Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design - Heating Help

Radiant Floor Heating
RADIANT HEATING CO., INC.

Table of Contents
Chapter 1 : Basics ..................................................... 3
Chapter 2: Components ........................................ 11
Chapter 3: Fundamentals ..................................... 23
Chapter 4: Application ........................................... 43
Chapter 5: Commercial Radiant Floor Heating .. 49
Chapter 6: Specifications ..................................... 55
Chapter 7: Design Tables ...................................... 65
Chapter 8: Sample Design Problems .................. 97
Chapter 9: Sample System Schematics ........... 107
BBurnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 1
RADIANTHGlTING CO . INC .

2 @Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
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Chapter I - Basics
Introduction
The prima~y goal of any heating specialist is to provide
comfort for the customer. Comfort seems like such a
simple concept, yet there are very technical steps
which must be taken to ensure that the best environment
is created by a heating system. This manual is
provided to assist with the design, planning, installation
and trouble shooting of a Burnham Radiant Heating
System.
Burnham has long been recognized as a manufacturer
of quality heating products. With the addition of high
quality radiant heating pipe, manifolds, controls and
accessories from Burnharn Radiant Heating Company
(BRHC), a totally integrated radiant heating system is
now available from a single source.
It is easy to see the reasons that radiant heating is so
popular and why it has caused a resurgence in the
hydronic heating industry. The advice and guidance in
this manual, as well as the training program available
fiom BRHC, will provide the information for proper
and professional installations. The simple goal of
customer comfort and satisfaction can be achieved by
following the details thoroughly described in this
manual.
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 3
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Definitions
ACCA: Air Conditioning Contractors of America
ASHRAE: American Society of Heating, Rehgeration
and Air Conditioning Engineers
ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials
Back Heat Loss: Heat loss from underside of floor.
Barrier: Sheathing added to pressure wall of pipe to
prevent the permeation of oxygen.
British Thermal Unit (BTU): A unit for measuring
quantity ofheat. It is approximately the heat required
to raise the temperature of a pound of water 1 degree
Fahrenheit.
Btu per Hour (Btuh): A unit for measuring the rate at
which energy is transferred.
Circuit: Length of pipe connected from the supply
manifold to the return manifold.
Conduction: The transfer of heat from one mass to
another through contact with one another.
Convection: Heat transfer by movement of fluid (i.e.
water, air). Natural convection is due to differences in
density from temperature differences; warm air rises
and cool air falls causing a circular flow. Forced
convection is produced by mechanical means.
days for each day in that period.
Design Temperature: The temperature an apparatus
of a system is designed to maintain (inside design
temperature) or operate against (outside design
temperature) under the most extreme conditions to be
satisfied.
Downward Loss: Heat that is lost from the back-side
of a radiant panel.
Extrusion: Process of melting and re-conforming
plastic into a designated form or shape.
HDPE: Abbreviation for high density polyethylene.
Heat Transfer Co-efficient: The combined affect of
convection and conduction co-eficients.
IBR: Institute of Boiler and Radiator Manufacturers
Infiltration: Air flowing inward as through a crack
between window and frame, or door and frame, or
frame and wall. etc.
Injection System: Method to vary water temperature
in a heating system by adding hotter water through
pumping or valves.
Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT): The average
temperatures of all surfaces within a room.
Non-barrier: PEX pipe without an oxygen barrier.
Cross-linked: Molecules are inter-linked through
likeness in mechanical structure.
Degree Day: A unit, based on temperature difference
and time, used in estimating heating system
energy consumption. For any one day mean temperature
is below 65OF, the degree days for that day is the
difference between 65 0 OF and the mean for that day.
Degree days for any period is the sum of the degree
4 @Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
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NSF: National Sanitation Foundation Oxygen Permeation:
The ability of oxygen to pass through a material
due to the materials molecular structure and a difference
in oxygen pressure on each side.
PEX: Abbreviation for cross-linked polyethylene.
Polyethylene molecules are bonded in chains of
molecules to increase the strength of the molecular
configuration.

PPI: Plastic Pipe Institute
Pressure Loss: As a fluid flows within a pipe, the
walls of the pipe create a friction surface which resists
the flow ofthe fluid.
Radiant Barrier: A membrane with a polished
aluminum surface which reflects long wave radiant
energy. It is typically a composite of a aluminum
laminated to a plastic film. Radiant Barrier is available
in rolls or as the face of fiberglass batt insulation.
Radiation: Energy radiated in the form of waves or
particles.
R-value: The resistance ability of a material to allow
the flow of heat.
Screed: Cement based material used for a floor
thennal mass.
Serpentine: Pipe layout pattern that lays the pipe in a
"S" pattern.
material poured as a finished floor or sub-floor in
which hot water tubes are embedded.
Thermal Resistance (R): The ability of a material or
combination ofmaterials to retard or resist the flow of
heat. It is the reciprocal of the U-value.
Thermal Resistivity (r): The ability of unit thickness
of a uniform material to retard or resist the flow of
heat. It is the reciprocal of thermal conductivity (lk).
Transmission: In thermal load calculations, a general
term for heat travel (by conduction, convection or
radiation, or any combination thereof).
UV: Ultra-violet light (Sun light)
U-value: The capability of a material to transfer heat.
Velocity: Speed at which a fluid moves through a
conduit (pipe) or medium.
Supplemental Heat: The extra heat required to heat
a space when the primary heat source is not sufficient
on the coldest day.
Thermal Conductance (C): The number ofheat units
(Btu) that will pass through 1 square foot of nonuniform
material in 1 hour for each degree F difference
in temperature between the two bounding surfaces of
the material.
Thermal Conductivity (k): The number ofheat units
(Btu) that will pass through 1 square foot of uniform
material 1 inch thick in 1 hour for each degree F
difference in temperature between the (bottom and
top) two surfaces of the material.
Thermal Mass: A dense material used to store and
transfer heat. Generally in the form of a concrete like
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 5
RADIANT HEATING GO. INC

Radiant Heating Systems
Heat energy which is transferred from one surface to
another through a space by means of energy waves is
termed radiant heat. Radiant energy does not heat air
directly as does more conventional forms ofheating,
such as baseboard convectors, or forced air convection.
Instead, when there is a difference of temperature
between two surfaces, the heat energy will travel from
the warmer surface to the cooler surface until both
surfaces have reached equal temperature.
Radiant heat is "omni-directional". Unlike warm air
which only rises unless mechanically forced down,
radiant enerby will travel in all directions. Only when
the radiant energy strikes a solid object will it
convert to heat and wann the surface. Air within a
radiant heated space is raised in temperature by its
contact with the surfaces in the space. The result ofthe
heating of the room by the interior surfaces and
equipment is called the Mean Radiant Temperature or
MRT.
The transfer of radiant heat energy is dependent on
two things: 1) the temperature difference between the
surfaces; and 2) the area of the surfaces. A large area
at mild surface temperatures, such as a warm floor, is
capable of transferring as much heat as a small surface
area at high surface temperatures, such as a steam
radiator. A properly designed radiant floor heating
system provides "invisible" heat.
Temperature Spread for Floor Heating
Figure 1.1
Temperature Spread with Standard
Radiators
6 @Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANTHUITING GO. INC.

Regulation of Room Temperature
Everyone has an opinion on what is considered a
comfortable room temperature. Room set-point
temperatures should be in accordance with the
function of the room, especially when considering
enerby conservation.
Radiant floor heating systems allow the room temperature
to be regulated to a set-point temperature.
Radiant floor heating also allows the heat to be
distributed along perimeter walls that require additional
heat because of a northern exposure, poor insulation
and/or large glass areas.
Sick Building Syndrome
Floor heating is a valuable "tool" in the fight against
allergy related sickness. hide buildings, air currents,
caused by different factors (movement of people,
ventilation, heat sources) are responsible for the
distribution of airborne pollen, dust and other germs
that cause allergies.
Saving Money on Energy
The trend toward saving energy is another important
argument for switching to floor heating. As a "low
temperature" system with a large radiation surface,
floor heating systems operate at a much lower temperature
than what is required by standard heating
systems to provide the same amount of warmth to a
space.
The room temperature needed to achieve the same
comfort is 3 - 5°F lower with floor heating than with
other standard heating methods. This factor alone is
responsible for energy saving that can range from 5 -
35 %, depending upon the construction of the space
being heated. Savings come from both lower thermostat
setting and less heat loss.
Heating systems with low convection and high radiation,
such as modem floor heating systems, create less
air movement, preventing dust from being swirled.
Furthermore, floor heating systems draw off moisture
and humidity, thereby destroying the habitat in which
bacteria, and in particular, the household mite, thrive.
Not surprisingly, floor heating systems are recommended
by medical doctors for those suffering from
allergies.
Comfort Zone
Figure 1.2
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 7
RADIANT HEATING GO. INC

A Healthy and Comfortable Space
The most compelling reason for floor heating is the
desire for a healthy and comfortable atmosphere in
heated spaces.
Extensive physiological tests have determined which
temperatures people feel most comfortable at in
heated rooms. Not surprisingly, modem floor heating
systems come closer to the room temperature profile
regarded as ideal than any other heating system. Cool
head. warm feet.
Floor heating is very quiet. Have you ever been in a
building (church or class room) where they had to
increase the volun~e on the sound system when the
forced air system came on?
It has been proven that in commercial work spaces,
such as garages, that the warm floor has a positive
impact on worker productivity. The warm floor does
not "pull" the energy out of a worker, such as a cold
floor does. Whenever our body puts off heat to a
surrounding surface, we are giving up energy.
In effect, floor heating is equivalent to a large-scale
radiator that heats up the largest surface in a room -
the floor. Depending on the outside temperature, it
takes only a few degrees (e.g. a floor heating system
heated to 73°F surface temperature) to warm the
room temperature to a comfortable 680F.
Theoreticallv Ideal Heatina
Radiant Floor Heatina
Figure 1.3
8 @Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANTHEATING CO. INC

Residential Projects
New Construction
Architects that design with radiant floor heating as part
ofthe initial plan, design the most comfortably heated
and energy efficient homes. Decisions made during the
design phase of a project affect how well the radiant
heating system performs. Choices such as floor
coverings, thermal mass desibm, insulation ofthe
structure, the heat source and the control system all
contribute to how well a radiant heating system
petiorms.
Room Additions
Many of us have visited a neighbor that just completed
a family room addition where they poured a concrete
slab, installed a tile floor aild remembered at the end
that they forgot the heat. Or maybe it seems that they
forgot the heat, because you see electric baseboard on
the walls or a wood stove taking up half the new
space. A radiant floor works well for this type
project.
Retro-fit 1 Replacement
Radiant floor heat is an excellent way to update an
existing heating system by either augmenting the
existing system with warm floors or complete replacement.
Many homeowners are unhappy with the level '
of comfort their electric heat pump provides and do
not like supplemental kerosene heat either.
Hybrid Heating and Cooling
With Burnham's new airhandler program, the opportunity
to heat and cool a space, using a boiler as the heat
source, is easier than ever. The intergration of radiant
floor heating with the boiler to heat a few rooms of the
home is a nice way to allow the home owner to
experience radiant. Figure 1.4
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 9
RADIANT HEATING Ca. INC.

