Harvard-referencing-guide-Revised-edition-Nov-2013
Harvard-referencing-guide-Revised-edition-Nov-2013
Harvard-referencing-guide-Revised-edition-Nov-2013
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A<br />
Referencing<br />
Handbook<br />
<strong>Harvard</strong>
iPad<br />
iPad<br />
<strong>Harvard</strong><br />
Reference<br />
Handbook<br />
Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
A<br />
Contents<br />
A<br />
Contents<br />
Introduction<br />
<strong>Harvard</strong> <strong>referencing</strong><br />
In-text citation<br />
Reference list<br />
Bibliography<br />
Other <strong>referencing</strong> styles<br />
Plagiarism<br />
Quoting, paraphrasing and summarising<br />
Secondary <strong>referencing</strong><br />
Help with <strong>referencing</strong><br />
Sources of information<br />
1 Advertisements<br />
1.1 Print<br />
1.2 Broadcast<br />
1.3 Online<br />
2 Art<br />
2.1 Art<br />
2.2 Art in books<br />
2.3 Art online<br />
2.4 Performance art<br />
2.5 Artist’s film<br />
Download our app<br />
Search for ‘Referencing Handbook:<br />
<strong>Harvard</strong>’ or ‘University of Lincoln<br />
Library’ and download the free app.<br />
<strong>Harvard</strong><br />
ISBN 978-1-86050-239-2<br />
4 Case studies<br />
5 Conference papers<br />
6 Correspondence<br />
Handbook<br />
Reference<br />
6.1 Email<br />
6.2 Letter<br />
6.3 Mailing list<br />
7 Dance<br />
8 Diagrams, figures, images, tables<br />
9 Film, television, radio<br />
11 Journals, magazines, periodicals<br />
11.1 Journal articles<br />
11.2 Pre-prints<br />
11.3 Post-prints, articles in press<br />
12 Law<br />
12.1 Cases (Law Reports)<br />
12.2 Unreported UK cases<br />
12.3 Acts of Parliament (Statutes)<br />
12.4 Statutory Instruments<br />
12.5 Bills before Parliament<br />
12.6 EU Regulations, Directives,<br />
Decisions<br />
12.7 Treaties<br />
13 Leaflets, pamphlets<br />
14 Maps<br />
15 Microfilm<br />
16 Music<br />
16.1 Music – live performance<br />
16.2 CD<br />
16.3 Music track<br />
16.4 Music track download<br />
16.5 Musical score<br />
16.6 Musical score from a collection<br />
19 Official publications<br />
19.1 Green, White and Command<br />
papers<br />
19.2 Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)<br />
20 Plays<br />
20.1 Play text<br />
20.2 Dramatic performance<br />
21 Software<br />
21.1 Games<br />
21.2 Apps<br />
21.3 Other software<br />
22 Technical, commercial<br />
22.1 British and International<br />
Standards<br />
22.2 Patents<br />
23 Theses, dissertations<br />
24 Translations<br />
25 Verbal communications<br />
25.1 Lecture, seminar<br />
25.2 Speech<br />
25.3 Telephone call<br />
Contents<br />
3 Books<br />
3.1 Book with a single author<br />
3.2 Book with two authors<br />
3.3 Book with three or more authors<br />
3.4 Book without a named author<br />
3.5 Edited book<br />
3.6 Chapter in an edited book<br />
3.7 Introduction, foreword,<br />
afterword<br />
3.8 Ebook<br />
3.9 Ebook on a reader (Kindle, etc.)<br />
3.10 Book review<br />
3.11 Sacred texts<br />
9.1 Film<br />
9.2 Broadcast television, radio<br />
9.3 DVD – film<br />
9.4 DVD – television programme<br />
9.5 Off-air recordings<br />
9.6 Online archive of off-air recordings<br />
(e.g. Box of Broadcasts)<br />
9.7 Amateur film<br />
9.8 Trailer<br />
10 Interviews<br />
10.1 Broadcast<br />
10.2 Personal<br />
17 New media<br />
17.1 Blogs<br />
17.2 Facebook<br />
17.3 Video sharing websites<br />
17.4 Twitter<br />
17.5 Podcasts, vidcasts, vodcasts<br />
18 Newspapers<br />
18.1 Newspaper articles<br />
18.2 Newspaper articles without<br />
a byline<br />
18.3 Press releases<br />
26 Websites<br />
26.1 Personal author<br />
26.2 Corporate author<br />
Reference list<br />
Contents
A<br />
Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
<strong>Harvard</strong> <strong>referencing</strong><br />
A<br />
Introduction<br />
You need to reference:<br />
Reference list<br />
Your reference list goes at the end of your academic work and contains the full details of the<br />
information sources (books, journal articles, websites, etc.) that you have cited.<br />
• to demonstrate that you have undertaken research for your academic work<br />
• to avoid accusations of plagiarism<br />
• to acknowledge the work of other authors, which can be found in books, journal articles,<br />
websites etc.<br />
You can find the information you need for different sources in a variety of locations, e.g. the title<br />
page and the reverse of the title page of a book, or the cover and table of contents of a journal.<br />
There are many systems of <strong>referencing</strong> available; this <strong>guide</strong> will focus on the <strong>Harvard</strong> system,<br />
which is widely used at the University of Lincoln.<br />
This <strong>guide</strong> provides examples of different information sources: how to cite them within your text<br />
and how to include them in your reference list.<br />
Below are <strong>guide</strong>lines on how to construct your reference list:<br />
• It is in alphabetical order by the first author/editor(s)’ surname. If the source is produced by<br />
a corporate author, ignore words such as A, An or The<br />
• If no author is provided, use the title of the publication in its place<br />
• If you use more than one source by the same author, list them in date order beginning with<br />
the earliest first<br />
<strong>Harvard</strong> <strong>referencing</strong><br />
• If you use more than one source by the same author from the same year, you will need to<br />
differentiate between them, e.g.<br />
There are two parts to <strong>Harvard</strong> <strong>referencing</strong>:<br />
In-text citation<br />
Reference list<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Department of Health, <strong>2013</strong>a)<br />
In-text citation<br />
All ideas taken from the work of another author (whether directly quoted or put into your own<br />
words) need to be identified within your academic work by the author’s surname, year of<br />
publication and page number in brackets.<br />
You should not provide full publication details in your in-text citation, such as the title or publisher,<br />
as this information is given in your reference list.<br />
The following is an extract from an essay showing use of in-text citations:<br />
Many believe (Fry, 2009; Jacklin, 2009) that, in the UK, the main catalyst for this was<br />
the UK Governments’ ‘widening participation’ initiative, which “brought an increased<br />
diversification of the higher education student population” (Jacklin and Le Riche, 2009,<br />
735). An interesting paper by Wingate (2007) suggests that it is not only the “nontraditional”<br />
students from the widening participation initiatives who struggle with the<br />
learning required at university level. Wingate discusses the difficulties that “traditional<br />
students” have with the transition from school to university (Wingate, 2007, 393) and<br />
suggests that students need support in “learning to learn”.<br />
Reference list<br />
Department of Health (<strong>2013</strong>a) Cardiovascular disease outcomes strategy: improving<br />
outcomes for people with or at risk of cardiovascular disease. London: Department<br />
of Health. Available from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/<br />
attachment_data/file/156450/9387-2900853-CVD-Outcomes_web1.pdf.pdf [Accessed<br />
2 July <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Department of Health (<strong>2013</strong>b) Improving outcomes: a strategy for cancer, second<br />
annual report, 2012. London: Department of Health. Available from https://www.gov.<br />
uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/136551/Improving_<br />
outcomes_second_annual_report.pdf [Accessed 2 July <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
• If the source of information has no date, put undated instead of the year of publication<br />
• The title (with the exception of journal titles) should be in sentence case<br />
• Separate main titles from subtitles with a colon<br />
• If there are multiple locations given for place of publication, only provide the first listed<br />
• If a source of information is not published in the UK, also provide the country<br />
• Where you are citing from more than one text, you can combine them together in a single intext<br />
citation, separated by a semi-colon, e.g. (Fry, 2009; Jacklin, 2009)<br />
<strong>Harvard</strong> <strong>referencing</strong><br />
• If the source you are using has two authors, name both of them in your in-text citation, e.g.<br />
(Jacklin and Le Riche, 2009, 735). If there are three or more authors, just name the first author<br />
followed by the words et al (which means and others)<br />
• If you include the author’s surname within your text, you only need to add the year (and page<br />
number, where necessary) in brackets, e.g. Wingate (2007) suggests…<br />
• Some disciplines do not require a page number in the in-text citations. If you are unsure<br />
please contact your tutor<br />
<strong>Harvard</strong> <strong>referencing</strong>
Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
<strong>Harvard</strong> <strong>referencing</strong><br />
Bibliography<br />
Your School may ask you to provide a bibliography as well as a reference list, please check<br />
their <strong>guide</strong>lines.<br />
A bibliography lists all the sources of information that you have consulted, including the items<br />
in your reference list. You should follow the same rules for a bibliography as a reference list.<br />
Other <strong>referencing</strong> styles<br />
Your School may want you to use another style of <strong>referencing</strong>, such as APA, Chicago, MHRA,<br />
Numeric or OSCOLA. You must check with your School which <strong>referencing</strong> style to follow.<br />
Your Academic Subject Librarian can also advise you.<br />
Plagiarism<br />
Plagiarism is the use of another author’s ideas and words, either intentionally or unintentionally,<br />
without acknowledging the source of the information. It is an academic offence and will be treated<br />
seriously by the University (see University General Regulations).<br />
You avoid plagiarism by <strong>referencing</strong> correctly.<br />
Turnitin is software that detects plagiarism and can be used by your tutor to ensure academic<br />
integrity. See http://submit.ac.uk/ for more details.<br />
Quoting, paraphrasing and summarising<br />
Quoting is copying a short section of text, word for word, directly from an information source into<br />
your work. You must indicate a quotation by using quotation marks at the beginning and end of<br />
the text, e.g. critical appraisal “aims to discover if first the methods, and consequently the results<br />
of the research, are valid“ (Booth et al, 2012, 104). The quotation is followed immediately with the<br />
in-text citation.<br />
Secondary <strong>referencing</strong><br />
If the information source that you are reading has summarised another author’s work, which you<br />
would like to discuss or quote from, you should locate the original work.<br />
If this is not possible, you need to treat it as a secondary reference. To do this, cite the original<br />
author and year of publication followed by the words ‘cited in’ and the author, year of publication<br />
and page number of the text you have read.<br />
“Learning is an active process of constructing rather than acquiring knowledge”<br />
(Duffy and Cunningham, 1996, cited in Laurillard, 2002, 67).<br />
The reference list at the end of your academic work should only contain works that you have read.<br />
Secondary <strong>referencing</strong> should be avoided where possible.<br />
Help with <strong>referencing</strong><br />
The quickest and easiest way to reference your academic work is to record the necessary<br />
information at the time of using it. The key to good <strong>referencing</strong> is to be consistent. This handbook<br />
is a <strong>guide</strong> to <strong>referencing</strong> different sources of information. For each type of information, we give you<br />
an example of an in-text citation and a full reference as it should appear in your reference list.<br />
The Library subscribes to <strong>referencing</strong> management software which can help you to gather and<br />
organise your references. For more information go to http://library.lincoln.ac.uk There are also a<br />
number of websites offering this service free of charge, e.g. Mendeley, Zotero.<br />
If you need help with your <strong>referencing</strong>, or have any questions, the Library also offers a 1-to-1<br />
Learning Development drop-in service. Visit the Learning Development Room on the ground floor<br />
of the University Library.<br />
Longer quotations (usually longer than two lines) should start on a new line, be indented with<br />
quotation marks at the beginning and end of the passage and should be followed immediately<br />
with an in-text citation, e.g.<br />
“The media are often blamed for social ills to the detriment of identifying the real<br />
causes of the problem. In the past, politicians in the USA and the UK have found it<br />
more convenient to blame various sectors of the media for social ills than their own<br />
policies and actions” (Stokes, 2003, 131).<br />
<strong>Harvard</strong> <strong>referencing</strong><br />
Paraphrasing is putting a section of text from an information source into your own words.<br />
Although you are changing the words or phrasing from the original text, you are retaining and<br />
fully communicating the original meaning. You should provide an in-text citation even when<br />
paraphrasing to acknowledge the source.<br />
Summarising is describing the main ideas/findings of an information source but without directly<br />
quoting from it. You should acknowledge where you sourced the information by providing an intext<br />
citation.<br />
<strong>Harvard</strong> <strong>referencing</strong>
A1<br />
Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
Advertisements 1<br />
Advertisements<br />
A<br />
1.1 Print<br />
In-text citation<br />
(The Wine Company, <strong>2013</strong>, 38) when referring to a specific page<br />
Reference list<br />
The Wine Company (<strong>2013</strong>) Discover our best selling Marlborough Sauvignon.<br />
[advertisement, Private Eye] 28 June, 38.<br />
1. Advertiser’s name 2. Year of publication in<br />
3. Title of the advertisement, or a short<br />
round brackets<br />
description if more appropriate, in italics,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
