Simone Bull paper.pdf - Rethinking Crime and Punishment

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Responding to offending by Maori There is no wonder drug for responding to Maori offending. Instead, there is a choice we all need to make. We can stick with the status quo, tinker at the fringes with ad hoc policy and research, jealously guarding our territory as though we have a monopoly on expertise and competence. But theory not based on robust evidence, which is what I propose we are relying too heavily upon, is guesswork (no matter how well educated). And guesswork, demonstrably, has a low probability of success. Or, we can start afresh, and engage with ALL of the available evidence, perhaps even invest in independent Maori research aligned to a proper characterisation of "the problem". We can use it to tell us where, when, how and with whom we need to make an impact if we are to reduce Maori offending and victimization. And we can work with the people who are directly affected by it, preferably while Maori offence profiles are relatively minor and concentrated in few offence classes/types (i.e. before they reach the adult jurisdiction), to develop solutions. Whatever we do, unless it changes Maori criminal justice data, is ultimately doomed. Why? Because corporate media are wedded to crime news. As long as that crime news casts Maori in a consistently negative light, the discourse surrounding Maori crime won’t change; therefore nor will Maori criminal justice outcomes. As Foucault (cited in Davidson, 1997) famously said, discourse is not merely a surface inscription. It brings about effects. References Alia, V. and Bull, S. (2005) Media and Ethnic Minorities. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Balzer, R., Haimona, D., Henare, M., and Matchitt, V. (1997) Māori Family Violence in Aotearoa. Wellington: Te Puni Kokiri (TPK), the Ministry of Māori Development. Baudrillard, J. (1995) Simulacra and Simulation (translated by Sheila Glaser). Michigan: University of Michigan Press. Braithwaite, J. (1989) Crime, Shame and Reintegration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bull, S. J. (2001) The land of murder, cannibalism, and all kinds of atrocious crimes? An overview of "Māori crime" from pre-colonial times to the present day, Victoria University of Wellington PhD thesis (Criminology). Bull, S. (2004) The land of murder, cannibalism, and all kinds of atrocious crimes? Māori and Crime in New Zealand, 1853-1919, British Journal of Criminology, Vol. 44, No. 4, July 2004, pp. 496-519. Bull, S. J. and Alia, V. (2004), ‘Unequalled Acts of Injustice? Pan-Indigenous Encounters with Colonial School Systems’, Contemporary Justice Review, Vol. 7, Issue 2, June, pp. 171-182. de Bres, P. H. (1975) Māori Religious Affiliation in a City Suburb: The Function of Urban Churches in Establishing Criteria for Social Behaviour Among Immigrant Families. In: Kawharu, I. H. (ed.) (1975) Conflict and Compromise: Essays on the Māori Since Colonisation. Wellington: A. H. and A. W. Reed.
Davidson, A. I., ed. (1997) Foucault and his Interlocutors. London and Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press. Department of Justice (1968) Crime in New Zealand. Wellington: R. E. Owen, Government Printer. Duff, A. (1990) Once Were Warriors. Auckland: Tandem Press. Duncan, L. S. W. (1970) Crime by Polynesians in Auckland: An Analysis of Charges Laid Against Persons Arrested in 1966. Master of Arts Thesis, University of Auckland. Duncan, L. S. W. (1971) Explanations for Polynesian Crime Rates in Auckland. Recent Law, October 1971, pp. 283-288. Durie, M. (2003) Imprisonment, Trapped Lifestyles, and Strategies for Freedom. In: Ngā Kāhui Pou – Launching Māori Futures. Wellington: Huia Publishers. Fergusson, D. M., Donnell, A. and Slater, S. W. (1975) The Effects of Race and Socio-Economic Status on Juvenile Offending Statistics. Research Report No. 2. Wellington: Joint Committee on Young Offenders (JCYO). Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., and Lynskey, M. T. (1993a) Ethnicity, Social Background and Young Offending: A 14 Year Longitudinal Study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, Vol. 26, July, pp. 155-70. Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., and Lynskey, M. T. (1993b) Ethnicity and Bias in Police Contact Statistics. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, Vol. 26, December, pp. 193-206. Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., and Nagin, D. S. (2000) Offending Trajectories in a New Zealand birth cohort, Criminology, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp 525-551. Fifield, J. and Donnell, A. (1980) Socio-Economic Status, Race, and Offending in New Zealand. An Examination of Trends in Officially Collected Statistics for the Māori and Non-Māori Populations. Research Report No. 6. Wellington: Joint Committee on Young Offenders (JCYO). Glover, M. (1993) Māori Women's Experience of Male Partner Violence: Seven Case Studies. Master of Social Science Thesis, University of Waikato. Geertz, Clifford (1973) "Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture", in The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books. Hunn, J. K. (1961) Report on the Department of Māori Affairs. Wellington: R. E. Owen, Government Printer. Jackson, M. (1988) The Māori and the Criminal Justice System: He Whaipaanga Hou - A New Perspective, Part 2. Wellington: Department of Justice. Lovell, R. and Norris, M. (1990) One in Four: Offending from Age Ten to Twenty-four in a Cohort of New Zealand Males. Study of Social Adjustment Research Report No. 8. Wellington: Department of Social Welfare. Lovell, R. and Stewart, A. (1983) Patterns of Juvenile Offending in New Zealand: No. 1 Summary Statistics for 1978-1981. Wellington: Department of Social Welfare.
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