Commercial Projects
Open Spaces
Closed Spaces
Large open buildings such as gyms, movie theaters, Closed spaces - commercial ofiice buildings, hospitals,
swimming pools. garages, showrooms, churches, daycare centers, retail stores and schools are also
restaurants and manufacturing plants are excellent excellent spaces to heat with radiant floor heating. The
spaces to heat with floor Ileatingo Open spaces use of radiant heating in these spaces allows for better
typically have high ceilings where hot air systems leave temperature control for each area, quieter operation,
the heat at the top of the space. Most open spaces are floorsthat dry quickly wllenmo~~ed, and easier
also subject to outside air exchange due to large mechanical installation.
openings such as garage doors. The temperature
recovery time period for a radiant heated space is
much shorter than a forced air system.
Commercial Office Space
Figure 1.5
10 BBurnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANTHE4TINCI GO. INC

Chapter 2 - Components
Radiant Heating Pipe - PEXc
BRHC provides PEXc manufactured by Hewing
GMbH as the radiant heating pipe.
PEXc - "PEX" is the abbreviation for cross-linked
polyethylene. The "c" is the means for identifying the
cross-linking process or electron beam method of
cross-linking. High energy electrons create chemical
links between the molecules of the material. PEXc
manufactured by Hewing for Burnham, conforms to
ASTM F876lF877. The evaluated long-term strength
of Hewing PEXc was tested in accordance to ASTM
D 2837. These test results were evaluated by the
Hydrostatic Stress Board of the PPI and Hewing
PEXc was granted a standard grade listing of 188F
@ 100 psi and 200°F @ 80 psi as published in PPI
Technical Report TR-4. The PEXc has also been
evaluated by the NSF and certified to be in conformance
with ASTM F876 and ASTM F877. The NSF
has also granted the Hewing PEXc with the NSF-rfh
certification marking. The NSF performs plant audits,
continuous sample testing and audits of the
manufacturer's quality control procedures.
Technical Specifications - PEXc
Advantages of PEXc
> High operating temperatures:
200°F continuous 1230°F intermittent
> Resistant to stress cracking
> Resistant to chemical attack*
> Installs in freezing weather
> Corrosion resistant
> Low pressure loss
> High wear and tear resistance
> Hot and cold impact strength
> Quality control at all stages of manufacturing
> DIN 4726 oxygen barrier
"see page 15
I NSF - rfh I
Figure 2.1
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS - HEWING PEXC
Degree of cross linking
< 65%
Densitv
.034 lb/ in3
Tear strength 1 3333 psi
I ICBO- ESER-54211
EVJH 3zr-lee
W/ EV24 43rss1ve
Impact strength @ 20 OC
Notch bar impact strength @ 20 "C
Resistance to stress cracking
Thermal conduction
Minimum bending radius
Oxygen permeability
no fracture
no fracture
no cracking
2.43 ~tu-id'-ft"~
5 x diameter
.003g / (m3 -day)
Figure 2.2
aBurnharn Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 1 1
RAD!ANTH&4TING CO. INC

Long-Term Strength of Hewing PEXc
Using long term strength curves, equivalent stress values can be assessed in relation to time and temperature.
These values are important when used to predict the service life of a plastic pipe.
Long-Term Strength Curve Diagram for Hewing PEXc
I [I 1 oL‘ I 02 1 oJ 10" 10" .
Hours =.
Figure 2.3
See page 97 for factor of safety sample calculation
12 BBurnharn Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANT HEATINO W INC

Thermal Expansion
A linear expansion coefficient is the measurement
indicating the tendency of solids to expand subject to
temperature influences. Plastic pipes have a considerably
higher linear expansion coefficient than, for
instance, metals. In the case ofpolyethylene, this
increases with higher temperatures.
Thermal expansion is not important when pipes are
installed directly within the thermal mass or incased in
concrete, as is the case with slab-on-grade construction,
because the change in volume is generally absorbed
by the pipe wall itself Howevel; this is not the
case with exposed pipe installation. Here, linear
expansion - due to varying temperatures of operation -
must be carefully considered and accounted for during
construction with proper pipe installation practices.
The diagram below shows the degree of linear expansion observed with PEXc pipes at different temperatures
and varying pipe lengths.
Linear Expansion -- Hewing PEXc
Rate of
Expansion
Inches
Pipe
Length
Feet
- . . . -- . .
Figure 2.4
See page 98 for thermal expansion sample calculation
BBurnharn Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 13
RAOlANTHUITlNG GO. ING

Linear Contraction
On average. all PEX pipes contract linearly by no
more than 3% during temperature cycling. Hewing
PEXc pipes perform at values between 0.5 and 1.5%.
When Hewing PEXc piping systems are embedded in
concrete or screed (as is the case with floor heating),
the tensile stress released during cooling is generally
absorbed by the surrounding concrete or screed.
PEXc pipe that is exposed or sleeved requires the
proper installation accessories to ensure the pipe does
not fail due to poor installation practices. Pipe that is
installed between two fixed points (inlet and outlet)
must be installed in such a way that allows for linear
contraction and expansion. By providing a design or
installation as shown below, the pipe is allowed to
move, resulting in minimal stresses on the pipe joints.
Maintain bending radius 5 x Dia.
14 BBurnharn Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANT HEATING GO. INC

Chemical Resistance
Polyethylene (PE) pipes are generally very chemical
resistant. Cross-linking increases the chemical resistance.
The chart below provides chemical products
conlmonly found to be used in conjunction with PEXc.
PEXc Pipes - Chemical that are allowed
Acetic Acid (1 OOh)
Acids
Air
Alcohol, low concentrates
Alkaline solutions
Ammonia
Ammonium hydroxide
Anti-freeze
Apple iuice, apple cider
Brandy, all types
Carbamide
Caustic solutions
Citric acid
Coal gas
Fertilizer Salts
Fat
Fruit juices
Fructose
Fermentation mash
Gasoline
Glycerin
Hydrogen
Linseed oil
Milk
Mineral oils
Mineral water
aged from the outside when exposed to chemical
that leach into the thermal mass as a result of
accidental spills, etc.
Photo Dewdoper
Photo emulsion
Photo fixing solutions
Oil and fat
Sea water (salt water)
1
Salt solutions
Starch
Sugar syrup
Table salt solutions
Tannic acid
Urine
Diesel oils
Drinking water
Engine oils
Engine lubricants
Natrium chloride
Nit robenzene
Oxygen
Vinegar
Washing detergents
Water
Wine, spirits
Chemicals that require approval *
Acids (concentrated)
Ozone, gaseous
Hydrocarbons
Turpentine Oil
I (aliphatic compounds)
*Prior tests are recommended
I
Chemical that are not allowed
Hydrocarbons
(chlorinated & aromatic)
Figure 2.6
Chlorine
(gaseous, liquid and saturated watery solutions)
" When using chemical products not listed, it is recommended to consult with our Engineering Department.
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 15
RADIANT HEATING GO. INC

Brass Manifolds
Brass manifolds provided by Burnham Radiant
Heating Company are shipped ready for installation.
The isolation/balancing valve on the manifold will open
manually or with an electric motorized valve actuator.
The manifold sections are available in 2,3, and 4
circuit configurations and can be connected to allow
different manifold sizes. Each manifold is completed by
using a kit which includes a drain, vent and mounting
brackets, plus all the necessary closure and connection
adapters. The brass manifold will accept only
112" PEXc (for 314" and 1 " PEXc, use copper
manifolds). Brass manifolds are also available without
valves.
Brass Manifold Assembly
Detail 2.1
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Copper Manifolds
Copper manifolds are supplied as build-able units or
long sections to be cut to size. The circuit connection
drops are 1 /2", 314" and 1 " and have a center line
spacing of 3". Body sizes are available in 1 " to 3" and
larger. The copper manifolds have 3 different connection
systems for PEXc which include several balancing
and isolation valve options.
Copper Manifold Assembly
Detail 2.2
@Burnham
RADIANTHEATING W.
INC.
Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 17

PEXc Fittings
PEXc fittings are manufactured from MIL STD 360
brass in conformance to precision manufacturing
tolerances. The PEXc pipelfitting connections have
been fully qualified to ASTM F877. The fittindPEXc
qualification also includes testing at the Hewing labs to
the most demanding in-house tests that are being
performed by the industry today. All threaded connections
are standard national pipe threads. Sweat
connections conform to standard copper pipe sizes.
Burnham's system warranty requires use of
these fittings.
112" PEX by R-20 Valve connection
x
112" PEX by 112" male NPT
112" PEX by 112" PEX
112" PEX by 112" copper sweat
314" PEX by 314" copper sweat
314" PEX by 314" male NPT
314" PEX by 314" PEX
I I " PEX by 1 ' copper sweat
I
1" PEX by 1 " male NPT
1" PEX by 1 " PEX I
I
Figure 2.7
18 BBurnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANT HEATING CO. INC.

Installation Accessories
Installation of PEXc requires installation components
that will not damage the pipe or introduce potential for
damage during service life.
Installation Accessories and Applications
1 PART I
DESCRIPTION NUMBER SLAB-ON-GRADE SUB-FLOOR
Clip-on plastic bend support 112" pipe 80549001
Clip-on plastic bend supports for 112" & 314" pipe 80549023
I Plastic bend supports for 112 pipe 1 80549002 1 I
Plastic bend supports for 314" pipe 80549003
Plastic bend supports for 1 " pipe 80549004
Plastic sleeve for 112" pipe 80549005
Plastic sleeve for 314" pipe 80549006
I Plastic sleeve for 1 " pipe 1 80549007 1 I
Nylon ties (50 Ib. pull strength), 10001pkg. 80549008
Star clip for 112" pipe 80549009
I Star clip tool 1 80549021 1 1
I Anchor clip for 112" PEX 1 80549010 1
I
Anchor clip tool
Pipe rails (13' long) for 112 PEX 80549012
Pipe rails (6' long) for 112 PEX 80549022
Rail holding pin
Tube talon for 112" and W4" PEX 8054901 4
Padlock tube strap for 112 PEX wl nail 80549029
I Padlock tube strap for 112 PEX wl screw 1 80549030 1 1
112" PEX Tube Clamp #15 - click 80549025
314" PEX Tube Clamp #20 - click 80549026
I 1" PEX Tube clam^ #28 - click 1 80549027 1 I
Figure 2.8
Aluminum Heat transfer plate -single (36 gauge) 7054904
Aluminum Heat transfer plate - double (36 gauge) 7054905
4
UNDER-FLOOR
BBurnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 19
RADIANTHEIITING CO INC

Non-Electric Controls
The regulation of fluid-temperatures and flow greatly
affects the performance of a radiant heating system.
Controls are utilized to maintain the ideal water
temperature and required flow for a radiant heating
system. Controls are also used to protect the PEXc
pipe from water temperature and pressure combinations
that could damage it.
20 @Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
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Electric Controls
Electric thennostats and valve motors for individual
circuits and zones are the simplest fonn of electric
controls. Computerized outdoor reset control systems
have greatly aided the resurgence of radiant floor
heating.
CLASS I!
73ANSF3RHER
Detail 2.3
7
@Burnham
RADIANT HEATING CO. INC.
Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 21

Pumps
The two typical characteristics of a pump required for
floor heating systems are low head and high flow. Pumps
30
made with ferrous casings match well with PEXc covered
with an oxygen barrier. Pumps with non-ferrous casings,
25
are required for non-barrier PEXc, unless the water has
32 20
been treated with an oxygen inhibitor. These rules are in%
accordance with the DIN 4726 requirements. C 15
It is always best to consult the project engineer for
the proper selection of the pump.
Boilers
Burnham manufactures a boiler for your application.
I
GAS
PRODUCT
Spacemaster
RevolutionTM
Series 2 & 2H
Spirit@
Series 2PV
DOE HEATIN
CAPACITY
(GROSS
OUTPUT)
RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL MBH
10
5
n
i
-I
C
I [
"0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Figure 2.9
GPM
VENTING
I Minutemam II I X I 1 58-112 1 I 1 x 1 I WATER
Independence@
X
X
X
X
X
I I I I I I I I
X
51-317 X
WATER
WATER
WATER
WATER
WATER
I Independence@ PVI X I 1 52-145 1 1 x 1 I I STEAM
Series 86
Series 58
X
X
58-85
55-166
31 -244
25-137
51-135
21 2-475
320-1 560
NATURAL
DRAFT
X
X
X
POWER
VENT
X
DIRECT
VENT
X
X
X
FORCED
DRAFT
WATER
OR
STEAM
WATER OR
STEAM
WATER
WATER OR
STEAM
CAST
IRON
OR
STEEL
CAST IRON
CAST IRON
CAST IRON
CAST IRON
CAST IRON
CAST IRON
CAST IRON
CAST IRON
CAST IRON
CAST IRON
V7 Series
LE & LEDV Series
RSA Series
HF Series
1 COMBINATION
V9 Series
V11 Series
FD Series
1 ELECTRIC
Carefree
Figure 2.10
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
68-299
74-143
98-318
98-173
346-1 900
667-4551
250-1 600
41-68
X
x (LE)
X
X
22 D~urnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANTHEIITING GO.. INC,
X (LEDV)
X
X
X
CAST IRON
WFGr
WATER STEEL
WATER STEEL
WATER STEEL
WFgr
CAST IRON
CAST IRON
WF;zR
WATER STEEL
WATER
CAST IRON