The Wine Company (<strong>2013</strong>) Discover our best selling Marlborough<br />
Sauvignon. [advertisement, Private Eye] 28 June, 38.<br />
4. In square brackets put advertisement,<br />
a comma, then the title of the publication<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Advertiser’s name<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
Title of the advertisement,<br />
or a short description if more<br />
appropriate, in italics,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
5. Day and month of publication,<br />
followed by a comma<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
6. Page number(s), followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
In square brackets put<br />
advertisement, a comma,<br />
then the title of the publication<br />
Day and month of publication,<br />
followed by a comma<br />
Page number(s), followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
1.2 Broadcast<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Audi, <strong>2013</strong>)<br />
Reference list<br />
Audi (<strong>2013</strong>) The new Audi Q5. [advertisement]<br />
ITV. 23 May, 21:17.<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Advertiser’s name<br />
Year of broadcast of the<br />
advertisement in round brackets<br />
Title of the advertisement,<br />
or a short description if more<br />
appropriate, in italics,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
In square brackets put<br />
advertisement<br />
Broadcast channel, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
Day and month of broadcast,<br />
followed by a comma<br />
¨¨<br />
Time of broadcast, using the 24<br />
hour clock, followed by a full stop<br />
1.3 Online<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Curiously Cinnamon, <strong>2013</strong>)<br />
Reference list<br />
Curiously Cinnamon (<strong>2013</strong>) Boombox<br />
breakfasts: the Latin lowriders. [online<br />
advertisement] Available from http://www.<br />
youtube.com/curiouslycinnamonuk<br />
[Accessed 28 June <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Advertiser’s name<br />
Year of publication of the<br />
advertisement in round brackets<br />
Title of the advertisement,<br />
or a short description if more<br />
appropriate, in italics, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
In square brackets put online<br />
advertisement<br />
Available from, followed<br />
by the web address<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
advertisement, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
1 Advertisements<br />
1 Advertisements
A2<br />
2 Art<br />
Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
Art<br />
2.1 Art<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Bacon, 1961)<br />
Reference list<br />
Bacon, F. (1961) Seated figure. [oil on canvas] London: Tate Modern.<br />
1. Artist(s)’ surname, a comma, followed by<br />
their initials with a full stop after each initial<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
4. In square brackets put<br />
details of the format<br />
Artist(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a full<br />
stop after each initial<br />
Year of composition in round<br />
brackets<br />
Title of the composition in italics,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
2. Year of composition<br />
in round brackets<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
3. Title of the composition in italics,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
Bacon, F. (1961) Seated figure. [oil on canvas] London: Tate Modern.<br />
5. Location, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
6. Name of the collection,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
In square brackets put details<br />
of the format<br />
Location, followed by a colon<br />
Name of the collection, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
2.2 Art in books<br />
When citing an image reproduced in a book,<br />
put the surname of the artist and year of<br />
composition followed by the words ‘cited in’<br />
followed by the author(s)’ surname, year of<br />
publication and page number. In your reference<br />
list, only list the work you have read.<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Basquiat, 1981, cited in Wigan, 2006, 75)<br />
Reference list<br />
Wigan, M. (2006) Thinking visually. Lausanne,<br />
Switzerland: AVA.<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Author/Editor(s)’ surname,<br />
a comma, followed by their initials<br />
with a full stop after each initial<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
Title (and subtitle if applicable)<br />
of book in italics, followed by a<br />
full stop<br />
Edition (only if not the first <strong>edition</strong>)<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
Place of publication, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
Publisher, followed by a full stop<br />
2.3 Art online<br />
When citing an image reproduced online,<br />
put the surname of the artist and year of<br />
composition followed by the words ‘cited in’<br />
followed by the name of the website and year<br />
of publication. In your reference list, only list the<br />
work you have read.<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Meshon, undated, cited in 3x3 Gallery.com,<br />
undated)<br />
Reference list<br />
Meshon, A. (undated) Untitled. [online] New<br />
York, USA: 3x3 Gallery. Available from http://<br />
www.3x3gallery.com/19/AaronMeshon.php<br />
[Accessed 1 July <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Artist(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a<br />
full stop after each initial<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
Title (and subtitle if applicable)<br />
of the composition in italics,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
In square brackets put online<br />
Place of publication, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
Publisher, followed by a full stop<br />
Available from, followed by the<br />
web address<br />
Art<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the art,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
A<br />
22 Art
A2 2 Art<br />
Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
2.4 Performance art<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Abramovic, 2005)<br />
Reference list<br />
Abramovic, M. (2005) Seven easy pieces.<br />
[performance art] New York, USA: Guggenheim<br />
Museum, 9 <strong>Nov</strong>ember.<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Artist(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a<br />
full stop after each initial<br />
Year of the performance in round<br />
brackets<br />
Title of the performance in italics,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
In square brackets put<br />
performance art<br />
Place of performance, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
Name of the venue, followed<br />
by a comma<br />
Day and month of the<br />
performance, followed by a<br />
full stop<br />
2.5 Artist’s film<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Magdy, 2012)<br />
Reference list<br />
Magdy, B. (2012) Time laughs back at you like<br />
a sunken ship. [Super 8 film transferred to HD<br />
video] 9 mins. 31 secs. London: Tate.<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Artist(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with<br />
a full stop after each initial<br />
Year of composition of the film<br />
in round brackets<br />
Title of the film in italics,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
In square brackets give details<br />
of the format<br />
Length of film in minutes<br />
and seconds<br />
Location, followed by a colon<br />
Name of collection, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
Books<br />
3.1 Book with a single author<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Cottrell, <strong>2013</strong>) for the whole text<br />
(Cottrell, <strong>2013</strong>, 156) when referring to a specific page<br />
(Cottrell, <strong>2013</strong>, 156-158) when referring to a range of pages<br />
Reference list<br />
Cottrell, S. (<strong>2013</strong>) The study skills handbook. 4th <strong>edition</strong>. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.<br />
1. Author(s)’ surname, followed by their<br />
initials with a full stop after each initial,<br />
or corporate author<br />
2. Year of publication<br />
in round brackets<br />
3. Title (and subtitle if applicable)<br />
of book in italics, followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
Cottrell, S. (<strong>2013</strong>) The study skills handbook. 4th <strong>edition</strong>.<br />
Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.<br />
5. Place of publication, followed by<br />
a colon<br />
6. Publisher, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
4. Edition (only if not the first <strong>edition</strong>)<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
A<br />
33 Books
A3 3 Books<br />
Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
3.2 Book with two authors<br />
In-text citation<br />
Use both authors’ surnames<br />
(Ledger and Luckhurst, 2000) for<br />
the whole text<br />
(Ledger and Luckhurst, 2000, 24)<br />
when referring to a specific page<br />
(Ledger and Luckhurst, 2000, 24-48)<br />
when referring to a range of pages<br />
Reference list<br />
Ledger, S. and Luckhurst, R. (2000)<br />
The fin de siècle: a reader in cultural history,<br />
c.1880-1900. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<br />
3.3 Book with three or<br />
more authors<br />
In-text citation<br />
There is no need to use all of the authors’<br />
names in your in-text citation, you can name<br />
just the first author followed by the words et al<br />
(which means ‘and others’).<br />
(Klug et al, 2012) for the whole text<br />
(Klug et al, 2012, 46) when referring<br />
to a specific page<br />
(Klug et al, 2012, 46-48) when referring<br />
to a page range<br />
Reference list<br />
You need to name all the authors in the order<br />
they appear on the title page of the book.<br />
Klug, W.S., Cummings, M.R., Spencer,<br />
C.A. and Palladino, M.A. (2012) Concept of<br />
genetics. 10th <strong>edition</strong>. Boston: Pearson.<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Author(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a<br />
full stop after each initial, or<br />
corporate author<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
Title (and subtitle if applicable)<br />
of book in italics, followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
Edition (only if not the first <strong>edition</strong>)<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
Place of publication, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
Publisher, followed by a full stop<br />
3.4 Book without a<br />
named author<br />
If an author of a book is not named, replace the<br />
author’s name with the title of the book.<br />
In-text citation<br />
(A woman in Berlin, 2011) for whole text<br />
(A woman in Berlin, 2011, 176) when<br />
referring to a specific page<br />
(A woman in Berlin, 2011, 176-178)<br />
when referring to a range of pages<br />
Reference list<br />
A woman in Berlin (2011) London:<br />
Virago Press.<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Title (and subtitle if applicable)<br />
of book in italics<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
Edition (only if not the first <strong>edition</strong>)<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
Place of publication, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
Publisher, followed by a full stop<br />
3.5 Edited book<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Boardman et al, 2010) for whole text<br />
(Boardman et al, 2010, 39) when referring<br />
to a specific page<br />
(Boardman et al, 2010, 39-41) when<br />
referring to a page range<br />
Reference list<br />
Boardman, J., Currie, A., Killaspy, H. and<br />
Mezey, G. (eds.) (2010) Social inclusion and<br />
mental health. London: RCPsych Publications.<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Editor(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with<br />
a full stop after each initial<br />
Put ed. in round brackets. If it has<br />
more than one editor, use eds.<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
Title (and subtitle if applicable)<br />
of book in italics, followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
Edition (only if not the first <strong>edition</strong>)<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
Place of publication, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
Books<br />
Publisher, followed by a full stop<br />
A<br />
33 Books
A3<br />
3 Books<br />
Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
3.6 Chapter in an edited book<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Legge, 2007) for the whole chapter<br />
(Legge, 2007, 38) when referring to a specific page<br />
(Legge, 2007, 38-42) when referring to a page range<br />
Reference list<br />
Legge, K. (2007) HRM: rhetoric, reality and hidden agendas. In: John Storey (ed.) Human resource<br />
management: a critical text. 3 rd <strong>edition</strong>. London: Thomson, 33-62.<br />
1. Chapter author(s)’ surname, followed by<br />
a comma, followed by their initials with a<br />
full stop after each initial<br />
2. Year of publication in<br />
round brackets<br />
3. Title of chapter,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
Legge, K. (2007) HRM: rhetoric, reality and hidden agendas. In:<br />
John Storey (ed.) Human resource management: a critical text.<br />
3 rd <strong>edition</strong>. London: Thomson, 33-62.<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
5. Editor(s)’ first<br />
name and<br />
surname<br />
8. Edition (only if not the<br />
first <strong>edition</strong>) followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
6. Put ed. in round<br />
brackets. If it has<br />
more than one<br />
editor use eds.<br />
9. Place of publication,<br />
followed by a colon<br />
Chapter author(s)’ surname, a<br />
comma, followed by their initials<br />
with a full stop after each initial<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
Title of chapter, followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
In, followed by a colon<br />
Editor(s)’ first name and surname<br />
Put ed. in round brackets. If it has<br />
more than one editor, use eds.<br />
7. Title (and subtitle if applicable) of book<br />
in italics, followed by a full stop<br />
10. Publisher, followed<br />
by a comma<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
