Orientalism - autonomous learning

354 Notes
lishers, 1971), p. 324. The full passage, unavailable in the Hoare and Smith
translation, is to be found in Gramsci, Quaderni del Corcere, ed. Valentino
Gerratana (Turin: Einaudi Editore, 1975), 2: 1363.
17. Raymond Williams, Culture and Society, 1780-195() (London: Chatto
& Windus, 1958), p. 376.
Chapter 1.
The Scope of Orientalism
1. This and the preceding quotations from Arthur James Balfour's speech
to the House of Commons are from Great Britain, Parliamentary Debates
(Commons), 5th ser., 17 (1910): 1140-46. See also A. P. Thornton, The
Imperial Idea and Its Enemies: A Study in British Power (London: Mac­
Millan & Co., 1959), pp. 357-60. Balfour's speech was a defense of Eldon
Gorst's policy in Egypt; for a discussion of that see Peter John Dreyfus
Mellini, "Sir Eldon Gorst and British Imperial Policy in Egypt," unpublished
Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, 1971.,
2. Denis Judd, Balfour and the British Empire: A Study in Imperial Evolution,
1874-1932 (London: MacMillan & Co., 1968), p. 286. See also p. 292:
as late as 1926 Balfour spoke--without irony-of Egypt as an "independent
nation."
3. Evelyn Baring, Lord Cromer, Political and Literary Essays, 1908-1913
(1913; reprint ed., Freeport, N. Y.: Books forLibraries Press, 1969), pp. 40,
53,12-14.
4. Ibid., p. 171.
5. Roger Owen, "The Influence of Lord Cromer's Indian Experience on
British Policy in Egypt 1883-1907," in Middle Eastern Affairs, Number
Four: St. Antony's Papers Number 17, ed. Albert Hourani (London: Oxford
University Press, 1965), pp. 109-39.
6. Evelyn Baring, Lord Cromer, Modern Egypt (New York: Macmillan
Co., 1908), 2: 146-67. For a British view of British policy in Egypt that
runs totally counter to Cromer's, see Wilfrid Seawen Blunt, Secret History
of the English Occupation of Egypt: Being a Personal Narrative of Events
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1922). There is a valuable discussion of
Egyptian opposition to British rule in Mounah A. Khouri, Poetry and the
Making of Modern Egypt, 1882-1922 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1971).
7. Cromer, Modern Egypt, 2: 164.
8. Cited in John Marlowe, Cromer in Egypt (London: Elek Books, 1970),
p.271. "
9. Harry Magdoff, "Colonialism (1763-(:. 1970)," Encyclopaedia Britannica,
l5th ed. (1974), pp. 893-4. See also D. K. Fieldhouse, The Colonial
Empires: A Comparative Survey from the Eighteenth Century (New York:
Delacorte Press, 1967), p. 178.
10. Quoted in Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid, Egypt and Cromer: A Study in Anglo­
Egyptian Relations (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1969), p. 3.
11. The phrase is to be found in Ian Hacking, The Emergence of Probability:
A Philosophical Study of Early Ideas About Probability, Induction
and Statistical Inference (London: Cambridge University Press, 1975), p. 17.
12. V. G. Kiernan, The Lords of Human Kind: Black Man, Yellow Man,
and White Man in an Age of Empire (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1969),
p.55.
I,
Notes 355
13. Edgar Quinet, Le Genie des religions, in Oeuvres completes (Paris:
Paguerre, 1857), pp. 55-74.
14. Cromer, Political and Literary Essays, p. 35.
15. See Jonah Raskin, The Mythology of Imperialism (New York: Random
House, 1971), p. 40.
16. Henry A. Kissinger, American Foreign Policy (New York: W. W.
Norton & Co., 1974), pp. 48-9.
17. Harold W. Glidden, "The Arab World," American Journal of Psychiatry
128, no. 8 (February 1972): 984-8.
18. R. W. Southern, Western Views of Islam in the Middle Ages (Cambridge,
Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962), p. 72. See also Francis
Dvornik, The Ecumenical Councils (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1961),
pp. 65-6: "Of special interest is the eleventh canon directing that chairs for
teaching Hebrew, Greek, Arabic and Chaldean should be created at the
main universities. The suggestion was Raymond Lull's, who advocated
learning Arabic as the best means for the conversion ofthe Arabs. Although
the canon remained almost without effect as there were few teachers of
Oriental languages, its acceptance indicates the growth of the missionary idea
in the West. Gregory X had already hoped for the conversion of the Mongols,
and Franciscan friars had penetrated into the depths of Asia in their missionary
zeal. Although these hopes were not fulfilled, the missionary spirit
continued to develop." See also Johann W. Flick, Die Arabischen Studien in
Europa bis in den Anfang des 2(). Jahrhunderts (Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz,
1955).
19. Raymond Schwab, La Renaissance orientale (Paris: Payot, 1950). See
also V.-V. Barthold, La Decouverte de l'Asie: Histoire de l'orientalisme en
Europe et en Russie, trans. B. Nikitine (Paris: Payot, 1947). and the relevant
pages in Theodor Benfey, Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft und
Orientalischen Philologie in, Deutschland (Munich: Gottafschen, 1869). For
an instructive contrast see James T. Monroe, Islam and the Arabs in Spanish
Scholarship (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1970).
20. Victor Hugo, Oeuvres poetiques, ed. Pierre A1bouy (Paris: Gallimard,
1964),1: 580.
21. Jules Mohl, Vingt-sept Ans d'histoire des etudes orientales: Rapports
faits II la Societe asiatique de Paris de 1840 d 1867, 2 vols. (Paris: Reinwald,
1879-80).
22. Gustave Dugat, Histoire des orientalistes de l'Europe du XII" au XIX'
siecie, 2 vols. (Paris: Adrien Maisonneuve, 1868-70).
23. See Rene Gerard, L'Orient et la pensee romantique allemande (Paris:
Didier, 1963), p. 112.
24. Kiernan, Lards of Human Kind, p. 131.
25. University Grants Committee, Report of the Sub-Committee on
Oriental, Slavonic, East European and African Studies (London: Her
Majesty's Stationery Office, 1961).
26. H. A. R. Gibb, Area Studies Reconsidered (London: School of Oriental
and African Studies, 1964).
27. See Claude Levi-Strauss, The Savage Mind (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1967), chaps. 1-7.
28. Gaston Bachelard, The Poetics of Space, trans. Maria Jolas (New
York: Orion Press, 1964).