal seams and deep saline aquifers. Each one comes with its own merits and drawbacks. For example, oil and gas reservoirs possess rock formations that can absorb the carbon dioxide, but at the same time dissolution of the rock is possible. In the case of uneconomical coal beds, the gas is adsorbed on to the surface of the seams, but gradual leakage could occur when the adsorbed gas is displaced. The Saharan environment is ideal for long-term sequestration of carbon dioxide because it has sub-surface geological structures that are geochemically stable and highly suitable for this purpose. An outstanding example is the recently developed In Salah project in Algeria (figure 2), which is a unique development in Africa, and an economic boost for the country 13,14 . In Salah bears the name of the nearest settlement to the gas fields, approximately 150 km from the Krechba gas plant. The field uses deep saline aquifers to bury the captured carbon dioxide (figure 3) and is of considerable international interest as it serves as a practical model of industrial-scale carbon dioxide storage for several potential storage sites in the North Sea and North America. The In Salah gas field is a $3.5 billion project inaugurated by BP 1200 km south of the capital Algiers (figure 2), and is a token of increasing foreign investment in Africa. This includes installation of a 520 km pipeline northwards from Krechba, deep in the Sahara desert, to Hassi R’Mel, which is connected to a natural gas liquefaction plant on the Algerian coast and linked to export pipelines to Europe. The main objective of the project is to market gas from the remote In Salah region and simultaneously develop the Saharan environment. This area is arguably one of the most stringent environments in the world. This mammoth project is a joint venture between BP and its partners Sonatrach and Statoil, and a vital element includes capture of the carbon dioxide produced and its reinjection into the gas reservoir 15,16 . One of the great benefits of sequestering carbon dioxide underground is that it can play a major role in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and enhanced gas recovery (EGR). The mechanism of such recovery processes is well known and the operation at Krechba clearly has the potential for this 16 . Therefore, future planning of the operation is crucial to take into account all possible factors that could restrict carbon gas emissions. Climate change and carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration: an African perspective
Environmental policy Figure 2: Algeria map and In Salah field [23]. Portugal Spain 74 Trade & Industry <strong>Monitor</strong> Morocco Algeria In Salah Tunisia Libya Mauritania Mali Niger Figure 3: In Salah gas and injection wells [23]. Amine CO2 Removal Cretaceous Sandstones & Mudstone -900 meters thick (Regional Aquifer) 4 Gas Production Wells 3 CO 2 Injection Wells Carboniferous Mudstones -950 meters thick Carboniferous Reservoir - 20 meters thick Gas Water
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TIPS T R A D E & I N D U S T R Y M
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TIPS Executive director: Stephen ha
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trade policy 19 Global Trade Models
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