11. Page range, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
4. In, followed by<br />
a colon<br />
Title (and subtitle if applicable)<br />
of book in italics, followed by a<br />
full stop<br />
Edition (only if not the first <strong>edition</strong>)<br />
followed by full stop<br />
Place of publication, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
Publisher, followed by a comma<br />
Page range, followed by a full stop<br />
3.7 Introduction, foreword,<br />
afterword<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Beevor, 2011)<br />
Reference list<br />
Beevor, A. (2011) Introduction in A woman in<br />
Berlin. London: Virago Press.<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Surname of author of<br />
introduction/foreword/afterword,<br />
a comma, followed by their initials<br />
with a full stop after each initial<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
Introduction/foreword/afterword<br />
then in<br />
Title (and subtitle if applicable)<br />
of book in italics, followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
Edition (only if not the first <strong>edition</strong>)<br />
followed by full stop<br />
Place of publication, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
Publisher, followed by a full stop<br />
3.8 Ebook<br />
In-text citation<br />
(MacLaren and Morton, 2012) for the<br />
whole text<br />
(MacLaren and Morton, 2012, 57)<br />
when referring to a specific page<br />
(MacLaren and Morton, 2012, 57-75)<br />
when referring to a page range<br />
Reference list<br />
MacLaren, D. and Morton, J. (2012)<br />
Biochemistry for sport and exercise<br />
metabolism. [online] Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.<br />
Available from https://www.dawsonera.com/<br />
abstract/9780470091869<br />
[Accessed 18 June <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨ ¨ Author/Editor(s)’ surname, a<br />
comma, followed by their initials<br />
with a full stop after each initial,<br />
or corporate author<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
If the book has an editor, put ed.<br />
in round brackets. If it has more<br />
than one editor, use eds.<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
Title (and subtitle if applicable)<br />
in italics, followed by a full stop<br />
Edition (only if not the first <strong>edition</strong>)<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
In square brackets put online<br />
Place of publication, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
Publisher, followed by a full stop<br />
Available from, followed by the<br />
web address<br />
Books<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
ebook, followed by a full stop<br />
A<br />
33 Books
A3 3 Books<br />
Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
3.9 Ebook on a reader<br />
(Kindle, etc.)<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Hawking and Mlodinow, 2010) for whole text<br />
(Hawking and Mlodinow, 2010, chapter 2)<br />
when using a direct quotation from an ebook<br />
on a reader you should refer to the chapter<br />
number, because there are no page numbers.<br />
Reference list<br />
Hawking, S. and Mlodinow, L. (2010)<br />
The grand design. [Kindle] London:<br />
Transworld Digital.<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Author/Editor(s)’ surname, a<br />
comma, followed by their initials<br />
with a full stop after each initial,<br />
or corporate author<br />
If the book has an editor, put ed.<br />
in round brackets. If it has more<br />
than one editor, use eds.<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
Title (and subtitle if applicable)<br />
in italics, followed by a full stop<br />
Edition (only if not the first <strong>edition</strong>)<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
In square brackets give the type<br />
of ebook reader<br />
Place of publication, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
Publisher, followed by a full stop<br />
3.10 Book review<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Palfreyman, 2012, 31) when referring to<br />
a specific page<br />
(Palfreyman, 2012, 31-33) when referring to<br />
a range of pages<br />
Reference list<br />
Palfreyman, J. (2012) Successful mentoring<br />
in nursing by Liz Aston and Paula Hallam<br />
reviewed in Nursing Standard, 26(21) 31.<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Reviewer(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a full<br />
stop after each initial<br />
Year of publication of review in<br />
round brackets<br />
Title (and subtitle if applicable)<br />
of the book being reviewed<br />
Put by, then the author(s)’ (of the<br />
book being reviewed) first name<br />
and surname<br />
Put reviewed in, followed by the<br />
title of the publication containing<br />
the review in italics, then a comma<br />
Volume number, followed by a<br />
comma ONLY if there is no part/<br />
issue/month/season<br />
If there is a part, issue, month or<br />
season, put this information in<br />
round brackets<br />
Page numbers, followed by a<br />
full stop<br />
3.11 Sacred texts<br />
When quoting from the Bible or any sacred<br />
text, you should name the title of the text<br />
followed by the book, chapter and verse.<br />
In-text citation<br />
(The Holy Bible, Genesis, 1:1)<br />
Reference list<br />
The Holy Bible containing the Old and New<br />
Testaments. [Authorised King James Version]<br />
(undated) London: Collins Bible.<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Title (and subtitle if applicable)<br />
in italics, followed by a full stop<br />
Version (if applicable) in square<br />
brackets<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets (if known, if not put<br />
undated)<br />
Place of publication, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
Publisher, followed by a full stop<br />
Books<br />
A<br />
33 Books
A4 Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong> Case studies<br />
In-text citation<br />
(The Times 100 Business Case Studies, 2010) for whole text<br />
Reference list<br />
2. Year of publication in round<br />
4 Case studies<br />
(The Times 100 Business Case Studies, 2010, 77) when referring to a specific page<br />
(The Times 100 Business Case Studies, 2010, 76-79) when referring to a range of pages<br />
The Times 100 Business Case Studies (2010) Providing consumers with ethically sourced<br />
garments: a Primark case study. [case study] Tadcaster: Business Case Studies LLP.<br />
1. Author/editor(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a full stop<br />
after each initial, or corporate author<br />
The Times 100 Business Case Studies (2010) Providing consumers<br />
with ethically sourced garments: a Primark case study. [case study]<br />
Tadcaster: Business Case Studies LLP.<br />
5. Place of publication,<br />
followed by a colon<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Author/editor(s)’ surname, a<br />
comma, followed by their initials<br />
with a full stop after each initial,<br />
or corporate author<br />
If the book has an editor, put ed.<br />
in round brackets. If it has more<br />
than one editor, use eds.<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
brackets<br />
6. Publisher, followed by a<br />
full stop<br />
Title (followed by a colon and<br />
subtitle if applicable) of book in<br />
italics, followed by a full stop<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
3. Title (followed by a colon and subtitle<br />
if applicable) of book in italics, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
4. In square brackets<br />
put case study<br />
In square brackets put case study<br />
Place of publication, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
Publisher, followed by a full stop<br />
If the case study is online put<br />
Available from, followed by the<br />
web address<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
case study, followed by a full stop<br />
Conference papers<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Almorsy et al, 2011) for the whole text<br />
(Almorsy et al, 2011, 364) when referring to a specific page<br />
(Almorsy et al, 2011, 364-366) when referring to a range of pages<br />
Reference list<br />
Almorsy, M., Grundy, J. and Ibrahim, A.S. (2011) Collaboration-based cloud computing security<br />
management framework. In: Ling Liu and Manish Parashar (eds.) Cloud 2011: IEEE 4th International<br />
Conference on Cloud Computing, Washington D.C. 4-9 July, Washington D.C., USA: The<br />
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 364-371.<br />
1. Author(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a full<br />
stop after each initial<br />
6. Title of the conference in italics,<br />
followed by a comma<br />
4. In, followed by a colon<br />
2. Year of publication in<br />
round brackets<br />
7. Place and date of conference<br />
separated by commas<br />
3. Title (and subtitle if applicable) of<br />
conference paper, followed by a full stop<br />
5. Editor(s)’ first name and surname<br />
(if available) followed by ed. or<br />
eds. in round brackets<br />
Almorsy, M. Grundy, J. and Ibrahim, A.S. (2011) Collaboration-based<br />
cloud computing security management framework. In: Ling Liu and<br />
Manish Parashar (eds.) Cloud 2011: IEEE 4th International Conference<br />
on Cloud Computing, Washington D.C. 4-9 July, Washington D.C., USA:<br />
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 364-371.<br />
9. Publisher, followed by a comma 10. Page number(s), followed by a full stop<br />
8. Place of publication,<br />
followed by a colon<br />
55 Conference papers
A5 Referencing<br />
5 Conference papers<br />
Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Author(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a<br />
full stop after each initial<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
Title (and subtitle if applicable)<br />
of conference paper, followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
In, followed by a colon<br />
Editor(s)’ first name and surname<br />
(if available) followed by ed. or eds.<br />
in round brackets<br />
Title of the conference in italics,<br />
followed by a comma<br />
Place and date of conference<br />
separated by commas<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
If the conference paper is<br />
unpublished, put unpublished<br />
in square brackets, followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
Place of publication, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
Publisher, followed by a comma<br />
Page number(s), followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
If the conference paper is online<br />
put Available from, followed by<br />
the web address<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
paper, followed by a full stop<br />
Correspondence<br />
6.1 Email<br />
You should seek permission from the sender before referring to personal emails in your<br />
academic work.<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Havenhand, <strong>2013</strong>)<br />
Reference list<br />
Havenhand, J. (<strong>2013</strong>) Referencing help <strong>guide</strong>. [email] Sent to Helen Williams, 17 June.<br />
1. Sender(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a<br />
full stop after each initial<br />
Havenhand, J. (<strong>2013</strong>) Referencing help <strong>guide</strong>. [email] Sent to Helen<br />
Williams, 17 June.<br />
5. Sent to, followed by recipient(s)’ first<br />
name and surname, followed by a comma<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
2. Year the email was sent<br />
in round brackets<br />
Sender(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a<br />
full stop after each initial<br />
Year the email was sent in round<br />
brackets<br />
Subject line or a short description,<br />
if more appropriate, in italics,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
3. Subject line or a short<br />
description, if more appropriate,<br />
in italics, followed by a full stop<br />
6. Day and month the email was sent,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
In square brackets put email<br />
4. In square brackets<br />
put email<br />
Sent to, followed by recipient(s)’<br />
first name and surname, followed<br />
by a comma<br />
Day and month the email was sent,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
66 Correspondence
A6 Referencing<br />
6 Correspondence<br />
Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
6.2 Letter<br />
You should seek permission from the sender<br />
before referring to personal letters in your<br />
academic work.<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Lloyd George, 1913)<br />
Reference list<br />
Lloyd George, D. (1913) Political and<br />
military situation in Eastern Europe.<br />
[letter] Sent to Winston Churchill, 3 April.<br />
London: Churchill Archive. Available from<br />
http://www.churchillarchive.com/explore/<br />
page?id=CHAR%<strong>2013</strong>%2F19%2F95<br />
[Accessed 19 June <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Sender(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with<br />
a full stop after each initial<br />
Year in round brackets<br />
Give a short description of the<br />
content in italics, followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
In square brackets put letter<br />
Sent to, followed by the<br />
recipient(s)’ first name and<br />
surname, followed by a comma<br />
Day and month of letter followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
If the letter is in a collection put<br />
location of collection, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
Name of the collection (if<br />
applicable) followed by a full stop<br />
If the letter is online put Available<br />
from, followed by the web address<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
letter, followed by a full stop<br />
6.3 Mailing list<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Hicks, <strong>2013</strong>)<br />
Reference list<br />
Hicks, B. (<strong>2013</strong>) Participate in a survey<br />
to map dementia care research. [mailing<br />
list] Sent to NURSE-UK, 10 May. Available<br />
from https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/<br />
webadmin?A2=ind1305&L=NURSE-<br />
UK&F=&S=&P=2039 [Accessed 19<br />
June <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Sender(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a<br />
full stop after each initial<br />
Year in round brackets<br />
Subject line or a short description,<br />
if more appropriate, in italics,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
