SUFFiciENcy EcONOMy ANd GRASSROOtS DEvElOPMENt

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270 The Meaning of Sufficiency Economy International Conference The social benefits of renewable energy, which favors renewable energy adoption, include: • Provide clean, green, reliable, pollution free, low emission and distributed technology power • Saves from high-running cost of generator and increasing diesel cost • The hybrid system gives quality power out-put of 48 volt DC to charge directly the storage battery. • The system can be designed for both off-grid and on-grid applications. • Efficient and easy installation, longer life • Low gestation period • Low operating & maintenance cost However, electricity, unlike fuel, cannot be stock-piled. For the most part, it must be created at almost the instant it is consumed. And much electrical energy goes to waste, as when wind farms are taken offline because they are producing more electricity than is needed. (Korosec 2011) Industrial and academic researchers are trying to solve these problems with new large-scale energy storage technologies. Notable contenders include scaled-up lithium-ion batteries and liquid metal batteries. To date, lithium batteries have been relatively expensive and short-lived. To try to overcome these drawbacks, startup Seeo is replacing the batteries’ usual liquid electrolyte with solid polymers. As well as lasting longer, solid polymers allow the batteries to store more energy. To account for the savings on kerosene or firewood burnt, we take the help of our literature survey to support this fact. A survey (Singh 2011) had been carried out in a cluster of 5 villages in Badlapur block of Jaunpur District of eastern Uttar Pradesh in 2004. The cluster of villages chosen comprises of five villages viz Rampur, Dhiva, Chowkvia, Khetaria, Bahra. These villages are under Tiyara tahsil. There are 529 household in the cluster. From the survey, the present energy consumption pattern in cooking, lighting, other domestic activities, agriculture and allied activities, rural industry and transport has been worked out. Total firewood equivalent consumption of biomass fuels per household as calculated by the survey is 2.14 Ton/Yr. The survey (Singh 2011) covered the willingness of the villages to adopt the renewable energy systems instead of traditional devices. The following numbers of renewable energy systems as given in table 4 are proposed to be implemented in a period of five years in different villages of the cluster. In order to assess the benefits of the recommended systems the table also provides the cost benefit analysis in terms of energy saving in fuel utilization and also in monetary terms taking the firewood cost as Rs.1500/ton, cost of diesel as Rs. 35/l and the cost of electricity as 3.75/kWh. Total energy saving in terms of wood equivalent will be 456.921tones/yr
The Meaning of Sufficiency Economy International Conference 271 where as energy savings in terms of electricity will be 38.35 MWh/yr. and diesel saving will be 1.87kl/yr. Total saving per annum will be Rs.0.8948 million. This saving will be realized when all the renewable energy systems and devices will be installed in the villages. Apart from this protection of environment, ensuring of villages energy security, employment generation and above all social costs of improving quality of life of the villagers are the added advantages of the recommended devices and technologies. Therefore, an emerging scientific consensus that a shift to small scale sustainable agriculture and localized food systems will address most, if not all the underlying causes of deteriorating agricultural productivity as well as the conservation of natural soil and water resources while saving the climate. To substantially improve living standards, access to modern energy is also crucial. Small agro-ecological farms are known to be highly productive (ISIS 2011), and are ideally served by new renewable energies that can be generated and used on site, and in off-grid situations most often encountered in developing countries. A model that explicitly integrates sustainable farming and renewable energies in a circular economy patterned after nature could compensate, in the best case scenario, for the carbon emissions and energy consumption of the entire nation while revitalising and stimulating local economies and employment opportunities. 4. Limitations Electricity price is the biggest driver of breakeven cost, followed by finance factors, policy issues, and technical performance. (Denholm et al 2009) Caveats of our analysis include: • Focus of analysis is on overall trends and sensitivities, in order to evaluate the economic performance of an individual hybrid system a different/more detailed analysis would need to be carried out. • Breakeven period or Payback Period does not equal market potential or guarantee market adoption for rooftop PV, in other words, we do not present a depth of market analysis. Unlike fossil fuel technologies, the efficiency of renewable technologies is generally very site-specific. For example, it would be expected that photovoltaics in the UK would incur a higher cost per kWh than countries located at lower latitudes. (Owen 2004)
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SUFFiciENcy EcONOMy ANd GRASSROOtS DEvElOPMENt

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