Chapter 3 - Fundamentals
Design for Comfort
The recipe for human comfort has many ingredients,
but the most important involve:
1. Controlling the vertical air temperature in a room.
2. Maintaining steady state room temperature.
3. Keeping air movement slow.
The effect of Mean Radiant Temperature or MRT on
building occupants is just beginning to be researched
by ASHRAE. Many studies are now showing that
MRT has a large influence on the comfort results.
Vertical Air Temperature
The closer the heating system keeps the floor to ceiling
temperature in a room, the more comfortable a person
will be. All standard hydronic heating distributors
(baseboard radiation, convectors, and radiators) fit
within the industry standard 6°F comfort parameter.
However, some heat distributors are better than
others. Bumham BaseRay (cast iron baseboard) can
keep the floor to ceiling temperature to within 2°F.
Burnham Radiant floor heating also keeps the vertical
air temperature within 2°F but with more uniform
heat distribution at lower heating water temperatures.
If the thermostat controlling a radiant floor
heating system is set at 70°F, the ambient air temperature
at the floor will be 71 OF; the ceiling at 69°F. This
temperature inversion with the floor temperature higher
than the ceiling temperature, is ideal as shown on the
comfort curves Fig. 1.3 on page 8.
hot water which very gently heats the air in the
room. Modulating the water temperature makes it
even easier to maintain steady state room temperature.
Today's modulating controls and low temperature
water systems eliminate the temperature override that
formerly plagued radiant floor heating systems.
Air Movement
ASHRAE says that air moving faster than 45 feet per
minute (fpm) in aroom will cause discomfort. Some
manufacturers, in the business of moving air, say 25
fpm. Regardless, typical hydronic heat distributors
(baseboard, radiators, and convectors) create very
little air movement. The human body is, itself, a heat
machine. It is constantly giving off heat. The bulk of a
body's heat is radiant, a good percentage is convective,
but very little is evaporative. Air movement
causes a body to give off a greater percentage of
evaporative heat so discomfort is felt. Generally
speaking, radiant floor heating creates no air
movement.
Steady State Temperature
The industry concedes that an average body at rest in
a room will notice a 2°F variance in room temperature.
In other words, if a thermostat set at 70°F drops
to 69°F then rises to 7 1 OF, an average body becomes
aware of this change. When a person is aware of his
environment, he is not comfortable. Hydronic heat
has the innate ability to maintain a steady state
room temperature and unlike a warm air system
that pumps heated air into a room, it circulates
BBurnharn Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 23
RADIANT HEATING GO. INC

Versatility of Hydronics
Without the flexibility of hydronics, radiant heating
would lose much of its appeal. Though radiant comfort
is ideal for bathrooms, entry ways, kitchens, family
rooms, and cathedral ceiling areas, properly designed
radiant floor heating systems may still require supplemental
heating on the coldest days of the year. The
basement is a prime location for radiant floor heating.
By heating the basement, the heat required to heat the
remainder of the house will be lowered. Floor coverings
- and high - heat loss surfaces such as large - - glass
windows, will be part of what drives the design of the
hydronic heating system.
radiant piping, 140°F heating water in the baseboard,
160°F heating water in the hydro-coil, and 1 80°F
heating water indirectly heating domestic hot water.
Using boiler water to indirectly make domestic hot
water can save fuel and provide longer life to the
indirect fired equipment. Heating swimming pools and
melting snow are other ways to indirectly optimize the
use of boiler water.
Hydronic Air Handler
Integration of Radiant Heating
Areas with plush rugs, furniture covering most of the
floor space, glass-walled rooms, and/or a homeowner
who wants to vary the temperature on demand are not
usually very compatible for a radiant floor heating
system. Other examples would be a formal living1
dining area that may be used sparingly, In these cases,
baseboard or radiator heating would be the preferred
heat distributor. With many houses requiring an air
conditioning system to provide cooling during the
summer months, a hydro-coil unit is an excellent way
to provide heat to rooms without radiant or when
radiant floor heated spaces require supplemental heat
during the coldest days of the heating system. The
hydro-coil is installed in the duct work and provided
with heating water from the boiler as a separate zone.
Hot water heating is the only heating system that can
proportion heat as it's needed. Although the heat
distribution system is sized to the design temperature,
modulating the water temperature to the actual outdoor
temperature will ensure a more precise comfort
control. This is accomplished with manual by-pass,
mixing valves and/or injection coupled with an electric Figure 3.1
system that monitors both the outdoor temperature
and the water temperature being supplied to the
radiant heat distributors. Proper boiler piping will
make it possible to have 100°F heating water in the
24 @Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANT HEATING GO. INC

Heat Load
Sizing a heating system for a building project requires
knowing the heating load. The heating load is found by
knowing the amount of air infiltration, and the architectural
details of the building.
Determining the amount of heat required to support
the heating load for a building project can be accomplished
by several heat load calculation methods. The
most accepted heat load calculation methods are
published by ASHRAE, IBR and ACCA. Software
programs are also available to determine the heat load.
Several states require a heat load method and supporting
software as part of their energy code and are
working toward laws (if not already in place) that
require their use as part of the building permit issuance
process.
R-values - Heat Conduction
Each building construction material has its own heat
conduction value. This value shows that the material is
either conductive or an insulator. The R-value is a
number typically attributed to insulators and the overall
insulation value of a wall section. High R-values are
desired for situations where one wants to "hold the
heat in". In the case of floor heating, the R-value is
also attributed to floor coverings. Floor coverings that
have a low R-value are preferred. A low R-value
means that the material is more of a conductor
than an insulator. With floor heating, we want to "let
the heat out".
Typical R-values of Building
Construction Materials
Material
Value
318" Gypsum Plaster R - .32
4 " Stone, lime or sand R - .32
4" Concrete R - .32
318" Built-up roofing R - .33
4" Brick, face R - .44
l/2" Plywood R - .63
4" Clay tile, one cell deep R - 1.11
8" Concrete block R - 1-11
l/2" Acoustical tile R - 1.19
1" Fir, pine & similar softwoods R - 1.25
l/2" Insulation board R - I .32
4" Concrete, lightweight R - 1.50
I" Vermiculite, expanded R - 2.08
I" Cellular glass insul bd R - 2.50
I" Roof insulation R - 2.78
I" Mineral wool R - 3.33
I" Plastic, foamed R - 3.45
1" Corkboard R - 3.70
Figure 3.2
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 25
RADIANTHEATING CO. INC

Floor Heat Capacity = Heat Load
Floor Covering and Construction
The amount of heat required from a radiant system
must be equal to the heat load. In the case of floor
heating, the amount ofheat produced by a radiant
floor, or floor heat capacity, is directly related to the
surface temperature of the floor and the surrounding
unheated surface temperatures. Adequate energy in
the form of hot water must be provided to the floor
heating pipe to maintain a floor surface temperature.
Normal practice for optimal occupant comfort in a
floor heated space is to allow a maximum floor surface
temperature of 85°F. Afloor surface at 85°F will
produce approximately 34 btuh/fi2: We call this space
where the occupant frequents, the occupied area. A
surface temperature of 95°F is allowed in the area of
the room where the occupants are infrequently, which
we call the perimeter area.
Floor Area Types and Maximum Allowable
Floor Surface Temperatures
Occupied Area 85°F
Bath Room 90°F
Perimeter Area 95°F
I
2) L
I
I
I
/ d
-
d
I
3 Occupied Area
I
5 I
-5
-
Figure 3.3
1
Y~~side Wall I T
m
7-
26 @Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANT HEATING CO INC
Two topics are most important when considering floor
coverings and construction materials. First is the
conduction rate ofthe material and the second is the
allowable exposure temperature of the material.
The choice of floor construction materials and coverings
have a major impact on water temperatures.
Because ofthe different conduction values of floor
construction materials and coverings, the mean heating
water temperature, will vary to accommodate the heat
requirement for the space. The mean heating water
temperature or MHWT is the average temperature
between the supply and return heating water to the
radiant heating zone or floor heating circuit. The
thermal mass material, location of the pipe within the
thermal mass, and the total resistance of the floor
material, all contribute to the efficiency ofthe design
and determine the MHWT required to heat the space.
Each floor construction material and covering has a
maximum allowable long term exposure temperature
that should not be exceeded. These temperature
limitations are generally provided by the manufacturer
ofthe floor construction material.
In order to achieve a floor surface temperature of 80°F
for example, the MHWT for a tile floor may only need
be 92°F whereas a floor with 112" carpet and 112"
urethane pad would require 152°F for the MHWT.
The same example using a 112" rubber pad would
require a supply water temperature of 126°F.

Exposure Temperature
The maximum allowable exposure temperature of
building materials and floor coverings must be reviewed
during the specification process. The use of
oak flooring for instance will only allow exposure
temperatures of 85°F according to the Oak Floor
Association. Therefore, the resultant floor surface
temperature will be less than 85°F.
The density of concrete or gypsum thermal mass,
contributes to the ability ofthe pipe to conduct heat to
the floor covering. The density is directly related to the
conductance value for most Portland cement - based
materials.
The use of pipe under plywood sub-floor raises
concern about the exposure limitations of Plywood.
The Plywood has an exposure limit of 1 80°F according
to the American Plywood Association. The
designer should carehlly resolve that the use of pipe
under the plywood with the additional floor coverings
will heat the space adequately.
Floor Surface Temperature - OF
Figure 3.4
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 27
RADIANTHEATING CO.. INC.

Floor Heating Panel Design
Rooms with high heat loss or a small floor space to
outside suiface ratio will require higher floor surface
temperatures than rooms with low heat loss or a large
floor space to outside surface ratio. It is important to
understand the difference between the floor surface
temperature allowed and the maximum exposure
temperature of floor covering and floor construction
materials.
Floor surface temperatures will vary with outdoor
temperature. As the outdoor temperature decreases
the floor surface temperature must increase. This is
true regardless of the type of control system used. For
most of the heating season the floors may be perceived
by the occupant as neutral in temperature. Only
when the outdoor temperatures dip toward the design
temperature will the floors feel "warm". The R-value
of the floor covering and the thermal mass or location
of the heating pipe within the floor construction all
contribute to~thefficiency of the floor heating ystem.
I
ypes of Radiant Floor Panels
Slab - on - grade
Sub-floor
Joist Space (Under floor)
Typical Floor Coverings and R-values
Floor Type
R-value
Bare Concrete 0.00
Ceramic Tile 0.05
Vinyl Tile 0.10
Hardwood 0.50
Carpet 0.80
Carpet and rubber pad 1.20
Carpet and fibrous pad 2.08
Figure 3.6
Sub-floor Installation
Slab-on-grade Installation
Figure 3.7
Joist Space Installation
Figure 3.5
28 @Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANT HEATING GO. INC
Figure 3.8

Slab-on-grade Installation Method
Detail of Pipe Depth
Important considerations when desigming a radiant
slab:
1. Pipe depth should be at a minimum of 2" from the
surface of the slab to the top of the pipe.
2. The slab should have insulation at the optimal
perimeter edge and throughout for efficiency.
3. Pipe shall be attached to the structural reinforce
ment of the slab or independent pipe supports shall
be used to hold the pipe with proper spacing. The
structural reinforcement depth will be specified to
accommodate pipe depth.
4. BRHC offers the following components to secure
the pipe:
a) Screw clips, plastic staples for direct
mount to insulation.
b) Fast mounting clips, star clips for direct
mount to wire mesh.
c) Nylon ties - used to attach the pipe to wire
mesh or re-bar.
d) Mounting rail - used to support pipe and
hold pipe in position during slab installation.
Detail 3.1
Detail of Insulation
25 :USULPT I-\
WIT. >RIFER LIE:CiT 1 P K
7AT:NC '52 A"_l~41~IIU
Check with local codes for requirements
related to insulation. Some
codes do not allow the use of insulation
below grade because of termite
control issues.
Pipe placement shall allow 6" off
exterior walls for drilling if termite
treatment is ever required.
Detail 3.2
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 29
RADIANTHEaTlNG CO. INC.