In square brackets put mailing list<br />
Sent to, followed by the mailing list<br />
name, followed by a comma<br />
Day and month of the posting,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
Available from, followed by the<br />
web address<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
mailing list, followed by a full stop<br />
Dance<br />
In-text citation<br />
(English National Ballet, <strong>2013</strong>)<br />
Reference list<br />
English National Ballet (<strong>2013</strong>) Petite mort. [performance] Jirí Kylián (chor.) London: Coliseum,<br />
19 April.<br />
1. Performer(s)’ first<br />
name and surname or<br />
company name<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
2. Year of performance<br />
in round brackets<br />
Performer(s)’ first name and<br />
surname or company name<br />
Year of performance in round<br />
brackets<br />
Title of performance in italics,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
In square brackets put<br />
performance<br />
Choreographer’s first name and<br />
surname<br />
3. Title of performance<br />
in italics, followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Put chor. (abbreviation for<br />
choreographer) in round brackets<br />
Place of performance, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
Name of venue, followed by<br />
a comma<br />
4. In square brackets put<br />
performance<br />
5. Choreographer’s first<br />
name and surname<br />
English National Ballet (<strong>2013</strong>) Petite mort. [performance] Jirí Kylián<br />
(chor.) London: Coliseum, 19 April.<br />
6. Put chor. (abbreviation for<br />
choreographer) in round brackets<br />
7. Place of performance, followed by<br />
a colon<br />
8. Name of venue,<br />
followed by a comma<br />
9. Day and month of performance,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
Day and month of performance,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
77 Dance
A8<br />
Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
Diagrams, figures,<br />
images, tables<br />
Film, television,<br />
radio<br />
9<br />
9.1 Film<br />
If you reproduce any diagrams, figures, images or tables from a printed or an online source you<br />
should provide a caption, instead of an in-text citation, acknowledging its source.<br />
For example, if you reproduced the table from page 1155 in Campbell biology by Reece et al your<br />
caption would be:<br />
Summation of twitches from Reece at al (2011), 1155<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Luhrmann, <strong>2013</strong>)<br />
Reference list<br />
Luhrmann, B. (dir.) (<strong>2013</strong>) The great Gatsby. [film] London: Warner Bros.<br />
You will also need to include the details of the source in your reference list – follow the relevant<br />
checklist for your source.<br />
Reference list<br />
Reece, J.B., Urry, L., Cain, M., Wasserman, S.A., Minorsky, P. V. and Jackson, R.B. (2011)<br />
Campbell biology. 9th <strong>edition</strong>. Boston: Pearson.<br />
1. Director(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a full<br />
stop after each initial<br />
2. Put dir. (abbreviation for director)<br />
in round brackets. If it has more<br />
than one director, use dirs.<br />
3. Year of release in round brackets<br />
4. Title in italics, followed by a full stop 5. In square brackets put film<br />
Luhrmann, B. (dir.) (<strong>2013</strong>) The great Gatsby. [film] London:<br />
Warner Bros.<br />
7. Distribution company, followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
6. Location of distributor (if known)<br />
followed by a colon<br />
Checklist:<br />
8 Diagrams, figures, images, tables<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Director(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a full<br />
stop after each initial<br />
Put dir. (abbreviation for director)<br />
in round brackets. If it has more<br />
than one director, use dirs.<br />
Year of release in round brackets<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Title in italics, followed by a<br />
full stop<br />
In square brackets put film<br />
Location of distributor (if known)<br />
followed by a colon<br />
Distribution company, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
9 Film, television, radio
A9 9 Film, television, radio<br />
Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
9.2 Broadcast television, radio<br />
In-text citation<br />
(My kidney and me, 2012)<br />
Reference list<br />
My kidney and me (2012) [online] 4OD.<br />
6 August, 22:00. Available from http://www.<br />
channel4.com/programmes/my-kidney-andme/4od<br />
[Accessed 1 July <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Title of the programme in italics<br />
Year of production in round<br />
brackets<br />
If the programme is online, put<br />
online in square brackets<br />
Episode/series number(s), if any,<br />
followed by a comma<br />
Broadcast channel, followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
Day and month of transmission,<br />
followed by a comma<br />
¨¨<br />
Time of transmission, using the 24<br />
hour clock, followed by a full stop<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
If the programme is online put<br />
Available from, followed by the<br />
web address<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
programme, followed by a full stop<br />
9.3 DVD – film<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Wegener, 1920)<br />
Reference list<br />
Wegener, P. (dir.) (1920) Der Golem. [DVD]<br />
London: Eureka.<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Director’s surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a<br />
full stop after each initial<br />
Put dir. (abbreviation for director)<br />
in round brackets. If it has more<br />
than one director, use dirs.<br />
Year of release in round brackets<br />
Title of film in italics, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
In square brackets put DVD<br />
Place of distribution, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
Distribution company, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
9.4 DVD – television<br />
programme<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Doctor Who, <strong>2013</strong>)<br />
Reference list<br />
Doctor Who (<strong>2013</strong>) [DVD] series 7, part 2.<br />
London: BBC.<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Title of the programme in italics<br />
Year of production in round<br />
brackets<br />
In square brackets put DVD<br />
Episode/series number(s), if any,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
Place of distribution, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
Distribution company, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
9.5 Off-air recordings<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Visions of the future, 2008)<br />
Reference list<br />
Visions of the future (2008) [off-air recording]<br />
BBC Four. 30 January, 00:55.<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Title of the programme in italics<br />
Year of production in round<br />
brackets<br />
In square brackets put off-air<br />
recording<br />
Broadcast channel, followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
Day and month of transmission,<br />
followed by a comma<br />
¨¨<br />
Time of transmission, using the 24<br />
hour clock, followed by a full stop<br />
Film, television, radio<br />
9.6 Online archive of off-air<br />
recordings (e.g. Box of<br />
Broadcasts)<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Rupert Murdoch: battle with Britain, <strong>2013</strong>)<br />
Reference list<br />
Rupert Murdoch: battle with Britain (<strong>2013</strong>)<br />
[online off-air recording] BBC Two. 28 April,<br />
21:00. Available from http://bobnational.net/<br />
programme php?archive=147494&view=flash_<br />
player [Accessed 4 July <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Title of the programme in italics<br />
Year of production in round<br />
brackets<br />
In square brackets put online<br />
off-air recording<br />
Broadcast channel, followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
Day and month of transmission,<br />
followed by a comma<br />
¨¨<br />
Time of transmission, using the 24<br />
hour clock, followed by a full stop<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Available from, followed by the<br />
web address<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
programme, followed by a full stop<br />
99 Film, television, radio
A9 Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
10<br />
Interviews<br />
9.7 Amateur film<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Graber, 1977)<br />
Reference list<br />
Graber, S. (dir.) (1977) The cat and the tune.<br />
[amateur film] Available from http://www.eafa.<br />
org.uk/catalogue/3965 [Accessed 1 July <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Director’s surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a full<br />
stop after each initial<br />
Put dir. (abbreviation for director)<br />
in round brackets. If it has more<br />
than one director, use dirs.<br />
In round brackets put date of<br />
production (if not known use<br />
undated)<br />
Title of the film in italics,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
In square brackets put<br />
amateur film<br />
If the film is accessed online put<br />
Available from, followed by the<br />
web address<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the film,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
9.8 Trailer<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Villeneuve, <strong>2013</strong>)<br />
Reference list<br />
Villeneuve, D. (dir.) (<strong>2013</strong>) Prisoners. [trailer]<br />
Available from http://www.youtube.com/<br />
watch?v=bpXfcTF6iVk [Accessed 1 July <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Director’s surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a full<br />
stop after each initial<br />
Put dir. (abbreviation for director)<br />
in round brackets. If it has more<br />
than one director, use dirs.<br />
Date of release in round brackets<br />
Title of the film in italics, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
In square brackets put trailer<br />
If the trailer is accessed online put<br />
Available from, followed by the<br />
web address<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
trailer, followed by a full stop<br />
10.1 Broadcast<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Twigg, <strong>2013</strong>)<br />
Reference list<br />
Twigg, S. (<strong>2013</strong>) Free schools would remain open. [interview] BBC One. Interviewed by Jeremy<br />
Vine, The Andrew Marr show, 30 June.<br />
1. Interviewee(s)’ surname, a<br />
comma, followed by their initials<br />
with a full stop after each initial<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
5. Broadcast channel,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
8. Day and month of the interview,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
2. Year of interview in<br />
round brackets<br />
Interviewee(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a full<br />
stop after each initial<br />
Year of interview in round brackets<br />
3. Title, or short description if<br />
more appropriate, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
6. Interviewed by, followed by the interviewer(s)’<br />
name and surname then a comma<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
4. In square brackets<br />
put interview<br />
Twigg, S. (<strong>2013</strong>) Free schools would remain open. [interview]<br />
BBC One. Interviewed by Jeremy Vine, The Andrew Marr show,<br />
10 June.<br />
7. Programme name in italics,<br />
followed by a comma<br />
Programme name in italics,<br />
followed by a comma<br />
Day and month of the interview,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
9 Film, television, radio<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Title, or short description if more<br />
appropriate, followed by a full stop<br />
In square brackets put interview<br />
Broadcast channel, followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
Interviewed by, followed by the<br />
interviewer(s)’ first name and<br />
surname then a comma<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
If the interview is online put<br />
Available from, followed by the<br />
web address<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
interview, followed by a full stop<br />
10 Interviews
10 A<br />
Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
Journals,<br />
magazines, periodicals<br />
11<br />
10.2 Personal<br />
You should seek permission from the interviewee/interviewer before referring to a personal<br />
interview in your academic work.<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Snowley, <strong>2013</strong>)<br />
Reference list<br />
Snowley, I. (<strong>2013</strong>) Questions on <strong>referencing</strong>. [interview] Interviewed by Lys Ann Reiners, 1 July.<br />
11.1 Journal articles<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Battilana and Casciaro, <strong>2013</strong>) for whole article<br />
(Battilana and Casciaro, <strong>2013</strong>, 62) when referring to a single page<br />
(Battilana and Casciaro, <strong>2013</strong>, 62-64) when referring to a range of pages<br />
Reference list<br />
Battilana, J. and Casciaro, T. (<strong>2013</strong>) The network secrets of great change agents. <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
Business Review, 91(7) 62-68.<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Interviewee(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a full<br />
stop after each initial<br />
Year of interview in round brackets<br />
Title or short description, if more<br />
appropriate, in italics, followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
In square brackets put interview<br />
Interviewed by, followed by the<br />
interviewer(s)’ first name and<br />
surname, followed by a comma<br />
Day and month of the interview,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
1. Author(s)’ surname, a comma, followed by their<br />
initials with a full stop after each initial - if there<br />
is more than one author, you should name all of<br />
them in the order they are given in the article<br />
2. Year of publication in<br />
round brackets<br />
3. Title (and subtitle if applicable) of<br />
article, followed by a full stop<br />
Battilana, J. and Casciaro, T. (<strong>2013</strong>) The network secrets of great<br />
change agents. <strong>Harvard</strong> Business Review, 91(7) 62-68.<br />
