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15 World Bank, world development indicators, 2003, World Bank, Washington DC, 2003. 30 World Fuel Ethanol Analysis and Outlook /http://www.distill.com/ World-Fuel-Ethanol-A&O-2004.htmlS (accessed August 2006). 16 World Bank /http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/S (accessed August 2006). 17 Karekezi S, Lata K, Coelho ST. Traditional biomass energy: improving its use and moving to modern energy use. International conference for renewable energy, Bonn Germany, 2004. 18 African ministerial meeting on energy. Renewable energy in Africa: challenges and opportunities, 7–8 May 2004, Nairobi Kenya. 19 Energy in Africa /http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/archives/africa/ africa.htmlS (accessed February 2006). 20 IEA. Key world energy statistics 2005, IEA books, France, 2006. 31 The Economist Newspaper, May 12th, 2005. 32 Thomas V, Kwong A. Ethanol as lead replacement: phasing out leaded gasoline in Africa. Energy Policies 2001;29:1113–43. 33 Alam WU, Amos JM. The economies of scale of fuel grade ethanol plants. Energy 1982;7:477–81. 34 Goldemberg J, Coelho ST, Nastari PM, Lucon O. Ethanol learning curve-the Brazilian experience. Biomass Bioenergy 2004;26:301–4. 35 Nguyen MH, Prince RGH. A simple rule for bioenergy conversion plant size optimization bioethanol from sugar cane and sweet sorghum. Biomass Bioenergy 1996;10:361–5. 67 Trade & Industry Monitor 21 Biswas WK, Bryce P, Diesendorf M. Model for empowering rural through renewable energy technologies in Bangladesh. Environ Sci Policy 2001;4:333–44. 36 Ilori MO, Layokun SK, Idowu AO, Solomon OB. Economics of small scale ethanol production from breadfruit and cassava via plant enzyme and acid hydrolysis. Techn Q 1996;33(1):39–43. 22 Karekezi S. The potential of renewable energy technologies in Africa. African energy policy research network no. 273, 2001. 37 Haas MJ, McAloon AJ, Yee WC, Foglia TA. A process model to estimate biodiesel production costs. Bioresour Technol 2006;97(4):671–8. 23 The New York Times /http://www.nytimes.com/S (accessed February 2006). 24 Punch on the web /http://www.punchng.com/Default.aspxS (accessed August 2006). 25 Johnson FS, Matsika E. Bio-energy trade and regional development: the case of bio-ethanol in southern Africa /http://www.sei.se/pubs/ southernafricabioethanol.pdfS (accessed July 2006). 26 Njoroge DK. Evolution of biogas technology in South Sudan; current and future challenges. Proceedings Biodigester Workshop March 2002 /http://www.mekarn.org/procbiod/kuria.htmS. 27 Ghana Review International /http://ghanareview.com/reviewS (accessed August 2006). 28 /http://www.gasandoil.com/goc/company/cna45197.htmS (accessed August 2006). 29 ESMAP. Potential for biofuels for transport in developing countries, UNDP/World Bank Washington DC, October 2005. 38 Zhang Y, Dube MA, McLean DD, Kates M. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: 1. Process design and technological assessments. Bioresour Technol 2003;89:1–16. 39 Zhang Y, Dube MA, McLean DD, Kates M. Biodiesel production from waZste cooking oil: 2. Economic assessment and sensitivity analysis. Bioresour Technol 2003;90(3):229–40. 40 Bender M. Economic feasibility review for community-scale farmer cooperatives for biodiesel. Bioresour Technol 1999;70:81–7. 41 Radich A. Biodiesel performance, costs, and use. Energy information administration. Online available at /http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/FTP- ROOT/environment/biodiesel.pdfS (accessed October 2006). 42 Ginder R. Evaluating biodiesel as a value added opportunity. Agricultural Marketing Resource Centre, Department of Economics, Iowa State University; 2004. 43 Krawczyk T. Biodiesel—alternative fuel makes inroads but hurdles remain. INFORM 1996;7: 801–29. Commercialisation of biofuel industry in Africa: A review
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TIPS T R A D E & I N D U S T R Y M
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TIPS Executive director: Stephen ha
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trade policy 1 Why OECD countries s
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Table 1: EU and U.S. Examples of Re
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Table 3: Preferences and Utilizatio
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The third result implies that the s
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where “NAFTA markup” is the per
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exports toward already high levels
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in a multiregional trade model. Des
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value added in least developed econ
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