Detail of InsulationSub-floor Installation
Method
Common building practice for homes is to lay a
wooden sub-floor on top of wooden beams called
joists. The wooden sub-floor is typically made from 4'
x 8' sheets of plywood.
1. The use of a wide crown stapling gun that has been
modified to "shoot" the staple into the sub-floor
without touching the pipe is one method of fastening
the product. Plastic talons or rubber covered
clamps, are another method to hold the pipes in
place.
2. Double plate wall frames allows for a 1-112" height
for the thin-slab installation. This is the easy way to
have all the building components fit togther during
construction.
3. The thin-slab can either be a self-leveling gypsum
based or trowel-able grade concrete screed. The
conductive ability of the material must be considered
during the design phase. The density of the
material must be considered for design ofthe
structure. The weight of the thin slab wet versus
dry, must also be considered. Plywood sub-floor
must be sealed with a latex sealer prior to placement
of the thin slab.
4. All pipe penetrations through floors or walls shall be
drilled allowing space for a protection sleeve and
the ability to bend the PEXc at 5 times the diameter
or greater.
5. With thin slab pours over concrete, use of insulation
board allows for quicker heat up response times for
the floor heating system. Care should be taken to
tape or seal the insulation or cover with "poly"
sheeting to prevent the insulation from floating
during the pour.
An air powered palm nailer is an
excellent way to install these talons.
Staple I Pipe Detail
Detail 3.4
Double Plate Detail
3I"lNL :N SL4B
rASTEhED BY TJ3E T4LON
Detail 3.5
/
/--
u LA (1 ~ ?
30 @Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANT HEATING CO. INC.

Under Floor Installation Method
lnstallation of the radiant heating pipe under the subfloor,
between the joist, allows for installation without
a radiant slab.
PEXc Attachment Detail
?!'4'' !P+/\VCO!~
1. Prior to pipe installation, clear away all sharp
objects, such as nail points penetrating the sub-floor
that fall within the path of the pipe run.
2. Drill all holes through structural members in accordance
with local building codes and/orjoist manufacturers'
instructions, especially when working with TGl
beams.
3. Use pipe installation devices that will not damage
the pipe when it moves during temperature changes of
the heating fluid.
Detail 3.7
Insulation Detail
P >I(.:) Jt-3e~- - Izor
/-
Pipe Routing Detail
Detail 3.8
9a:t
~r,sula:ic?
I
An air powered palm nailer is an
excellent way to install these talons.
I
Do Not Install Heating Pipe Where
Electrical Wires Are Bundled
I
I
INCORRECT
-14.- ;?.
Air s?zze
' -
CORRECT Jfl)A9n.,!$
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 3 1
RADIANTHEATING M. lNC
&\
i2

Pipe Layout and Patterns
Prior to pipe laying, take the following steps to insure
adequate pipe lengths and a smooth installation:
1. Measure the actual space against the plans. Check
for discrepancies.
2. Check location of windows, doorjams and planned
interior walls.
3. Coordinate with other trades to make sure the pipe
layout area is free and clear prior to installation.
4. Coordinate with trades responsible for construction
of the thermal mass (floor).
Figure 3.9
5. Schedule thermal mass installation as soon as
possible following completion of pipe pressure
check. Minimize exposure of pipe to potential
damage from construction activities.
6. Use a PEX pipe un-coiler to aide in laying the pipe.
7. Order approved PEX pipe installation accessories
to secure the pipe in place.
8. Lay pipe with supply side closest to wall.
9. Avoid laying pipe across expansion joints and
planned saw cuts. ( page 34)
Figure 3.10
10. Use specified hydraulic pipe lengths
Pioe icying Patiern for C~ose Spac:ng
Figure 3.11
32 @Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANTHE4TING GO. INC

Pipe Spacing
Pipe spacing is very important when one considers the
following points:
1. The closer the pipe spacing, the lower the supply
water temperature needs to be for a given heat
requirement.
2. Floor coverings with low R-values require a closer
pipe spacing to avoid "cold spotting" at the floor
surface.
3. Pipe spacing can be used to change the surface
temperature ofthe floor by decreasing or increasing
the spacing at the design and installation phase.
4. Depth of pipe in the floor and pipe spacing are
directly related to the surface temperature variance.
5. PEXc pipes can be bent to five times their diameter
in a cold bend. To meet closer pipe spacing, the
ends of the loop can be "mushroomed" out.
6. Pipes as they are placed next to outside walls,
should be placed to avoid potential damage from
carpet tack strips or any other fixture that will
penetrate the floor.
7. Changes in pipe spacing during installation will
cause shorter or longer pipe circuits. These
changes could effect the hydraulic balancing aspects
of the system.
Pipes should be fastened down at a minimum
of every three feet to maintain pipe
spacing.
Pipe Length and Fasteners
Required Calculation
Pipe Spacing Pipe Spacing
Factor (ft 1 ft2)
2" 6.0
4" 3.0
6" 2.0
8" 1.5
10" 1.2
12" 1 .o
Choose the pipe space required to support the heat
capacity. Multiply the pipe space factor by the total
square footage of the space to be heated to determine
the pipe length required. Add 10% to compensate for
turns and obstacles. Add the pipe length required to
connect the supply and return pipe to the manifold
(Know as tails).
Example:
Floor area to heat = 100 ff
Floor area to manifold distance = 50 ft
Pipe spacing required = 8"
Calculation:
(100 ft2) (1.5 ft/ft2) (1.10) = l65ft
Total with tails - 165 + 2(50) = 265 ft
Calculate pipe fasteners required by dividing
length by 3.
Exam~le: 265 ft 1 3 = 84 fasteners
Figure 3.12
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 33
RADIANTHEATING CO. INC.

Pipe Penetrations and Routing
Proper protection of the radiant heating pipe is essential
to long term performance ofthe system.
1. Use bend supports to bend pipe in a 90" angle in a
tight area.
2. Use corrugated PE pipe to cover PEXc radiant
heating pipe at expansion joints, saw cuts, slab
penetrations and any place the pipe is exposed to
potential damage from UV or chaffing.
3. Corrugated PE pipe or pipe insulation can be used
to insulate the heating pipe. Congested pipe runs
may overheat a space if they are not insulated.
Slab Penetration
It;;3Exc
Saw Cut 1 Protection Sleeve
Detail 3.10
r. 7
L~~ ?ad? for Con~rol Jo!ni
r
,oi-r&gc:ed
PE Pipe
r
d A
i
I
Detail 3.11
34 @Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANT HEATING GO. INC

Properties of Heating Water
Water supplied to radiant floor heating systems
generally ranges from 90°F to 1 40°F. Some applications
can require supply temperatures as high as
160°F although it is not recommended without carefill
study and planning. The radiant heating zone or circuit
is typically designed with a MHWT between 90 -
140°F. The average differential temperature orAT
between the supply and return temperatures is 10 to
20°F.
Because of the amount of thermal mass in the floor
which must be heated, particularly in a concrete or
light weight thermal mass application, return water
temperatures may be quite low for long periods of
time. Proper controls should be used to ensure proper
water temperatures are maintained for the related
heating equipment.
Freeze Protection
Freeze protection is required for radiant applications
where the heating system is subject to freezing temperatures
during shut down -- whether planned or
inadvertent. Suitable anti-freeze mixtures that are
based on a percentage of water and anti-freeze for the
amount of freeze protection required are available
from your local heating system supplier. Products
suitable to PEXc pipes are shown on page 15. Care
should be taken also in the specification of pumps. A
typical head loss increase of 25% can be expected
when using anti-freeze products.
Types of Anti-freeze
> Propylene Glycol
> Ethylene Glycol
Assistance from the System Designer1 Engineer is
recommended when selecting the type of anti-freeze
and the concentration level.
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 35
RADIANTHE4TING CO. INC

Heating Water Hydraulics
Circulating heating fluid through a pipe to heat a
radiant slab is affected by the following:
I. The pipe size inside diameter and heating requirement
determine the maximum allowable pipe length.
"Allowable pipe length can be calculated for each
application.
2. The flow requirement of a heating pipe circuit is
related to the heat output required by the floor. To
calculate flow, the following equation is used:
Flow = gallons per minute (gpm)
Total heat = heat required by room (Btuh)
AT= Supply minus Return fluid temperature (OF)
eff = % of back heat loss by floor
Pressure Drop Table for Hewing PEXC Pipes Water Temperature = 104°F
Water Pressure = 58.1 psi
Pressure Drop
:'rP (ft Of H20)
llOOft of PEX
0.1 1
10
Flow Rate - gprn
Figure 3.13
36 @Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADUNTHE4TING CO. INC

Heating Water Temperature Controls
Simple Boiler Loop Schematic
Required temperature controls to heat a radiant
heating circuit are most important for system efficiency.
comfort and the protection ofbuilding materials.
1. Injection Mixing
a) Pumping - utilization of a small pump and an
electric control to inject water at a higher
temperature into a floor heat system to maintain a
preset required temperature.
b) Thermostatic Mixing Valve -Tempers hot boiler
water with cold return water based on the setting
of the thermostatic element.
c) Three and Four Way Mixing Valve - utilization of
a valve, controlled by an electric motor or
manually preset, to allow a flow condition to
pre-exist, which in turn, controls the system
water temperature.
Figure 3.14
Mixing Valve Details
2. Limit Control - The boiler will not allow a water
temperature that exceeds the maximum allowable
temperature required to heat a space based on the
parameters pre-established by a control system or
set point controller.
Detail 3.12
Secondary
Return
Secondary
scppy
Secondary
Supply
Secondcry
3erurn
Detail 3.13
Bcile.
Re; ~ r n
Detail 3.14
Bciier
Return
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 37
RADIANTHE4TING GO. INC

Heat Balance
The amount of heat transferred from the boiler water
to the radiantly heated space, must be balanced so
that the boiler will evenly heat a building or space. The
term balance means, to send the same amount of heat
to every part of a space or to send the required
amount of heat to every part of a space to produce the
desired heating effect.
- -
Equation for Mixing Water Heat
Temperature of Mixed Water =
Temperature times the flow of the hot water from
boiler added to the temperature times the flow ofthe
return water divided by the sum of the flow ofthe
supply and the return water
Primary Heating Loop
The primary heating loop of the boiler may support
many secondary heating loops. Balancing the water
from this main loop to properly support the required
demand of each one of these hot water users is very
important for the system to work properly. Balancing
is accomplished with pipe sizes, pumps, and balancing
valves. The water temperature control to the radiant
floor heat zone is accomplished as discussed in the
heating water temperature section @age 37).
Radiant Heat: A Secondary Heating Loop
As a secondary heating loop, the radiant floor heating
design may have many piping circuits. The flow
through each circuit may have to be balanced. For
easy access and control, the use of manifolds are
suggested.
rjh = Radiant Floor Heating
T,?/,,, = RFH Supply Water Temperature
Thy = Boiler Supply Water Temperature
fhs = Flow from Boiler
Glr = Return Water Temperature- RFH
f;,,,.= Return Water Flow from RFH
See Calculation Example - Page 99
Figure 3.15
38 @Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANTHEATING GO. INC

Brass Manifold Setup
For ease of installation, brass manifolds colne completely
ready to install.
1. Each valve is adjustable between a CV of 0.1 -
2.7. The valves are also used as full isolation. The
valves accept manual and electric motor zone
heads.
Brass Manifold Circuit Setter
Cut-a-way View
(Top of Manifold)
-7
\
2. Each manifold can be outfitted with air vent and
drain valve, as well as main system isolation valves.
3. The manifold sections can be joined to fulfill different
circuit requirements.
4. The body diameter of the manifold can be selected
to allow greater flow capacity.
Balancing Plug A
Detail 3.15
5. PEXc connections to the manifold are for 112"
PEXc only.
Brass Manifold Valves
Flow Settings
16= Full Open Position
Open Position - 2 Full Turns
Figure 3.16
I
I
Pressure Loss - Feet of Head
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 39
RADIANTHE4TlNG GO.. INC.