4. Title of journal in italics,<br />
followed by a comma<br />
5. Volume number,<br />
followed by a comma<br />
ONLY if there is no part/<br />
issue/month/season<br />
6. If there is a part/issue/month/<br />
season, put this information in<br />
round brackets<br />
7. Page numbers, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
Checklist:<br />
10 Interviews<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Author(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a full<br />
stop after each initial – if there is<br />
more than one author, you should<br />
name all of them in the order they<br />
are given in the article<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
Title (and subtitle if applicable)<br />
of article, followed by a full stop<br />
Title of journal in italics, followed<br />
by a comma<br />
Volume number, followed by a<br />
comma ONLY if there is no part/<br />
issue/month/season<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
If there is a part/issue/month/<br />
season, put this information in<br />
round brackets<br />
Page numbers, followed by a<br />
full stop<br />
If the journal article is online put<br />
Available from, followed by the<br />
web address<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
journal article, followed by a<br />
full stop<br />
11 Journals, magazines, periodicals
11 A<br />
Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
12<br />
Law<br />
11 Journals, magazines, periodicals<br />
11.2 Pre-prints<br />
You may find articles in a repository, or on<br />
a publisher’s website, which have been<br />
made available online before they have<br />
been submitted for peer review or published<br />
in a journal.<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Risler and Basun, <strong>2013</strong>) for the whole article<br />
Reference list<br />
Risler, T. and Basun, M. (<strong>2013</strong>) Morphological<br />
instabilities of stratified epithelia: a mechanical<br />
instability in tumour formation. [pre-print]<br />
Submitted to New Journal of Physics. Available<br />
from http://arxiv.org/pdf/1306.5676v1.pdf<br />
[Accessed 28 June <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Author(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a full<br />
stop after each initial – if there is<br />
more than one author, you should<br />
name all of them in the order they<br />
are given in the article<br />
Year of writing in round brackets<br />
Title (and subtitle if applicable) of<br />
article, followed by a full stop<br />
In square brackets put pre-print<br />
Submitted to (if this information is<br />
with the article)<br />
Title of journal (if available) in<br />
italics, followed by a full stop<br />
Available from, followed by the<br />
web address<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
pre-print, followed by a full stop<br />
11.3 Post-prints, articles in press<br />
Post-prints and articles in press have been<br />
submitted for peer review and accepted for<br />
publication but have not yet been published<br />
in a specific journal issue. Publishers will often<br />
assign a DOI (digital object identifier) to uniquely<br />
identify the record.<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Tusting et al, <strong>2013</strong>) for the whole article<br />
Reference list<br />
Tusting, L.S., Willey, B., Lucas, H., Thompson,<br />
J., Kafy, H.T., Smith, R. and Lindsay, S.W.<br />
(<strong>2013</strong>) Socioeconomic development as an<br />
intervention against malaria: a systematic<br />
review and meta-analysis. [in press] The<br />
Lancet. Available from http://www.thelancet.<br />
com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-<br />
6736(13)60851-X/fulltext#article_upsell<br />
[Accessed 1 July <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Author(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a full<br />
stop after each initial – if there is<br />
more than one author, you should<br />
name all of them in the order they<br />
are given in the article<br />
Year of writing in round brackets<br />
Title (and subtitle if applicable) of<br />
article, followed by a full stop<br />
In square brackets put post-print/<br />
in press<br />
Title of journal in italics, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
Available from, followed by the<br />
web address/DOI<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
article, followed by a full stop<br />
Law students should follow the Oxford Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities (OSCOLA)<br />
as this is the Law School’s preferred style of <strong>referencing</strong>. Below are <strong>guide</strong>lines for non-law students<br />
who need to refer to legal publications using <strong>Harvard</strong>.<br />
12.1 Cases (Law Reports)<br />
You should refer to cases by their party names and year in your in-text citation. This information will<br />
be available at the beginning of a Law Report.<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Pepper v Hart, 1993)<br />
Reference list<br />
You should include the party names, year and information about where the case has been<br />
reported in your reference list exactly as it appears at the beginning of a Law Report.<br />
Pepper v Hart [1993] AC 593.<br />
1. Party names (separated by<br />
a v) in italics<br />
3. Abbreviation of Law Report series or, for a neutral<br />
citation, the Court and Division where the case<br />
was heard<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
Party names (separated by a v)<br />
in italics<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Year the case was heard (in round<br />
or square brackets – follow the<br />
style given in the Law Report)<br />
Volume number, if applicable<br />
2. Year the case was heard (in round or square<br />
brackets – follow the style given in the Law Report)<br />
Pepper v Hart [1993] AC 593.<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
3. Page number or, for a neutral citation,<br />
case, followed by a full stop<br />
Abbreviation of Law Report<br />
series or, for a neutral citation,<br />
the Court and Division where the<br />
case was heard<br />
Page number or, for a neutral<br />
citation, case number, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
12 Law
12 A<br />
Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
Law<br />
12<br />
12.2 Unreported UK cases<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Evans v Governor of H.M. Prison Brockhill,<br />
1985)<br />
Reference list<br />
Evans v Governor of H.M. Prison Brockhill<br />
(1985) [unreported] Court of Appeal (Civil<br />
Division), 19 June.<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
Party names (separated by a v)<br />
in italics<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Year the case was heard in round<br />
brackets<br />
In square brackets put unreported<br />
Court where the case was heard,<br />
followed by a comma<br />
Day and month the case was heard<br />
(if known) followed by a full stop<br />
12.3 Acts of Parliament (Statutes)<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Justice and Security Act <strong>2013</strong>) for whole Act<br />
(Justice and Security Act <strong>2013</strong>, s.2) when<br />
referring to a specific section<br />
(Justice and Security Act <strong>2013</strong>, s.2(2)) when<br />
referring to a specific subsection<br />
Reference list<br />
Justice and Security Act <strong>2013</strong> (c.18). London:<br />
HMSO.<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
Short title of the Act, including<br />
the year, in italics<br />
¨¨<br />
In round brackets put c.<br />
(abbreviation for chapter) followed<br />
by the chapter number in italics,<br />
then a full stop<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Place of publication, followed by<br />
a colon<br />
Publisher, followed by a full stop<br />
12.4 Statutory Instruments<br />
In-text citation<br />
(The Severn Bridges Tolls Order 2012)<br />
Reference list entry<br />
The Severn Bridges Tolls Order 2012, SI<br />
2012/3136. London: The Stationery Office.<br />
12.5 Bills before Parliament<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Transport Bill, 1999)<br />
Reference list<br />
Transport Bill (1999) House of Commons (Bill 8<br />
1999-2000). London: The Stationery Office.<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Short title of the Bill in italics<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
The House the Bill was heard in<br />
In round brackets put the Bill<br />
number and session, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
Place of publication, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
Publisher, followed by a full stop<br />
12.6 EU Regulations, Directives,<br />
Decisions<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Commission Decision, <strong>2013</strong>/C 187/08)<br />
Reference list<br />
Commission Decision of 28 June <strong>2013</strong><br />
appointing members and alternatives of<br />
the Committee for Advanced Therapies to<br />
represent clinicians and patients’ associations.<br />
Official Journal of the European Union (<strong>2013</strong>/C<br />
187/08) 29 June. Available from http://<br />
eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.<br />
do?uri=OJ:C:<strong>2013</strong>:187:0009:0009:EN:PDF<br />
[Accessed 21 June <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Title including the type of<br />
document (e.g. Commission<br />
Decision) followed by a full stop<br />
If published in the Official Journal<br />
(OJ) put Official Journal of the<br />
European Union in italics<br />
Document reference in round<br />
brackets<br />
Day and month of publication,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
If accessed online put Available<br />
from, followed by the web address<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
document, followed by a full stop<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
Title of Statutory Instrument<br />
including year in italics, followed<br />
by a comma<br />
¨¨<br />
SI, followed by the year of<br />
enactment, a forward slash, then<br />
the statutory instrument number<br />
and a full stop<br />
¨¨<br />
Place of publication, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
12 Law<br />
¨¨<br />
Publisher, followed by a full stop<br />
12 Law
12 A<br />
Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
13<br />
Leaflets, pamphlets<br />
12.7 Treaties<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Treaty of Lisbon, 2007)<br />
Reference list<br />
Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European<br />
Community, 13 December 2007 (2007/C 306/01). Available from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOHtml.<br />
do?uri=OJ:C:2007:306:SOM:EN:HTML [Accessed 20 June <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Checklist:<br />
In-text citation<br />
(The National Gallery, 2009)<br />
Reference list<br />
The National Gallery (2009) Picasso: challenging the past 25 February - 7 June 2009. London:<br />
The National Gallery.<br />
1. Author/Editor(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a full stop<br />
after each initial, or corporate author<br />
2. Year of publication in<br />
round brackets<br />
3. Title (and subtitle if applicable)<br />
of the leaflet/pamphlet in italics,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Title in italics, followed by<br />
a comma<br />
Day, month and year the treaty<br />
was signed<br />
In round brackets put the<br />
document reference, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
If the treaty is online put Available<br />
from, followed by the web address<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
treaty, followed by a full stop<br />
The National Gallery (2009) Picasso: challenging the past 25<br />
February - 7 June 2009. London: The National Gallery.<br />
4. Place of publication (if known) followed by a colon 5. Publisher (if known) followed by a full stop<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Author/Editor(s)’ surname, a<br />
comma, followed by their initials<br />
with a full stop after each initial,<br />
or corporate author<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Place of publication (if known)<br />
followed by a colon<br />
Publisher (if known) followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
¨¨<br />
Title (and subtitle if applicable)<br />
of leaflet/pamphlet in italics,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
13 Leaflets, pamphlets<br />
12 Law
14 A<br />
Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
15<br />
Maps<br />
Microfilm<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Ordnance Survey, 2000)<br />
Follow the format for the original source and after the title and full stop put microfilm in square<br />
brackets. The example below is from page 3 of The Times of 5 January 1943.<br />
Reference list<br />
Ordnance Survey (2000) Lincoln, Sleaford, Metheringham & Navenby. [map] Explorer series,<br />
sheet 272, 1:2500. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.<br />
In-text citation<br />
(The Times, 1943)<br />
Reference list<br />
The Times (1943) M. Boisson’s call to Frenchmen. [microfilm] 5 January, 3.<br />
1. Cartographer (corporate or<br />
personal author)<br />
2. Year of publication in round brackets 3. Title of map in italics, followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
Ordnance Survey (2000) Lincoln, Sleaford, Metheringham & Navenby.<br />
[map] Explorer series, sheet 272, 1:2500. Southampton: Ordnance<br />
Survey.<br />
4. Series (if applicable) followed by<br />
a comma<br />
5. Sheet number (if applicable)<br />
followed by a comma<br />
6. Scale, followed by a full stop<br />
7. Place of publication, followed by a colon 8. Name of publisher, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Cartographer (corporate or<br />
personal author)<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
Title of map in italics, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
In square brackets put map<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Scale, followed by a full stop<br />
Place of publication, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
Name of publisher, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
If the map is online put Available<br />
from, followed by the web address<br />
14 Maps<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Series (if applicable) followed<br />
by a comma<br />
Sheet number (if applicable)<br />
followed by a comma<br />
