SUFFiciENcy EcONOMy ANd GRASSROOtS DEvElOPMENt

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200 The Meaning of Sufficiency Economy International Conference The second Inpaeng mission was to promote community entrepreneurship. Given that food security had been established, generally, forest-like plantations provided more than the family annual consumption. Food preservation and transformation were required to manage the excess. Marketing and financial management of the product should be implemented through community entrepreneurs. Local milling groups, organic fertiliser production, herbal medicine manufacturing and wild berry juice production were examples of the community entrepreneurship demonstrated through the Inpaengcentre. The third mission was to establish the community welfare system. To promote community welfare, saving or microfinance groups have been formed. Members of the saving group don’t need collateral to borrow money. The interest gained from lending is used for member’s benefits such as money for hospital admission and funeral funds. It is evident that these three missions were interconnected. When families established their food security, they were more likely to have excess production (first mission). The knowledge and technology were required to preserve, transform and manage excess production (second mission). Finally, a system was required for distributing the products to the market, for managing financial business and for strengthening community welfare (third mission). In conclusion, the Inpaeng network promotes self-reliance and sustainable integrated agricultural production, and in food security. Spiritually it promotes moderation, thoughtfulness/consideration, encourages ecological-friendliness and morality. The Social capital of the Inpaeng network The relationship between social capital and health can be reviewed from many studies(Kawachi et al. 1996; Kawachi et al. 1997; Kennedy et al. 1998). In recent years, concepts of social capital have been studied for the benefit of health promotion. Social capital can be defined as characteristics that reflect the connectedness of community members and neighborhood. These characteristics include social network, social norms, social engagement, social cohesion and trust (Kawachi and Kennedy 1997; Putnam 1995). Social capital can be inferred to all forms of social aggregation, bounding and bridging for the purpose of its members’ mutual benefit(Baum and Ziersch 2003). Social capital can be considered as a determinant of health and well being. Putnam argues that people who live in high social capital communities have lower risk for premature death and many major diseases including cancer and heart attacks compared to those who live in low-social capital communities(Putnam 2000). In the field of oral health, Watt suggests that social capital should be an important framework for oral health promotion(Watt 2002). Some research shows the studies of social capital and oral health or oral health-related issues(Gilbert et al. 2003; Holtgrave and Crosby 2006).
The Meaning of Sufficiency Economy International Conference 201 Seri Pongphit, a leading Thai scholar on community development, suggested that social capital was a significant element of community development(เสรี พงศ์พิศ 2545; เสรี พงศ์พิศ 2548a; เสรี พงศ์พิศ 2548b). Survival, Sufficiency and Sustainability were three domains Seri proposed as the characteristics to address the poverty (เสรี พงศ์พิศ 2549). Based on those domains, this study adjusted these concepts and used them for the description of social capital in the context of Inpaeng’s experience. I have used these terms Survival, Sufficiency, Sustainability as Inpaeng’s social capital The contemporary world is seen as being driven by a high dependency on the market economy, especially for small farmers who depend on the cash crops price. Farmers are frequently caught in the debt cycle and ignoring local knowledge brings about inevitable poverty. In Seri’s definition, “survive” means surviving from financial threats, “sufficient” life means living and consuming in moderation, and “sustainable” means establishing a sustainable system of local economy and networking. Seri illustrated 3Ss as the foundation of “the pyramid of life”. These 3Ss domains, accompanied with the learning process and the managing process, formed a complete pyramid of life. Seri did not reject the role of money and power to solve the poverty problem, but he argued that money and power should be used as supporting factors, not the core, when constructing the pyramid of life. The following paragraphs illustrate the social phenomena observed from the Inpaeng network according to each domain. Survival The first domain of Thai rural social capital is Survival. Ability to survive from financial constraints was analyzed. According to the observations and interviews, “Inpaeng’s survival” concerned food security, social welfare (with health care accessibility) and the competency to produce major items for farmers’ lives. To survive financial constraints, Inpaeng established the perception of money and happiness in contrast to the mainstream capitalism perception that money is happiness. During the first to the third Thai economic development plan, the notion of “work is money, money is work, this is the way to happiness” was promoted as the Thai social value(นิธิ เอียวศรีวงศ์ ไม่ระบุปี). Rural people take loans to pay for nonperforming entities such as paying back another loan or for buying luxurious commodities. This could be considered as “a vicious cycle of debt”.Inpaeng’s notion of “wisdom leads money” reflected their view of money. They did not reject money’s significance but advocated wise management of money as more critical. Inpaeng supported the knowledge of money management and saving system, accompany with a self-reliance lifestyle, to help their members out of vicious debt cycle.
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SUFFiciENcy EcONOMy ANd GRASSROOtS DEvElOPMENt

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