Copper Manifold Setup
Copper manifolds are available to be completed 011-
site by the installer.
Flow ratings for 112" Flow Valves
N= Full Open Position
I. Copper pipe sections with taps are available to the
installer.
a. Sections with 2 and 3 taps
b. Sections with 24 taps
2. The use of standard boiler drains, isolation valves,
temperature and pressure valves are no different
than standard copper piping associated with the
boiler installation.
3. Copper pipe sections are available with body
diameters from 1 to 3 inches.
4. Copper pipe sections have tap sizes of 1/2", 314"
and 1".
5. PEXc connection fittings and valves, available for
copper manifolds, allow many different piping
configurations.
,z" ," $ ,? ," ,?. ,2' $ b+ b3c,
Figure 3.17
Pressure Loss - Feet of Head
6. Copper manifolds will accept standard piping
insulation.
7. Mount copper manifolds with copper or plastic
hangers available at most supply houses.
8. Solder for copper manifolds is silver with a higher
melting point than regular pipe solder.
Setting the Flow Capacity of the RA3002 Valve
* .....,
I
Figure 3.18
-
40 @Burnham
RADIANT HEATING CO. INC.
Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design

System Fill and Pressure Test
advisable unless the temperatures are expected
to stay above freezing throughout construction of
Manifold
installation
1. Use of glycollwater mixture in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions is allowed for a fluid fill.
2. The use of air to test a system is permitted with
accurate gauges and leak detector soaps.
Figure 3.19
3. Water testing is normally done at a pressure 2-112 Pressure Test Rig
times the normal operating pressure. Air test at 100
4. When testing with air or glycol fluid, note that a
change in weather temperature or the heat generated
by a curing screed will affect your pressure
reading.
5. When filling the system with a fluid, care must be
taken to remove all the air from each heating circuit.
a. Connect a fluid supply to the supply side of the
manifold
TESl HEADCR
1 AIR FILL VALVE
b. Run a "dump line" off the return side of the
CONNECT TO MANIFOLD 013 BUSH TO PEX ADAPTER
mdold.
c. Close all circuits that have isolation valves. Detail 3.16
d. Open one circuit at a time and force water
through this circuit to the return.
e. When no air is seen in the water from one
circuit, shut this circuit down and move to the
next.
f. For systems that have been filled with water
for pressure testing that are susceptible to
freezing, purge the system with a glycol
solution. Blowing the water out with air is no
guarantee that all the water was removed.
I
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 41
RADIANT HEATING GO.. INC.

Check List Job Name:
System Start-up
Date:
Check to see that:
1. All air has been vented from heating circuits. u
2. Proper flow balancing has been performed with
systems that include circuit setters. 0
3. Pumps have been installed in proper fluid flow
directions with motors mounted in the correct position.
4. Air expansion tanks have been adjusted properly
0
for altitude.
5. All controls have been tested with diagnostics,
showing good connections and operation.
6. Boiler loop is filled and boiler is fully operational.
7. Prioritization between different systems requiring
boiler water is verified and each system works properly.
8. With system working, boiler at temperature, run
water at 1 40°F through manifold and touch each pipe
to feel that the pipe is hot at the supply and warming at
the return. This should be done for a short period of
time. Minor adjustments of balancing valves may'be
required to equalize temperatures.
9. Allow the system to run for 2 - 3 days at the
0
required MHWT to equalize and then return to see
that the system is working properly. Check that the
system is free of air pockets by listening for hissing and
rattling noises at the pumps. A system that is performing
correctly will have very little, if any noise.
10. Talk with the homeowner and make sure all the l-.J
heated spaces are comfortable.
Date Completed:
By:
42 BBurnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANT HEKTING GO.. INC.

Chapter 4 - Application
The importance of being prepared for installation of
any radiant heating system cannot be stressed enough.
The building desibmer's plans and specifications
contain the details and criteria for a project in order to
help detennine the heat load, floor construction,
potential manifold locations and architectural details.
An experienced heating system designer, familiar with
radiant heating. will be able to use this information to
meet with the owner and determine all that is required
for the correct floor heating system. The heating
system designer can then develop the necessary
working drawings, system specifications and bill of
materials required to guide the installer through the
installation process.
Pump Injection Method
Figure 4.1
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Phnning and Design 43
RADIANTHE4TING CO. INC.

Planning Details for Design
Typically, a radiant heating designer will have four
sources of information when planning the details for a
radiant floor heating system:
1. Architectural Plans
2. Architectural Specifications
3. Architect
4. Owner of Project
Architectural Plans and Specifications
Architectural plans and specifications should contain
the necessary infonnation to determine the heat load
and the radiant floor heating design details. If the
documents are missing any of the idormation detailed
below, contact the architect or the owner of the
project.
> Weather Data
> Room Usage
> Location of Rooms
> Ceiling Heights
> Wall Construction Details
> Glass Areas
>Air Infiltration
> Floor Coverings
> Heating Equipment and Location
> Control Strategy
> Manifold Locations
> Pipe Routing
> Applicable Building Codes
Weather Data
Weather data is available for the United States and
Canada through ASHRAE, IBR and ACCA. Radiant
heating designers have to know the weather data to
determine the heat load. It is important to not only
know the coldest day of the year, but how many days
of the year are expected to be at this cold temperature,
or degree days. A design for radiant floor heat at
the coldest day of the year may not permit the use of
radiant floor heat alone. The design for severe weather
may have to include some form of supplemental heat.
Anchorage
Phoenix
San Diego
Orlando
Atlanta
Chicago
Wichita
New Orleans
Boston
Detroit
Lincoln
Albuquerque
Syracuse
Charlotte
Cleveland
Philadelphia
Memphis
San Antonio
Seattle-Tacoma
Green Bay
Figure 4.2
44 DBurnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANT HEATING CO.. INC,

Room Usage
Each room in a building has an ideal temperature
recommended for the activities performed in the room.
Recommended Space Temperatures - OF
> Living 1 Office Space - 68°F
> Bath and Shower Rooms - 75°F
> Manual Work Areas - 65°F
> Sleep Areas - 65°F
> Dining Areas - 68°F
Location of Rooms
The location of a room in a building can be key when
deciding the distribution of heating water. Rooms that
require a higher temperature heating water than others
must be zoned together. Rooms that require multiple
heating circuits because of their large area, may have
their own manifold. Rooms that require supplemental
heat, may require controls that prevent the supplemental
heat from overheating the space. The heating
designer must also look at the potential for heat flow
from another space. A sun load on the front of a house
may require the control system to shut down one
heating zone while the shaded side of the house still
calls for heat. The designer must fully consider the
room locations to complete the radiant floor heating
design.
Ceiling Heights
High ceilings in a building typically demand a greater
heating load. Forced air systems calculate the required
heat based on the volume of hot air required to fill the
room. High ceiling rooms are heated successfully with
radiant floor heating because the floor is heating the
room's occupants making them comfortable. The floor
heating is not intended to heat the large volume of air
at the top of the room.
Wall Construction Details
Walls are constructed from many different construction
materials in many different configurations. The overall
R - value for a wall is calculated by adding the individual
R-values for each component of the wall.
Sample Wall Section
Detail 4.3
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 45
RADIANTHE4TING M. INC.

Glass Areas
The ability of a glass area to prevent heat loss from a
building is essential to the building having a low heat
load requirement. A space with a large glass area
typically has a large heat load requirement. Technology
in the area of glass design has introduced double
and triple pane glass panels with argon that have
considerably less heat trailsmission than a single pane
of glass. Floor heating systems still typically require
supplemental heat to heat rooms with large areas of
glass.
Air lnfiltration
The amount of air infiltration into a building has a
direct impact on the heating load requirement. The
choice of radiant heat systems over forced air heat is
always the better choice for heating a space with high
infiltration rates or where ventilation is required.
Spaces such as garages, where the doors are opened
frequently and the air must be ventilated at a high rate
to remove exhaust from running engines, are excellent
areas to heat with radiant floor heating.
Typical Air Infiltration Rates
Outdoor Air Requirements
> Garage for Auto Repair - 1.5 cfmlft3
> Hotel I Dorm Rooms - 30 cfmlroom
> Public Spaces I Corridors - .05 cfmlft2
> Locker and Dressing Rooms - .5 cfmlft2
Floor Coverings
The use of floor coverings with a low R-value is
encouraged in order to allow heat from the heating
pipe to be transmitted to the space to be heated
efficiently. The floor covering selected must also be
able to withstand the temperature ofthe heat transmitted
by the heating pipe. Wood floors are especially
subject to high exposure temperatures which could
cause cracking and splitting of the wood flooring
material. Consult the manufacturer of your flooring
system to determine temperature exposure limitations.
Typical Floor Coverings and Allowable
Exposure Temperatures
Terrazzo - 150°F
Linoleum - 100°F *
Oak Flooring - 85°F
* Exposure temperature of mastic I adhesive
must be considered.
Heating Equipment and Location
The type of heating equipment and location must be
considered to determine the available water temperature
to the floor heated area. Boilers will always
provide the amount of heat required to heat a radiant
floor panel. The heat loss from the distribution piping
system can be lessened with pipe insulation. Mixing of
floor heating water can occur in the boiler room or at a
remote location.
46 @Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
MDHNTHEIITING GO. INC

Control Strategy
The control strategy for a pro-ject is usually driven
more by budget than any other reason. Outdoor reset
controls, constant pumping. thermostats with zone
control. and different types of heating water control
systems all make up the many different options available
to assemble a radiant floor heating control
system. The goal of a control system is to provide a
means to regulate the heating system within the building
for ultimate comfort and energy efficiency. MHWT
and flow for each zone can be calculated by knowing
the requirements of the heating panel or radiant floor
required to meet the heat load.
Control Options I Manual 1 ~hermostaticl Electric I
3 - Way Valves
4 - Way Valves
Valve Iniection
Pump Injection
Source
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Figure 4.4
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 47
RADIANTHEATING CO. INC

Manifold Locations
Pipe Routing
Locating the manifold for a project can be as simple as Routing ofpipe from the manifold to the floor heating
placing it in the boiler room or as complicated as area requires a supply and return pipe. Care should be
installing a special cabinet in which the manifold is to taken to review the plans and make sure the area used
be placed. A review of the plans will show the best to hold these pipes does not become over heated or
locations to install a manifold based on potential floor interfere with any other planned building construction
heating pipe runs. Manifold cabinets can be located in activities.
the back wall of a closet or in equipment rooms.
Detail for Insulated Distribution Piping
I
3~lsice Wcl
.-
-Ir------
f
Occ~ocn: Arec
i f-- 7-
I
Occuocnc Areo
Figure 4.5
Applicable Building Codes
The installation of any building component must be
accomplished in accordance with the local building
codes. Check with the local building code inspection
department for the applicable codes in your geographical
area.
48 lBurnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANT HEATING GO. INC

Chapter 5 - Commercial Radiant Floor
Heating
The primary differences between residential floor
heating and commercial floor heating are in the
size of the buildings being heated, total floor area,
control scenario and the heat source. Commercial
pro-jects are also typically "slab on grade" with a
concrete thickness of 4 to 8 inches. In this chapter
we will cover important points that a designer
should consider when making plans for
commercial pro-jects. We will also provide
information for the installer specific to commercial
work as related to radiant floor heating.
LEGEND
SUPPLY
..-. R:TLR*I
MAN1 OLD
-
FLOOR PLAN
KFFS.
' REc=R 10 OUOTL 5-0320 FOR 'JLSIGN SJMMA?Y
2 P8OE LAYCLi IS 1Y91CA~ F33 EACh A?EA
Figure 5.1
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 49
RADIANTHE4TlNG CO. INC

Heat Sources for radiant floor heating
systems
Typical supply water temperatures required to
support a radiant floor heating system in a
commercial pro-ject are 80 - 120°F. Boilers power
many commercial projects. At the same time,
commercial projects that have processes that
require heating or cooling may provide the
necessary hot water for a radiant floor system
through the recovery of waste heat. Usually a
combination of a boiler and a waste heat recovery
system is the best solution. Government monies
can sometimes be obtained to help fund these type
projects.
The use of brazed plate heat exchangers as shown
in Figure 5.2 has allowed designers of commercial
heating systems to isolate the boiler from the
radiant floor heating system, allowing the use of
non-barrier pipe, all in accordance with DIN 4726.
Design Considerations for Commercial
Projects
1. Office Areas
Commercial office areas are typically open office
(systems furniture), individual offices (floor to
ceiling) or a combination of both. Most modern
offices here in North America are heated with air
since they also require cooling andlor
dehumidification. Hybrid systems or a
combination of air and radiant are becoming
known as the most comfortable and efficient way
to heat an office area and still provide required
makeup air. Government regulations require so
many air changes per hour, and most offices
require ductwork for air conditioning. Controlling
a hybrid system has proven to be a challenge for
designers however, especially when integrating
with airside controls that incorporate one of the
new energy management systems.
Figure 5.2
50 DBurnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANTHE4TING GO. INC.