¨¨<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
map, followed by a full stop<br />
15 Microfilm
A<br />
16<br />
Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
Music<br />
16 A<br />
Music<br />
16.2 CD<br />
In-text citation<br />
16.3 Music track<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Metallica, 1986)<br />
(Metallica, 1986)<br />
16.1 Music – live performance<br />
This covers all live music performances. If the performance is by an artist (e.g. The Rolling Stones<br />
or Gary Barlow) use their full stage name (band name or first name followed by surname) in place<br />
of the composer.<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Britten, <strong>2013</strong>)<br />
Reference list<br />
Britten, B. (<strong>2013</strong>) Four sea interludes from ‘Peter Grimes’. [performance] Sakari Oramo (cond.)<br />
BBC Symphony Orchestra. London: Royal Albert Hall, 12 July.<br />
1. Composer’s surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a full<br />
stop after each initial<br />
2. Year of performance in round brackets 3. Title (and subtitle if applicable) of<br />
performance in italics, followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
Britten, B. (<strong>2013</strong>) Four sea interludes from ‘Peter Grimes’.<br />
[performance] Sakari Oramo (cond.) BBC Symphony Orchestra.<br />
London: Royal Albert Hall, 12 July.<br />
Reference list<br />
Metallica (1986) Master of puppets. [CD]<br />
Chatsworth, USA: Asylum Records.<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Artist (put the performer(s)’<br />
stage name in full)<br />
Year of release in round brackets<br />
Title of CD in italics, followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
In square brackets put CD<br />
Place of production, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
Record label, followed by a<br />
full stop<br />
Reference list<br />
Metallica (1986) Disposable heroes. [CD<br />
track] 8 mins. 17 secs. Master of puppets.<br />
Chatsworth, USA: Asylum Records.<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Artist (put the performer(s)’ stage<br />
name in full)<br />
Year of release in round brackets<br />
Title of music track, followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
In square brackets put CD track<br />
Length of track in minutes and<br />
seconds<br />
Title of CD in italics, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
Place of production, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
4. In square brackets put<br />
performance<br />
5. Conductor’s first<br />
name and surname<br />
(if applicable)<br />
6. Put cond. (abbreviation<br />
for conductor) in round<br />
brackets<br />
7. Orchestra name (if applicable)<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
¨¨<br />
Record label, followed by a<br />
full stop<br />
8. Place of performance,<br />
followed by a colon<br />
9. Venue, followed by<br />
a comma<br />
10. Day and month of<br />
performance, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Composer’s surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a<br />
full stop after each initial<br />
Year of performance in round<br />
brackets<br />
Title (and subtitle if applicable)<br />
of performance in italics, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
In square brackets put<br />
performance<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Put cond. (abbreviation for<br />
conductor) in round brackets<br />
Orchestra name (if applicable)<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
Place of performance, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
Venue, followed by a comma<br />
Day and month of performance,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
16 Music<br />
¨¨<br />
Conductor’s first name and<br />
surname (if applicable)<br />
16 Music
A<br />
16<br />
Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
Music<br />
16 A<br />
16.4 Music track download<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Tom Odell, <strong>2013</strong>)<br />
Reference list<br />
Tom Odell (<strong>2013</strong>) See if I care. [download<br />
track] 3 mins. 7 secs. Long way down.<br />
London: ITNO/Columbia. Available from<br />
http://www.amazon.co.uk/Long-Way-Down-<br />
Explicit/dp/B00BYEUWH2/ref=sr_shvl_<br />
lbum_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1372756639&sr=301-1<br />
[Accessed 2 July <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Artist (put the performer(s)’ stage<br />
name in full)<br />
Year of release in round brackets<br />
Title of track followed by a full stop<br />
In square brackets put<br />
download track<br />
Length of track in minutes and<br />
seconds<br />
Title of album in italics, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
Place of production, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
16.5 Musical score<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Carcassi, undated)<br />
Reference list<br />
Carcassi, M. (undated) Sechs capricen: für<br />
gitarre, opus 26. [musical score] London:<br />
Schott & Co.<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Composer(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a full<br />
stop after each initial<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
Title (and subtitle if applicable)<br />
of score in italics, followed by a<br />
full stop<br />
Edition (only if not the first <strong>edition</strong>)<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
In square brackets put musical<br />
score<br />
Place of publication, followed by<br />
a colon<br />
Publisher, followed by a full stop<br />
16.6 Musical score from a collection<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Dowland, 1977, 16)<br />
Reference list<br />
Dowland, J. (1977) Mistress Winter’s jump. [musical score] In: Harvey Vinson (ed.) The classic<br />
guitar collection: volume 1. London: Amsco.<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Composer(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a<br />
full stop after each initial<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
Title of score, followed by a<br />
full stop<br />
In square brackets put<br />
musical score<br />
In, followed by a colon<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Editor(s)’ first name and surname<br />
Put ed. in round brackets. If it has<br />
more than one editor, use eds.<br />
Title of collection in italics,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
Edition (only if not the first <strong>edition</strong>)<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
Place of publication, followed by<br />
a colon<br />
Publisher, followed by a full stop<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Record label, followed by a<br />
full stop<br />
Available from, followed by the<br />
web address<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
music track, followed by a full stop<br />
16 Music<br />
16 Music
A<br />
17<br />
Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
New media<br />
17 A<br />
New media<br />
17.2 Facebook<br />
In-text citation<br />
17.3 Video sharing websites<br />
In-text citation<br />
17.1 Blogs<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Open Europe Blog, <strong>2013</strong>)<br />
Reference list<br />
Open Europe Blog (<strong>2013</strong>) Got milk? Writing the nanny-state into EU law. [blog entry] 12 June.<br />
London: Open Europe. Available from http://www.openeuropeblog.blogspot.co.uk/<strong>2013</strong>/06/gotmilk-writing-nanny-state-into-eu-law.html<br />
[Accessed 12 June <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
1. Author/Editor(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a full stop after<br />
each initial, or corporate author. If there is no<br />
author, put the title of the blog<br />
2. Year of publication in round brackets 3. Title of blog entry in italics,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
Open Europe Blog (<strong>2013</strong>) Got milk? Writing the nanny-state into<br />
EU law. [blog entry] 12 June. London: Open Europe. Available from<br />
http://www.openeuropeblog.blogspot.co.uk/<strong>2013</strong>/06/got-milkwriting-nanny-state-into-eu-law.html<br />
[Accessed 12 June <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
(University of Lincoln English Language<br />
Centre, <strong>2013</strong>)<br />
Reference list<br />
University of Lincoln English Language<br />
Centre (<strong>2013</strong>) English language workshops.<br />
[Facebook] 16 May. Available from https://www.<br />
facebook.com/pages/University-of-Lincoln-<br />
English-Language-Centre/214820105273196<br />
[Accessed 3 July <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Contributor(s)<br />
Year of post in round brackets<br />
Give short description of post in<br />
italics, followed by a full stop<br />
In square brackets put Facebook<br />
Day and month of post, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
Available from, followed by the<br />
web address<br />
(Design Council, 2008)<br />
Reference list<br />
Design Council (2008) What is good design?<br />
[online video] Available from http://www.<br />
youtube.com/watch?v=5SFncmn3pTs<br />
[Accessed 2 July <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Contributor(s)<br />
Year of upload in round brackets<br />
Video title in italics, followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
In square brackets put online video<br />
Available from, followed by the<br />
web address<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
video, followed by a full stop<br />
4. In square brackets put blog entry 5. Day and month of entry, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
7. Publisher (if known) followed by a<br />
full stop<br />
8. Available from, followed by the<br />
web address<br />
6. Place of publication (if known)<br />
followed by a colon<br />
9. In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
blog entry, followed by a full stop<br />
¨¨<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
Facebook post, followed by a<br />
full stop<br />
Checklist:<br />
17 New media<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Author/Editor(s)’ surname, a<br />
comma, followed by their initials<br />
with a full stop after each initial,<br />
or corporate author. If there is no<br />
author, put the title of the blog<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
Title of blog entry in italics,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
In square brackets put blog entry<br />
Day and month of entry, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Place of publication (if known)<br />
followed by a colon<br />
Publisher (if known) followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
Available from, followed by the<br />
web address<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
blog entry, followed by a full stop<br />
17 New media
A<br />
17<br />
Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
18 A<br />
Newspapers<br />
17.4 Twitter<br />
17.5 Podcasts, vidcasts, vodcasts<br />
18.1 Newspaper articles<br />
In-text citation<br />
In-text citation<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Wikileaks, <strong>2013</strong>)<br />
(BBC World Service, <strong>2013</strong>)<br />
(Glancey, 1999)<br />
Reference list<br />
Reference list<br />
Reference list<br />
Wikileaks (<strong>2013</strong>) Hidden microphone found.<br />
[Twitter] 3 July. Available from https://twitter.<br />
com/wikileaks [Accessed 3 July <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Contributor(s)<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
Give short description of tweet<br />
in italics, followed by a full stop<br />
In square brackets put Twitter<br />
BBC World Service (<strong>2013</strong>) Escape from<br />
Alcatraz. [podcast] 11 June. Available from<br />
http://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/series/witness<br />
[Accessed 13 June <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Broadcaster(s)’ surname, a<br />
comma, followed by their initials<br />
with a full stop after each initial,<br />
or corporate author<br />
Year of broadcast in round<br />
brackets<br />
Glancey, J. (1999) Barcelona beats world’s top architects to award. The Guardian, 18 March, 6.<br />
1. Journalist(s)’ surname, a comma, followed by their<br />
initials with a full stop after each initial. If there is<br />
more than one journalist, you should name all of<br />
them in the order they are given in the article<br />
2. Year of publication in<br />
round brackets<br />
3. Title of the article, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
Glancey, J. (1999) Barcelona beats world’s top architects to award.<br />
The Guardian, 18 March, 6.<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Day and month of tweet, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
Available from, followed by the<br />
web address<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Title of podcast in italics, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
In square brackets put podcast/<br />
vidcast/vodcast<br />
4. Title of newspaper in italics,<br />
followed by a comma<br />
5. Day and month of publication,<br />
followed by a comma<br />
6. Page number(s), followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
¨¨<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
tweet, followed by a full stop<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Day and month of broadcast,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
Available from, followed by the<br />
web address<br />
Checklist:<br />
17 New media<br />
¨¨<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
podcast/vidcast/vodcast, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Journalist(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a<br />
full stop after each initial. If there<br />
is more than one journalist, you<br />
should name all of them in the<br />
order they are given in the article<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
Title of the article, followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
Title of newspaper in italics,<br />
followed by a comma<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Day and month of publication,<br />
followed by a comma<br />
Page number(s), followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
If the newspaper article is online<br />
put Available from, followed by<br />
the web address<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
newspaper article, followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
18 Newspapers
A<br />
18<br />
Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
New Media<br />
19 A<br />
Official publications<br />
18.2 Newspaper articles without<br />
a byline<br />
If there is no byline, use the title of the<br />
newspaper instead.<br />
In-text citation<br />
(The Sun, 1992)<br />
Reference list<br />
The Sun (1992) It was The Sun wot won it. 11<br />
April, 1.<br />
18.3 Press releases<br />
In-text citation<br />
(NHS Direct, <strong>2013</strong>)<br />
Reference list<br />
NHS Direct (<strong>2013</strong>) NHS Direct’s processes<br />
for providing health advice receive NICE<br />
accreditation. [press release] 28 January.<br />
Available from http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.<br />
uk/News/LatestNews/NICEAccreditation<br />
[Accessed 13 June <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
19.1 Green, White and Command Papers<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, 2011) for the whole paper<br />
(Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, 2011, 4) when referring to a specific page<br />
(Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, 2011, 9-10) when referring to a range of pages<br />
Reference list<br />
Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (2011) The natural choice: securing the value of<br />
nature. CM8082. London: HMSO. Available from http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/<br />
cm80/8082/8082.pdf [Accessed 2 July <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Newspaper title in italics<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
Headline, followed by a full stop<br />
Day and month of publication,<br />
followed by a comma<br />
Page number(s), followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
If the newspaper article is online<br />
put Available from, followed by<br />
the web address<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
newspaper article, followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Author(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a<br />
full stop after each initial, or<br />
corporate author<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
Title of press release in italics,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
In square brackets put<br />
press release<br />
Day and month of the press<br />
release, followed by a full stop<br />
If the press release is online put<br />
Available from, followed by the<br />
web address<br />
1. Department’s name 2. Year of publication in<br />
round brackets<br />
4. Paper number,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
7. If the paper is online put<br />
Available from, followed<br />
by the web address<br />
3. Title (and subtitle if applicable) of<br />
paper in italics, followed by a full stop<br />
Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (2011) The natural<br />
choice: securing the value of nature. CM8082. London: HMSO.<br />
Available from http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/<br />
cm80/8082/8082.pdf [Accessed 2 July <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
5. Place of publication,<br />
followed by a colon<br />
8. In square brackets put Accessed and the<br />
date you accessed the paper, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
6. Publisher, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
18 Newspapers<br />
¨¨<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
press release, followed by a<br />
full stop<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Department’s name<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
Title (and subtitle if applicable)<br />
of paper in italics, followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
Paper number, followed by a<br />
full stop<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Place of publication, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
Publisher, followed by a full stop<br />
If the paper is online put Available<br />
from, followed by the web address<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
paper, followed by a full stop<br />
19 Official publications
A<br />
19<br />
Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
New Media<br />
A<br />
20<br />
Plays<br />
19.2 Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Hansard: House of Commons, 2007)<br />
Reference list<br />
Hansard: House of Commons (2006-2007) World classroom initiative. [debate] 28 February 2007,<br />
457, c909.<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
Hansard, a colon, then House<br />
of Commons/House of Lords<br />
¨¨<br />
Day, month and year of<br />
proceedings, followed by a comma<br />
20.1 Play text<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Beckett, 1965) for whole text<br />
(Beckett, 1965, 41) when referring to a specific page<br />
(Beckett, 1965, 41-43) when referring to a range of pages<br />
Reference list<br />
Beckett, S. (1965) Waiting for Godot: a tragicomedy in two acts. 2nd <strong>edition</strong>. London: Faber<br />
and Faber.<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Parliamentary session in round<br />
brackets<br />
Subject of debate/statement/<br />
answer in italics, followed by a<br />
full stop<br />
In square brackets put type<br />
of session<br />
¨¨<br />
Volume number, followed by<br />
a comma<br />
¨¨<br />
Put c (abbreviation for column –<br />
if more than one column use cc)<br />
followed by the column number,<br />
then a full stop<br />
1. Playwright(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a full<br />
stop after each initial<br />
2. Year of publication in round brackets 3. Title (and subtitle if applicable) of<br />
book in italics, followed by a full stop<br />
Beckett, S. (1965) Waiting for Godot: a tragicomedy in two acts.<br />
2nd <strong>edition</strong>. London: Faber and Faber.<br />
4. Edition (only if not the first <strong>edition</strong>)<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
5. Place of publication,<br />
followed by a colon<br />
6. Publisher, followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
Checklist:<br />
19 Official publications<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Playwright(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a<br />
full stop after each initial<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
Title (and subtitle if applicable)<br />
of book in italics, followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Edition (only if not the first <strong>edition</strong>)<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
Place of publication, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
Publisher, followed by a full stop<br />
20 Plays
A<br />
20<br />
Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
New Media<br />
21 A<br />
Software<br />
20.2 Dramatic performance<br />
21.1 Games<br />
In-text citation<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Shakespeare, <strong>2013</strong>)<br />
(Center for Game Science, 2012)<br />
Reference list<br />
Shakespeare, W. (<strong>2013</strong>) Macbeth. [performance] Jamie Lloyd (dir.) London: Trafalgar Studios,<br />
21 March.<br />
Checklist:<br />
Reference list<br />
Center for Game Science (<strong>2013</strong>) Foldit. [online game] Seattle, USA: Center for Game Science<br />
at the University of Washington. Available from http://fold.it/portal/info/about [Accessed 28<br />
June <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Playwright’s surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with<br />
a full stop after each initial<br />
Year of performance in round<br />
brackets<br />
Title (and subtitle if applicable)<br />
of play in italics, followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
In square brackets put<br />
performance<br />
Director’s first name and surname<br />
(if applicable)<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Put dir. (abbreviation for director)<br />
in round brackets<br />
Company name (if applicable)<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
Place of performance, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
Venue, followed by a comma<br />
Day and month of performance,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
1. Developer(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a full stop<br />
after each initial, or corporate author<br />
2. Year of publication/<br />
update/copyright in<br />
round brackets<br />
3. Title of game in italics,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
4. In square brackets<br />
put online game<br />
Center for Game Science (<strong>2013</strong>) Foldit. [online game] Seattle, USA:<br />
Center for Game Science at the University of Washington. Available<br />
from http://fold.it/portal/info/about [Accessed 28 June <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
5. Place of publication, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
7. Publisher, followed by a full stop 8. If the game is accessed online,<br />
put Available from, followed by<br />
9. In square brackets put Accessed<br />
the web address<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
game, followed by a full stop<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Developer(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a<br />
full stop after each initial, or<br />
corporate author<br />
Year of publication/update/<br />
copyright in round brackets<br />
Title of game in italics, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
In square brackets put online game<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Place of publication, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
Publisher, followed by a full stop<br />
If the game is accessed online, put<br />
Available from, followed by the<br />
web address<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
game, followed by a full stop<br />
¨¨<br />
Version (only if not the first<br />
version) followed by a full stop<br />
21 Software<br />
20 Plays
A<br />
21<br />
Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
Technical,<br />
commercial<br />
New Media<br />
A<br />
22<br />
21.2 Apps<br />
21.3 Other software<br />
22.1 British and International Standards<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Design Museum, 2012)<br />
Reference list<br />
Design Museum (2012) The Design Museum<br />
collection. [app] version 1.11. Design Museum.<br />
Available from http://www.apple.com/uk/itunes<br />
[Accessed 28 June <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Developer(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a<br />
full stop after each initial, or<br />
corporate author<br />
Year of publication/update/<br />
copyright in round brackets<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Symantec, <strong>2013</strong>)<br />
Reference list<br />
Symantec (<strong>2013</strong>) Norton internet security.<br />
[software] version Windows 8/7/XP/Vista.<br />
Mountain View, USA: Symantec.<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Developer<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
Title (and subtitle if applicable)<br />
in italics, followed by a full stop<br />
In square brackets put software<br />
In-text citation<br />
(British Standards Institution, 2008)<br />
Reference list<br />
British Standards Institution (2008) BS EN ISO 9001:2008 Quality management systems:<br />
requirements. London: British Standards Institution.<br />
1. Corporate author 2. Year of publication in round brackets 3. Standard number<br />
British Standards Institution (2008) BS EN ISO 9001:2008<br />
Quality management systems: requirements. London:<br />
British Standards Institution.<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Title in italics, followed by a<br />
full stop<br />
In square brackets put app<br />
Put version (only if not the first<br />
version) followed by a full stop<br />
Place of publication (if available)<br />
followed by a colon<br />
Publisher, followed by a full stop<br />
Available from, followed by the<br />
web address<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the app,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Put version (only if not the first<br />
version) followed by a full stop<br />
Place of publication (if available)<br />
followed by a colon<br />
Publisher (if available) followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
If the software is accessed online,<br />
put Available from, followed by<br />
the web address<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
software, followed by a full stop<br />
4. Title (and subtitle if applicable)<br />
in italics, followed by a full stop<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Corporate author<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
Standard number<br />
Title (and subtitle if applicable)<br />
in italics, followed by a full stop<br />
5. Place of publication, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
6. Publisher, followed by a full stop<br />
Publisher, followed by a full stop<br />
If accessed online, put Available<br />
from, followed by the web address<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
standard, followed by a full stop<br />
21 Software<br />
¨¨<br />
Place of publication, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
22 Technical, commercial
A<br />
22<br />
Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
New Media<br />
23 A<br />
Theses, dissertations<br />
22.2 Patents<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Allen, <strong>2013</strong>)<br />
Reference list<br />
Allen, J.R. (<strong>2013</strong>) Remote actuation device for spray cans. US<strong>2013</strong>0026400 A1. United States.<br />
Available from https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/pdfs/<br />
US<strong>2013</strong>0026400.pdf [Accessed 5 July <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Lyons, 2012) for whole text<br />
(Lyons, 2012, 5) when referring to a specific page<br />
(Lyons, 2012, 5-10) when referring to a page range<br />
Reference list<br />
Lyons, T.J. (2012) Tradable commodities of public assets?: spectrum and public service<br />
communications in the early 21st century. PhD. University of Lincoln.<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Inventor(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a<br />
full stop after each initial<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
Title (and subtitle if applicable)<br />
in italics, followed by a full stop<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Place of publication (if available)<br />
followed by a colon<br />
Publisher (if available) followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