The ability to zone a radiant heating system for
offices can be accomplished easiest by using zone
valve motors on the radiant floor heating manifold
controlled by thermostats. Each circuit(s) running
to an office can be regulated with a zone valve
motor controlled by a thermostat. Circuit lengths
on one manifold may vary to best accommodate
the different office size requirement. These
varying circuit lengths can be hydraulically
balanced with the use of balancing manifolds like
the brass manifolds that we offer in our catalog.
Typically %" PEX is used for the radiant floor
heating pipe for office areas. This size pipe will
allow hydraulic lengths up to 333 feet and still use
what is typically available in hydronic circulators
to move the heating water through the pipe. These
separate thermostats can be one or two stage
thermostats. Two stage thermostats would be used
where the system design allows control of the air
in the same room as the radiant. Zoning air can be
done through individual fan coil units, VAV
(variable air volume) systems and/or motorized
dampers. In cases where the air system uses a
central thermostat, the radiant system will use a
single thermostat for each area that requires
control. Figure 5.3 shows a typical office zoning
arrangement.
The heating load on an office area can vary greatly
from one part of the building to the next.
Equipment can add heat. and windows and
entrance areas can take it away. The sun load on
one side of the building can cause the cooling
system to come on in the middle of the winter! All
the variables that can challenge the designer are
present. The use of a hybrid system where the
radiant floor heating system provides the base heat
up to 65OF and then the air heating acts as
supplemental heat, is one of the best solutions. The
use of thermostats in each of the perimeter offices
will balance the requirements that are offset for the
space by infiltration losses, lower R-values of
glass and/or the effects of the sun. These perimeter
areas will react quickly to the load conditions and
will also allow individual offices to be at the
conditions the occupant desires. The water
temperature that travels to each manifold from the
boiler room, which then goes from the manifold
through the radiant floor-heating pipe, can be
established based on the outdoor temperature. The
maximum outdoor reset temperature should allow
the heated space to have a floor heating capacity of
up to 72OF. This is required to allow occupants that
require temperatures between 68 - 71°F, the
ability to adjust their office temperature to meet
their need.
Figure 5.3
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 5 1
RADIANT HEATING CO. INC

2. Work Space Areas
Large open areas such as hangar bays, garages,
shops, and manufacturing spaces all allow the
installation of PEX pipe within a concrete slab
connected to manifolds. These manifolds can be
located in the slab, on the perimeter or interior
wall, on a support column in the middle of the
space, or below the slab in a sub-floor mechanical
room. Pipe circuit lengths are typically kept equal
between circuits to eliminate the need for
balancing valves and as hydraulically long as
possible to eliminate manifold connections.
Typical circuit lengths for %" and 1" pipe required
to heat a space can be up to 500 feet. At 500 feet
the pressure head requirements does not exceed
what is normally available in circulators. The
important aspects of commercial heating are to
maintain a pipe depth as shown in Detail A, Figure
5.4, and to attach the pipe every three feet to avoid
"floaters" during the concrete pour. These are the
same rules as applied for residential installations.
When using ant-freeze as the heating medium, it is
also important to qualify if a hydro-test with a
fluid is required prior to the concrete pour. If air is
not allowed and fluid must be used, it is best to use
the prescribed anti-freeze material to charge the
system for the initial hydrostatic test. Water from
the boiler can also be distributed to the radiant
floor system at a high temperature (2000F) and
then mixed at the manifold station with a mixing
valve and pump, allowing smaller inside diameters
on the distribution pipes (lower cost).
.:.
- 13.
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i
CONTROL JOINT DETAIL 'B'
6,
2
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FOR FA3RICATION
SEE NOTE 9.
BILL OF M.ATERIALS
OUAhT:iV
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UNIT ~~TFIL
0 6 BR0500B2 3/4. PEX: PIPE W/ IVOH 3A??ILK 500 FT 3;CS F-
@ 2 8054$:06 PL4STIC aR@TECTION SLEEVE, 3/4' 82 F' .- 164 FT
a I ao549ooe NYLOU TIrs 1000 EA 100C ;A
I 8C619504 -1/4 X 3/4 X 72 CODDER V4NlFOL3 I Eb 1 EA
@ 6 606193'2 3/4' PEX X 3/L. COPPIP SWLFIT 4 EA 21 EA
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3 72.- 24 O2T-E- M4NIFOLJ :iifY 4) TJ BE CUT INTO :4) SIX OJTLET SECTICIKS,
TWO FGR ZgN! 1. W C FOR ZONE 2
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Figure 5.4
52 BBurnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANTHE4TING CO.. INC

Installation of Concrete
Installation of concrete on large slabs is a trade on
to itself. The responsibility of the radiant floor
heating installer is to make sure the pipe is not
damaged during the installation of the concrete.
New equipment for the installation of concrete is
introduced every year. The latest equipment
involves pumping the concrete to the location
where it is being laid and lazer leveled.
Figures 5.5 provide concepts for laying and
leveling the concrete. Figure 5.6 shows concrete
pour / installation plan.
Care shall be taken to avoid damaging the
pipe by running over with heavy equipment.
Sharp edges from below the pipe may damage
it.
Pipe shall be pressurized during the installation
of concrete and pressure gages shall be
watched to make sure the system remains at
full test pressure.
f
:Q
10 C J YC.
TRUCK
!
REED CONCRETE BOOM
(VERTICAL REACH-
Figure 5.5
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 53
RADIANT HEATING CO. INC.

EAY 'C
MAIN FLOOR PLAN
kOTICE
LEGEND
SUPPLY
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Figure 5.6
54 @Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANT HEATING CO.. INC.

Chapter 6 - Specifications
Radiant heating system desipers are familiar with
specifiing "so many feet of baseboard" or "a type,
size and number of radiators". The same principals
apply to speciijing the components required to
complete a floor heating system.
Specification of the Floor Heating System
Specifying the Radiant Heating Pipe
> Size of Floor Heating Areas
> Heat Capacity Required of Floor
> Pipe Diameter and Circuit Length
Specifying the Manifold System
> Manifold Type and Size
> Balancing Floor Heating Circuits
Specifying the Control System
> Zone and Sub-zone Controls
> Heating Water Controls
Burnham Radiant Floor Heating
Software - Capabilities
> Customer Database
> Heat Loss for Project
> Radiant Floor Heating Calculations
> Bill of Materials
> Catalog
> Specification Sheet
> Selection of Boilers
Pumps
> Flow Requirement
> Head Requirement
Figure 6.1
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 55
RADIANTHrnTING GO.. INC.

Specifying the Radiant Heating Pipe
A review of the architectural plans will identify the size
and shape of each room. as well as identify the outside
walls, doors. windows, and location of the room
within the building. A review of the heat load requirements
for the building will give the heat load for the
building on a room by room basis. The best way to
design the floor heating system is on a room by
room basis.
I. Identify the perimeter, occupied and no
heat areas for the room.
2. Determine the total square footage of
available floor heating space for the
perimeter and occupied area.
Detail 6.1

k- 151 C
Perimeter
G Occupied
Detail 6.2
Example
A room that measures 10 feet by 15 feet has a total area of 150 square feet. To
determine the total square footage in each of the heating areas, the following
calculations are performed.
I RoomArea = (length )(width ) = (10 fr)(l5 fr ) = 150 fr '
PerimeterAren = (3 ft)(lOfi) + (3 ft)(l5 ft - 12 ft) = 66 ft '
OccupiedArea = RoomArea - ( PerimeterArea + NoFloorHeatArea)
"No Floor Heat Area" is the area where no floor heating is installed.
OccupiedArea = 150 ft2 -(66 ft2 +0) = 84 ft2
Figure 6.2
BBurnharn Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 57
RADIANTHE4TING CO. INC

Heat Capacity Required of Floor
1. Review the floor covering requirements for the
room and determine the acceptable exposure
temperature for the covering.
2. Determine the floor area in the room which is not
available for floor heating and correct the overall
heat requirement for the floor heat capacity.
3. Based on the available floor area for floor heating,
determine the average surface temperature of the
floor required to meet the heat load requirements.
5. Knowing the total Btuh value for the perimeter area,
subtract this value from the total heat load for the
room with the resultant being the amount of heat
required by the occupied area and possibly supplemental
heat.
6. With the heat requirement determined for the
remainder of the room, determine the Btuh per
square foot for the occupied area.
4. For perimeter area heat capacity, multiply the total
square footage by the highest Btuh per square foot
value available. See Chapter 7 for design tables.
For areas where the floor surface temperature has
to be reduced because of floor covering exposure
temperatures, use the floor surface temperature
from the table on page 27.
Example
Assume total Btuh requirement of 4,800 for 10' by 15' room.
Perimeter Area Heat Capacity Calculation:
Btuh @ Tp
ft
Btuh
= 2(Tp - TA ) = 2(95 - 68) = 54-
ft
Btuh @ Tp
Btuh
Heatcapacity = ( PerimeterArea) = 54- (66 ft' ) = 3,564Btuh
ft
ft '
Occupied Area Required Heat Capacity:
4,800 = (3,564 + OccupiedHeatCapacity )
OccupiedHeatCapacity = 4,800 - 3,564 = 1,236Btuh
Btuh - 1,236Btuh 1,236Btuh Btuh
- = 14.7 -
fr2 OccupiedArea 84fr2 fr2
Figure 6.3 -
58 @Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADUNTHE4TING GO. INC

Pipe Diameter and Circuit Lengths
1. Detennine the required pipe spacing and the
resultant heating water temperature (MH WT) from
the design table for the floor construction and floor
covering selected for both the perimeter and
occupied areas.
2. Knowing the total square footage ofthe perimeter
and occupied areas and the pipe spacing, determine
the total length of pipe.
3. Knowing the total Btuh requirement for both the
perimeter and occupied areas, determine the total
heating water flow for each area.
4. Using the pipe flow chart determine the length and
diameter of pipe that will keep the total head
requirement for one circuit less than 5 total feet of
head. Areas with pipe lengths which create pressure
loss heads greater than 5, should be divided until
the total head for each circuit meets this 5 ft requirement.
The pipe diameter must be a size that
will fit within the floor construction method being
used.
Example
To have the same MHWT for the perimeter and
occupied areas, a closer pipe spacing on the
perimeter zone will provide additional Btu's without
exceeding the allowable surface temperature.
Using the room area shown on page 56, Detail 6.1,
recalculate the heat capacity for each floor heating
area based on one MHWT.
Based on the design chart, Fig 6.4 the perimeter area
will have a heating capacity of 38 Btuh/ft2 and the
occupied area will be 34 Btuh/ft2.
i Q, = 2,508 Btuh + 2,856 Btu = 5,364 Btuh
i The MHWT found on the chart is 104°F
The pipe length required is found by multiplying the
perimeter area by 2 for the 6" pipe spacing and the
occupied area by 1 for the 12" spacing.
F Total Pipe Circuit Length = 216 ft + Distribution
(add 10% for overage allowance if required)
F Pipe Size - W for Residential.
Figure 6.5
Figure 6.4
DBurnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 59
RADIANT HEKTING CO. INC.