If the patent is accessed online,<br />
put Available from, followed by<br />
the web address<br />
1. Author’s surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a<br />
full stop after each initial<br />
2. Year of submission in round brackets 3. Title (and subtitle if applicable) in<br />
italics, followed by a full stop<br />
Lyons, T.J. (2012) Tradable commodities of public assets?: spectrum<br />
and public service communications in the early 21st century. PhD.<br />
University of Lincoln.<br />
¨¨<br />
Patent number (or status if an<br />
application is pending) followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
¨¨<br />
In square brackets, put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
patent, followed by a full stop<br />
4. Qualification level, followed by a full stop 5. Higher Education Institution,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Author’s surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with<br />
a full stop after each initial<br />
Year of submission in round<br />
brackets<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Qualification level, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
Higher Education Institution,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
22 Technical, commercial<br />
¨¨<br />
Title (and subtitle if applicable) in<br />
italics, followed by a full stop<br />
23 Theses, dissertations
A<br />
24<br />
Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
Translations<br />
Verbal<br />
communications<br />
New Media<br />
A<br />
25<br />
In-text citation<br />
Remember to cite the original author in your work, not the translator.<br />
(Camus, 1942) for whole text<br />
(Camus, 1942, 35) when referring to a specific page<br />
(Camus, 1942, 35-36) when referring to a page range<br />
Reference list<br />
Camus, A. (1942) The outsider. Translated from French by Joseph Laredo. London:<br />
Penguin Books.<br />
25.1 Lecture, seminar<br />
You should seek permission from your lecturer/tutor before referring to lectures or seminars in your<br />
academic work.<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Stone, 2012)<br />
Reference list<br />
Stone, R. (2012) Detention and questioning. [lecture] Police Powers LAW2161M-1213, University<br />
of Lincoln, 6 <strong>Nov</strong>ember.<br />
1. Author/Editor(s)’ surname, a<br />
comma, followed by their initials<br />
with a full stop after each initial<br />
2. Year of publication in<br />
round brackets<br />
3. Title (and subtitle if applicable),<br />
in italics followed by a full stop<br />
1. Lecturer(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a<br />
full stop after each initial<br />
2. Year the lecture/seminar<br />
was presented in round<br />
brackets<br />
3. Title of lecture/seminar<br />
in italics, followed by a<br />
full stop<br />
4. In square brackets put<br />
lecture/seminar<br />
Camus, A. (1942) The outsider. Translated from French by<br />
Joseph Laredo. London: Penguin Books.<br />
Stone, R. (2012) Detention and questioning. [lecture] Police Powers<br />
LAW2161M-1213, University of Lincoln, 6 <strong>Nov</strong>ember.<br />
4. Translated from, followed by the<br />
original language (if known) then<br />
the translator(s)’ first name and<br />
surname, followed by a full stop<br />
5. Place of publication,<br />
followed by a colon<br />
7. Publisher, followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
5. Module title and code,<br />
followed by a comma<br />
6. Higher Education institution,<br />
followed by a comma<br />
7. Day and month of lecture/<br />
seminar, followed by a full stop<br />
Checklist:<br />
Checklist:<br />
24 Translations<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Author/Editor(s)’ surname, a<br />
comma, followed by their initials<br />
with a full stop after each initial<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
Title (and subtitle if applicable),<br />
in italics, followed by a full stop<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Translated from, followed by the<br />
original language (if known) then<br />
the translator(s)’ first name and<br />
surname, followed by a full stop<br />
Place of publication, followed<br />
by a colon<br />
Publisher, followed by a full stop<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Lecturer(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a full<br />
stop after each initial<br />
Year the lecture/seminar was<br />
presented in round brackets<br />
Title of lecture/seminar in italics,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
In square brackets put lecture/<br />
seminar<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Module title and code, followed<br />
by a comma<br />
Higher Education institution,<br />
followed by a comma<br />
Day and month of lecture/seminar,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
25 Verbal communications
A<br />
25<br />
Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
New Media<br />
A<br />
26<br />
Websites<br />
25.2 Speech<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Churchill, 1936)<br />
Reference list<br />
Churchill, W. (1936) The abdication of King<br />
Edward VIII. [speech] House of Commons,<br />
10 December. Available from https://www.<br />
winstonchurchill.org/learn/speeches/speechesof-winston-churchill/109-the-abdication-ofking-edward-viii<br />
[Accessed 20 June <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Author(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a<br />
full stop after each initial<br />
Year of speech in round brackets<br />
Title or short description of speech<br />
in italics, followed by a full stop<br />
In square brackets put speech<br />
Place of speech, followed by<br />
a comma<br />
Day and month of speech,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
If the speech is accessed online,<br />
put Available from, followed by<br />
the web address<br />
In square brackets, put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
speech, followed by a full stop<br />
25.3 Telephone call<br />
You should seek permission from the<br />
interviewee before referring to telephone<br />
conversations in your academic work.<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Elkin, <strong>2013</strong>)<br />
Reference list<br />
Elkin, J. (<strong>2013</strong>) Learning Development 1-to-1<br />
drop in service. [telephone call] Conversation<br />
with Marishona Ortega, 20 June.<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Caller(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with<br />
a full stop after each initial<br />
Year the conversation took place<br />
in round brackets<br />
Short description of telephone call<br />
in italics, followed by a full stop<br />
In square brackets put<br />
telephone call<br />
Conversation with, then the<br />
first name and surname of the<br />
recipient, followed by a comma<br />
Day and month that the<br />
conversation took place,<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
It is always important to evaluate a website before using it in your academic work. For more<br />
information visit http://<strong>guide</strong>s.library.lincoln.ac.uk/learningdevelopment<br />
If a website does not have an obvious author, you can often find more information in the ‘About<br />
us’ section. The year of publication for a website is usually when the website was last revised or<br />
updated and is often found at the bottom of the website.<br />
26.1 Personal author<br />
In-text citation<br />
(Triggle, <strong>2013</strong>)<br />
Reference list<br />
Triggle, N. (<strong>2013</strong>) NHS boss aims to ‘liberate’ service from politics. [online] London: BBC.<br />
Available from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-22792603 [Accessed 6 June <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
1. Author/Editor(s)’ surname, a comma,<br />
followed by their initials with a full stop<br />
after each initial, or corporate author<br />
4. In square<br />
brackets<br />
put online<br />
5. Place of publication<br />
(if known) followed<br />
by a colon<br />
2. Year of publication in<br />
round brackets<br />
6. Publisher (if known)<br />
followed by a full stop<br />
7. Available from, followed<br />
by the web address<br />
3. Title (and subtitle if applicable) of<br />
website in italics, followed by a full stop<br />
Triggle, N. (<strong>2013</strong>) NHS boss aims to ‘liberate’ service from politics.<br />
[online] London: BBC. Available from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/<br />
health-22792603 [Accessed 6 June <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
8. In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
website, followed by a full stop<br />
26 Websites<br />
25 Verbal communications
A<br />
26<br />
Referencing Handbook: <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
A<br />
Reference list<br />
A woman in Berlin (2011) London: Virago Press.<br />
Abramovic, M. (2005) Seven easy pieces. [performance art] New York, USA: Guggenheim Museum, 9 <strong>Nov</strong>ember.<br />
26.2 Corporate author<br />
In-text citation<br />
(BBC, <strong>2013</strong>)<br />
Reference list<br />
BBC (<strong>2013</strong>) UK faces European Court over immigrants’ benefits. [online] London: BBC.<br />
Available from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22712569 [Accessed 30 May <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Allen, J.R. (<strong>2013</strong>) Remote actuation device for spray cans. US<strong>2013</strong>0026400 A1. United States. Available from https://docs.<br />
google.com/viewer?url=patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/pdfs/US<strong>2013</strong>0026400.pdf [Accessed 5 July <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Almorsy, M., Grundy, J. and Ibrahim, A.S. (2011) Collaboration-based cloud computing security management framework.<br />
In: Ling Liu and Manish Parashar (eds.) Cloud 2011: IEEE 4th international conference on cloud computing, Washington<br />
D.C. 4-9 July, Washington D.C., USA: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 364-371.<br />
Audi (<strong>2013</strong>) The new Audi Q5. [advertisement] ITV. 23 May, 21:17.<br />
Bacon, F. (1961) Seated figure. [oil on canvas] London: Tate Modern.<br />
Battilana, J. and Casciaro, T. (<strong>2013</strong>) The network secrets of great change agents. <strong>Harvard</strong> Business Review, 91(7) 62-68.<br />
Checklist:<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Author/Editor(s)’ surname, a<br />
comma, followed by their initials<br />
with a full stop after each initial,<br />
or corporate author<br />
Year of publication in round<br />
brackets<br />
Title (and subtitle if applicable)<br />
of website in italics, followed by<br />
a full stop<br />
In square brackets put online<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
¨¨<br />
Place of publication (if known)<br />
followed by a colon<br />
Publisher (if known) followed<br />
by a full stop<br />
Available from, followed by the<br />
web address<br />
In square brackets put Accessed<br />
and the date you accessed the<br />
website, followed by a full stop<br />
BBC (<strong>2013</strong>) UK faces European Court over immigrants’ benefits. [online] London: BBC. Available from http://www.bbc.<br />
co.uk/news/uk-22712569 [Accessed 30 May <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
BBC World Service (<strong>2013</strong>) Escape from Alcatraz. [podcast] 11 June. Available from www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/series/<br />
witness [Accessed 13 June <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Beckett, S. (1965) Waiting for Godot: a tragicomedy in two acts. 2nd <strong>edition</strong>. London: Faber and Faber.<br />
Beevor, A. (2011) Introduction in A woman in Berlin. London: Virago Press.<br />
Boardman, J., Currie, A., Killaspy, H. and Mezey, G. (eds.) (2010) Social inclusion and mental health. London: RCPsych<br />
Publications.<br />
British Standards Institution (2008) BS EN ISO 9001:2008 Quality management systems: requirements. London: British<br />
Standards Institution.<br />
Britten, B. (<strong>2013</strong>) Four sea interludes from ‘Peter Grimes’. [performance] Sakari Oramo (cond.) BBC Symphony Orchestra.<br />
London: Royal Albert Hall, 12 July.<br />
Camus, A. (1942) The outsider. Translated from French by Joseph Laredo. London: Penguin Books.<br />
Carcassi, M. (undated) Sechs capricen: für gitarre, opus 26. [musical score] London: Schott & Co.<br />
Center for Game Science (<strong>2013</strong>) Foldit. [online game] Seattle, USA: Center for Game Science at the University of<br />
Washington. Available from http://fold.it/portal/info/about [Accessed 28 June <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Churchill, W. (1936) The abdication of King Edward VIII. [speech] House of Commons, 10 December. Available from https://<br />
www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/speeches/speeches-of-winston-churchill/109-the-abdication-of-king-edward-viii [Accessed<br />
20 June <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Commission Decision of 28 June <strong>2013</strong> appointing members and alternatives of the Committee for Advanced Therapies to<br />
represent clinicians and patients’ associations. Official Journal of the European Union (<strong>2013</strong>/C 187/08) 29 June. Available<br />
from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:<strong>2013</strong>:187:0009:0009:EN:PDF [Accessed 21 June <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Cottrell, S. (<strong>2013</strong>) The study skills handbook. 4th <strong>edition</strong>. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.<br />
Curiously Cinnamon (<strong>2013</strong>) Boombox breakfasts: the Latin lowriders. [online advertisement] Available from http://www.<br />
youtube.com/curiouslycinnamonuk [Accessed 28 June <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (2011) The natural choice: securing the value of nature. CM8082.<br />
London: HMSO. Available from http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm80/8082/8082.pdf<br />
[Accessed 2 July <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
Design Council (2008) What is good design? [online video] Available from http://www.youtube.com/<br />
watch?v=5SFncmn3pTs [Accessed 2 July <strong>2013</strong>].<br />
26 Websites<br />
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Reference list
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Referencing<br />
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