Specifying the Manifold System
Manifold Type and Size
Adding the flow rates required for each circuit attached
to a manifold will provide the total flow rate for which
the manifold must be sized.
Figure 6.6
Figure 6.7
-
60 @Burnham
RADIANTHE4TINQ GO. INC
Radiant FIOO~ Heating Planning and Design

Balancing Floor Heating Circuits
Floor heating circuits of lengths which vary more than
10 % of one another, must have their separate heating
water flows regulated by a balancing valve to make
sure the proper amount of heat goes to each floor
area. -
Example
-
> 250 feet of lh" pipe at
.5 GPM has a head
loss of 3 ft (H20)
> 150 feet of Y2" pipe at
.8 GPM has a head
loss of 1.8 ft (H20)
Figure 6.8
Valve on the circuit with the lower
pressure drop must be adjusted to equal
pressure loss of circuit with the great
pressure drop. From valve chart, Fig. 6.9,
choose valve adjustment:
Valve setting from Chart = 5
Brass Manifold Valves
Flow Settings
l6= Full Open Position
Open Position - 2 Full Turns
Pressure Loss - Feet of Head
Figure 6.9
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 61
RADIANTHE4TiNG CO. INC.

Specifying the Control System
zones and Sub-zone controls
Types of heating zones:
1. Heating Area Zones
a) Entire building
b) Level of building
c) Group of rooms in a building
d) Single room in a building
2. Heating Water Temperature Zones
a) Floor heating loop with manifolds
b) Floor heating manifold
c) Supplemental heat
d) Indirect hot water tank
Controls are used to either shut off the flow of heating water to a zone once the heat load
demand is satisfied or to regulate the temperature of the water going to the heat zone.
The use of heating zones that have a water temperature control with sub-zones and use an
isolation valve is a common scenario for controlling radiant floor heated buildings.
62 BBurnharn Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANTHEATING CO. I Nt

7 Heating Water Controls
-- -
Control of heating water to the floor heating zone
can be done by the following methods:
1. Water temperature control from the boiler.
The monitoring of the outdoor temperature ant
adjusting the heating water is the best way to
regulate the system as shown in the outdoor
reset curve below.
2. Water temperature control by hot water pump
injection.
3. Water temperature control by hot water valve
injection.
4. Water temperature control by thermostatic
valve mixing.
5. Water temperature control by electric motor
and valve mixing.
Outdoor Reset Temperature
Outdoor Temperature - OF
Figure 6.10
@Burnham
RADIANTHEATING W-
INC.
Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 63

Pumps
r Flow Requirement
Cast iron boilers do not always require a pump on the
main heating loop supplying the floor heating loop, but
a pump is always installed on the floor heating loop.
The pump can be left to run constantly or controlled to
work with a call for heat. The pump should be sized to
meet the flow requirements for each heating zone that
it is supporting.
Calculation for Pumping Requirement
Q= (f)(SOO)(AT) to determine flow requirement for water
I
Q
=500(~7')
f = gpm
Q= Btuh for heating area
AT = Ts - T, for heating water
> Head Requirement
The pressure head requirement for the pump must
include the total of the highest head from the pipe circuit
distribution loop and valves, and other heating equipment,
restricting the flow of heating water.
Calculation for Pressure Loss
Take the pipe with the highest pressure drop and add the pressure loss for the manifold
valves and distribution piping to determine the total head on the pump.
250 feet of %" pipe at 1 gpm has a pressure loss of 4.5 ft / 100ft (H20) according to the
pipe pressure loss chart. If the balancing valve is for a copper manifold setup, then the
pressure loss at the wide-open position is 2.3 ft (H20) giving a total head on the
manifold valve and pipe circuit of 13.6 ft (H20). The remaining piping components in the
secondary heating loop will add additional head that must be overcome by the
circulation pump. Typically these additial components will add up to 5 ft (H20) requiring
a circulator requirement of = 19 ft of head.
64 U3urnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANT HE4TING CO. INC,

-
Chapter 7 - Design Tables
Slab-on-grade
R-0.00
R-0.25
R-0.50
R-0.75
R-I .OO
R-I .25
R-I .50
R-1.75
R-2.00
Sub-floor
R-0.00
R-0.25
R-0.50
R-0.75
R- 1 .OO
R- 1.25
R- 1.50
R- 1.75
R-2.00
Under floor
R-0.00
R-0.25
R-0.50
R-0.75
R-1 .OO
R-1.25
R-1.50
R-1.75
R-2.00
Page
66
6 7
6 8
69
70
7 1
72
73
74
75
76
77
7 8
79
8 0
8 1
8 2
8 3
84
85
86
87
88
8 9
9 0
9 1
92
Desian - Tables
68°F Room
Temperature
112" Pipe
10% Down Loss
AT for MHW of 20°F
Pipe Hydraulics
Pressure Loss Table for Water
Pressure Loss Table for 50% Glycol/50% Water
Pressure Loss Table for 40% Glycol/60% Water
Pressure Loss Table for 30% Glycol/70% Water
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 65
RADIANTHUlTlNO GO.. INC.

4" Slab-on-grade with 2" Pipe Depth
Concrete Density = 150 lb/ft3
Heat Capacity
13tuh/ft2
34 13tuh/ft2 @85'F
Surface Temperature
Pipe Spacing - Inches
66 aBurnharn Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANTHE4TING CO. INC.

Floor Heating Performance Table Slab-on-grade R value = 0.25
4" Slab-on-grade with 2" Pipe Depth
Concrete Density = 150 lblft3
Pipe Spacing - Inches
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 67
RADIANT HEATlNG CO. INC.

Floor Heating Performance Table Slab-on-grade R value = 0.50
- - -- - - -- - - - - - -. - - - - -
4" Slab-on-grade with 2" Pipe Depth
Concrete Density = 150 lb/ft3
Surface Temperature
8 6
Pipe Spacing - Inches
68 @Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANTHUITING CO.. INC.

Floor Heating Performance Table Slab-on-grade R value = 0.75
4" Slab-on-grade with 2" Pipe Depth
Concrete Density = 150 lb/ft3
Surface Temperature
Pipe Spacing - Inches
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 69
RADIANTHEATING GO. INC.

Floor Heating Performance Table Slab-on-grade R value = 1.00
- - - - - - - - . - - 1
4" Slab-on-grade with 2" Pipe Depth
Concrete Density = 150 l'blft3
Heat Capacity
Pipe Spacing - Inches
70 BBurnharn Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANTHEATING CO.. INC.

Floor Heating Performance Table Slab-on-grade R value = I .25
-- --- -. . -
4" Slab-on-grade with 2" Pipe Depth
Concrete Density = 150 lblft3
Heat Capacity
~tuh/ft~
8 6
Pipe Spacing - Inches
BBurnharn Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 71
RAOIANTHEIITING W.. INC.

Floor Heating Performance Table Slab-on-grade R value = I .50
-.- --- - -. -- ---- -- - - -
4" Slab-on-grade with 2" Pipe Depth
Concrete Density = 150 lblft3
12 10 8 6 4 2
Pipe Spacing -Inches
72 EBurnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADlANTHE4TlNG CO. INC

Floor Heating Performance Table Slab-on-grade R value = 1.75
4" Slab-on-grade with 2" Pipe Depth
Concrete Density = 150 lb1ft3
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 73
RADIANTHmTING CO.. ING

Floor Heating Performance Table Slab-on-grade R value = 2.00
4" Slab-on-grade with 2" Pipe Depth
Concrete Density = 150 lb/ft3
Heat Capacity :
~tuh~ft~
12 10 8 6 4
Pipe Spacing - Inches
74 BBurnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADUNTHE4TING CO. INC.

Floor Heating Performance Table Su b-Floor R value = 0.00
I .5" Sub-Floor with .75" Pipe Depth
Lt. Wt. Screed Density = I00 lblft3
12 10 8 6 4 2
Pipe Spacing - Inches
@Burnham
RADIANT HEATING CO.. INC.
Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 75

Floor Heating Performance Table Sub-Floor R value = 0.25
-- --- - - - -- -- -- - .-
I .5" Sub-Floor with .75" Pipe Depth
Lt. Wt. Screed Density = 100 lblft3
Pipe Spacing - Inches
76 @Burnham
RADIANTHE4TING W. INC
Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design

Floor Heating Performance Table Sub-Floor R value = 0.50
-- - --- ------ -.-- - - --.- ---- -.--.- -- .-. -.------ - -.
1.5" Sub-Floor with .75" Pipe Depth
Lt. Wt. Screed Density = 100 lblft3
Pipe Spacing - Inches
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 77
RADIANT HEATING CO. INC.

Floor Heating Performance Table Sub-Floor R value = 0.75
1.5" Sub-Floor with .75" Pipe Depth
Lt. Wt. Screed Density = 100 lblft3
10 8 6 4
Pipe Spacing - Inches
78 DBurnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANTHEATING CO.. INC.

Floor Heating performance Table Sub-Floor R value = 1.00
1.5" Sub-Floor with .75" Pipe Depth
Lt. Wt. Screed Density = 100 lblft3
Heat Capacity
B~IJ~II~~~
10 8 6 4
Pipe Spacing - Inches
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 79
RADIANTHEATING CO. INC

~~~
Floor Heating Performance Table
Sub-Floor
~~
1.5" Sub-Floor with .75" Pipe Depth
Lt. Wt. Screed Density = 100 lbm3
value = 1.25
-- -- - - - .-. . -.
Heat Capacity
~tuh~ft~
t
34 I3tuh/ftz @85'F
jutface Temperature
Pipe Spacing - Inches
80 @Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANTHUITING CO. INC

1.5" Sub-Floor with .75" Pipe Depth
Lt. Wt. Screed Density = I00 lb/ft3
Heat Capacity
8 6 4
Pipe Spacing - Inches
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 8 1
RADIANTHEIITING CO. INC

Floor Heating Performance Table Sub-Floor R value . = 1.75 -.
I .5" Sub-Floor with .75" Pipe Depth
Lt. Wt. Screed Density = I00 Iblft3
------
.
. .
I
(22 ~tuhif?
, . . :
, . . . . ,
. . .I
-
19 ~tuhlf?
i --
r
I
!
i
1
i
I
i
I
I
I
j
I
I
I
I
1
-
---
I
I
I
--
12 10 8 6 4 2
Pipe Spacing - Inches
82 BBurnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANT HE4TING CO. INC,

Floor Heating Performance Table Sub-Floor R value = 2.00
1.5" Sub-Floor with .75" Pipe Depth
Lt. Wt. Screed Density = 100 Iblft3
I
I
I
i i I l l i I ' I
1 I
Pipe Spacing - Inches
BBurnharn Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 83
RADIANT HEATING GO. INC

Floor Heating Performance Table Under-floor
--- .-..- - -- - -- R value =_O.OO_-
Under- Floor
314" Douglas Fir Plywood
No Heat Transfer Plates
10 8 6
Pipe Spacing - Inches
84 BBurnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANT HEATINO CO. INC.

Floor Heating Performance Table Under-floor R value = 0.25
Under- Floor
314" Douglas Fir Plywood
No Heat Transfer Plates
8 6
Pipe Spacing - Inches
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 85
RADUNTHE4TING CD. INC

Floor Heating Performance Table Under-floor R value = 0.50
I -
- - - -
Under- Floor
314" Douglas Fir Plywood
No Heat Transfer Plates
10 8 6 4
Pipe Spacing - Inches
86 EBurnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADUNTHE4TING GO.. INC,

Floor Heating Performance Table Under-floor R value = 0.75
. . -.-pp--.p. ~
Under- Floor
314" Douglas Fir Plywood
No Heat Transfer Plates
8 6 4
Pipe Spacing - Inches
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 87
RADIANTHEATING GO. INC.

Floor Heating Performance Table Under-floor R value = 1 .OO
Under- Floor
314" Douglas Fir Plywood
No Heat Transfer Plates
I I I I I I I I I I
12 10 8 6 4 2
Pipe Spacing - Inches
I
88 @Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANT HEATING CO INC

Floor Heating Performance Table Under-floor R value = 1.25
. __ _ _. -
Under- Floor
314" Douglas Fir Plywood
No Heat Transfer Plates
Pipe Spacing - Inches
Y
@Burnham
RADlANTHEATlNG GO. ING
Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 89

Floor Heating Performance Table Under-floor R value = 1 .50
r___-.___--. _~ - . - . - --- - . --
Under- Floor
314" Douglas Fir Plywood
No Heat Transfer Plates
10 8 6
Pipe Spacing - Inches
90 BBurnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANTHE4TINQ GO. INC

Floor Heating Performance Table Under-floor R value = 1.75
- - -- - .- - --- --- -.---
Under- Floor
314" Douglas Fir Plywood
No Heat Transfer Plates
8 6
Pipe Spacing - Inches
@Burnham Radiant lo or Heating Planning and Design 91
RADIANT HEATING CO. INC.

Floor Heating Performance Table Under-floor R value = 2.00
- -- - - -- - -. - - . - - . - - - -.
Under- Floor
314" Douglas Fir Plywood
No Heat Transfer Plates
10 8 6
Pipe Spacing - Inches
92 @Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANT HEATING GO. INC

Pressure Loss Table for Water
Pressure Drop of HEWING PE-Xc- Pipes 104 7
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 93
RADIANT HEATING CO. INC.

Pressure Loss Table for 50% Glycol I 50% Water
Pressure Drop Chart for 314" PEX
140" F
25 O F Delta Temperature
2.1 3.4 5.0 6.8 8.9 113 13.9 16.7
Pressure Drop per 100 feet of Pipe
94 @Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADUNTHE4TIffi CO INC

Pressure Loss Table for 40% Glycol / 60% Water
Pressure Drop Chart for 314' PEX
140" F
25 OF Delta Temperature
Pressure Drop per 100 feet of Pipe
BBurnharn Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 95
RADIANTHEATING CO. INC.

Pressure Loss Table for 30% Glycol 170% Water Floor Heating
Pressure Drop Chart for 314" PI3
140" F
25 "F Deb Temperature
Pressure Drop per 100 feet of Pipe
96 @Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANTHEATING CO,. INC

Design Problems
Long Term Properties of Pipe Calculation
Calculate the Factor of safety associated with long-term rupture strength:
f =

Thermal Expansion of Pipe Calculation
Calculation of the change in length of PEXc due to temperature is done with the following
formulas:
A I = Change in length
I = Original length
a = Expansion factor for maximum operating temperature
v , = Maximum Operating Temperature
v ,in = Minimum Operating Temperature
Installed Pipe Length is 18 feet
Minimum operating temperature (v
Maximum operating temperature (v,,,)
is 50°F.
is 140°F.
Calculate Expansion or A I
Figure 8.2
98 lBurnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANT HEATING CO. lNt

Total R-value for Wall Section Calculation
1. Hardboard Siding R = .67
2. M" Blue Board R = .50
3. Fiberglass Insulation R = 13
4. Gypsum Wall Board R = .56
Potal R= 14.731
Figure 8.3
Temperature Calculation for Mixing Water
S~PP~Y
from Boiler
180°F @ .75 gpm
-
-.u to Radiation
100°F @ 3 gpm
I
Radiation Return
80°F @ 3 gpm
T,=
(180 OF )(. 75 gpin ) + (80" F )(3gpm )
-75 gpm + 3gpm
= 100 OF
Figure 8.4
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 99
RADIANT HEATING GO. INC

Example Design Problem for Slab-on-grade
Office Area
16' x 12' x 8'H
Garage/Shop Areo
2 0 ~19, ~gt,)
Room
Shop area
Office area
Area - ft'
475
1 92
Total Btuh
16,162
3,840
Btuh/ftl
3 5
2 0
Floor Covering Type
Concrete
Concrete
R-value
0
0
- --
Figure 8.5
100 @Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANTHE4TINO GO. INC

Example Design Problem for Slab-on-grade - Continued
Determine pipe spacing and MHWT using the design tables for Slab-on-grade:
Reference: Design table - p. 66@MHWT/pipe spacing requirement for 35 BtuhIW
R value - 0 (Table which will have the higher MHWT requirement)
MHWT @ 34 Btuh/ft2 = 95°F @ 12 inch pipe spacing which will also provide 40 Btuh/W@ 6 inch
spacing
Uffice Area
11 I
Figure 8.6
@Burnham
RADIANT HEATING CO.. INC.
Radiant FIOO~
Heating Planning and Design 10 1

Example Design Problem for Sub - Floor Application
Room
Kitchen
Dining
Bath
Br2
Brl
M Br
Liv
Area-ft2
132.25
97.75
45
11 5.5
110
25
23
Total Btuh
2976
1955
1350
3119
2200
3250
8740
Btuh/ft2
27*
20
30
27
20
25
23
Floor Covering Tvpe
Vinvl Tile (Rolled Goods)
Hard Wood
Ceramic
Hard Wood
Hard Wood
Hard Wood
Hard Wood
R-value
.25
.50
.25
.50
.50
.50
.50
* Corrected for available floor heating area
Figure 8.7
102 lBurnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANT HEATING GO. INC

Example Design Problem for Sub - Floor Application - Continued
Determine pipe spacing and MHWT using the design table for Sub-floor:
Reference: Design tables - pgs. 76 & 77 @ MHWTIpipe spacing requirement for 28 Btuh/ft2
R-value - .50 (Table which will have the higher MHWT requirement)
MHWT @ 28 Btuh/ft2 = 104°F @ 12 inch pipe spacing wihch will also provide 30 Btuhlff @ 6 inch
spacing
Cabinet Space
I!Kit.
Bath.
M, Br.
Figure 8.8
@Burnham
RADIANTHEATING GO..
INC
Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 103

Example Design Problem for Under - Floor Application
Addition
Kit,
Bath
M, Br,
Living Room
I Room I Area -ft2 I Total Btuh I Btuh/ft2 I Floor Coverinq Tvpe I R-value
Addition
Figure 8.9
161 4025 25 Vinyl Tile (Rolled Goods) .25
104 IBurnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
R.401.4NTHEATINO GO. INC

Example Design Problem for Under - Floor Application - Continued
Determine pipe spacing and MHWT using the design tables for Under-floor:
Reverence: Design table - page 85 @ MHWTIpipe spacing requirement for 28 Btuhlfe?
MHWT @ 28 Btuh/ft2 = 11 3°F @ 8 inch pipe spacing
11'-6
Addition
Kit,
Bath
M, Br,
Living Room
I
Figure 8.10
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 105
RADUNTHE4TING CO. INC

Example Design Problem for Flow Balancing
- --
L-' :, I;! 2 \,
'::'-, ..-
..,\, - $ pi* I
Use the Valve Setting Chart Shown on Page 39 & Head Loss Chart for %" PEX on Page 36
Circuit 1
Length 150 ft @ flow of .25 gpm
Head loss for PEX from Head Loss Chart - (35 I100 ft)(150 ft) = 0.57 ft - H30
2.30 - .57 = 1.73-d
Using the valve setting chart the valve setting is
I Circuit 2
Length 200 ft @ flow of .45 gpm
Head loss for PEX from Head Loss Chart - (1.1 1100 ft)(200 ft) = 12.20 ft - H,G
Valve Setting
Head Loss through valve from chart - 0.1 for a total head loss of 1.2.30 through manifold and circuid
Circuit 3
Length 275 ft @ flow of .35 gpm
Head loss for PEX from Head Loss Chart - (.60 11 00 ft)(275 ft) = 1.65 ft - H20
2.30 - 1.65 = m d
Using the valve setting chart the valve setting is fl
Circuit 4
Length 125 ft @ flow of .50 gpm
Head loss for PEX from Head Loss Chart - (1.35 1100 ft)(125ft) = 1.69 ft - H20
2.30 - 1.69 = m a
Using the valve setting chart the valve setting is a
Circuit
1
2
3
4
TOTALS
Length - ft
150
200
275
125
750
Flow - gpm
.25
.45
.35
.50
1.55
Head Loss - ft (H20)
.57 + 1.73 = 2.3
2.2 + .1 = 2.3
1.65 + .65 = 2.3
1.64 + .61 = 2.3
2.30
Valve Setting
1
16
2
5
Figure 8.11
106 @Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANT HEATING CO. INC

Chapter 9: Sample
System Schematics
@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 107
RADUNTHE4TING GO. INC.

lo8 @Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANTHUITING GO. INC

@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 109
RADIANTHEATING CO. INC.

-
RFCION
c ,-:EcFq"
NOTICC -
Rri,lllNAL lLnWS RrQlJlRlNG A PROFESSIONAL APPRLIVAI. (SEA).)
ntm/oR A MECHANICAL PERMIT AND INSPECTION M ~ Y BE nPPLlcn8LE
THIS DRAWING AND/LlR SPEClrlCATlnN REPRESENIS THE BFXl
INrnRMATlON PROVlKD TO BRI-IC nT THK TiMC OF DEVELClirMii.l?
llIlRiWlT11 11 15 IJNOCRSlLlIIIl THAT MlNLlK CllflN(,r.S IN llll~ RAOlA\i nEAilkC CO.. NC
UNDERLYING CONSTRUCTION PLnNS nND SPECIFICATIONS CAN
I~III~NI~IAVI :;OI?I'ORAIION
Sll~klICANT1.Y IMPACi IlPTlMAL SYSTEM DLSIGN
DKAWINC I 1 I t
LEDV ISOMETRIC WITH
BASEBOARD & 3-WAY MIXING
/ ;RAV?N nv I n;;c r
i TPS 1 N/:.

@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 1 1 1
RADIANT HEATING GO. INC

1 12 @Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANT HEATING GO. INC.

@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 1 13
RADIANT HE4TING CO. INC.NC

1 14 @Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANTHE4TING GO.. INC

@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 1 15
RADIANT HEATING CO. INC

1 16 @Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RAOIANTHE4TING CO. INC

@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 1 17
RADIANT HEATING CO.. INC

1 18 BBurnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANT HEATING CO. INC

@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 1 19
RADIANTHE4TING GO INC

120 @Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANTHE4TING CO. INC,

@Burnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design 121
RADIANT HEATING GO.. INC.

122 BBurnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANTHEATING GO. INC

124 BBurnham Radiant Floor Heating Planning and Design
RADIANT HEATING GO. INC

I
RADIANT HEATING CO., INC.
(C7; MAy MEy NHy RI and V n
Burnham Sales Corporation
19-27 Mystic Avenue
Somewille, MA 02145
61 7-625-9735
METROPOLITAN
NEW YORK REGION
NY and NJ
Burnham Corporation
Regional Sales Off ices
PO Box 3079
Lancaster, PA 17604
71 7-481 -8400
MID-ATLANTIC REGION
(PAy DC, DEy MDy WV, and Eastern OH)
CENTRAL and WESTERN
REGIONS
Burnham Corporation
Regional Sales Off ices
PO Box 3079
Lancaster, PA 17604
71 7-481 -8400
Form NO. 4690A-7/99-2.5MWo~
Printed in the U.S.A.
01999 Burnham Corporation - Lancaster, PA
Phone: 717-397-4701
www.bumham.com