The Saker Falcon in Aral Sea Region БАЛОБАН В ПРИАРАЛЬЕ

44
Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2005, 4
Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ
TheSakerFalconinAralSeaRegion
БАЛОБАНВПРИАРАЛЬЕ
I.V.Karyakin(CenterforFieldStudies,Russia,N.Novgorod)
T.O.Barabashin(UlyanovskBranchoftheRussianBirdsConservationUnion,
Rostov-on-Don,Russia)
A.V.Moshkin(CenterforFieldStudies,Russia,Kurgan)
И.В.Каряин(Центрполевыхисследований,Россия,Н.Новород)
Т.О.Барабашин(УльяновсоеотделениеСоюзаохраныптицРоссии,
Ростов-на-Дон,Россия)
А.В.Мошин(Центрполевыхисследований,Россия,Кран)
Êîíòàêò:
Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí
Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé
603000 Ðîññèÿ
Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä
óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17
òåë.: (8312) 33 38 47
ikar_research@mail.ru
Contact:
Igor Karyakin
Leader by Center of Field
Studies
Korolenko str., 17a–17
Nizhniy Novgorod
603000 Russia
tel.: (8312) 33 38 47
ikar_research@mail.ru
Òèïè÷íûé äëÿ Ïðèàðàëüÿ
ãëèíÿíûé îáðûâ. Ôîòî
È. Êàðÿêèíà
The typical clay cliff-face
in the Aral Sea region.
Photo by I. Karyakin
 ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà ïî èçó÷åíèþ è îõðàíå
áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug) â Êàçàõñòàíå, ðåàëèçóåìîì
íà ñðåäñòâà Èíñòèòóòà èññëåäîâàíèÿ
ñîêîëîâ (Falcon Research Institute,
Carmarthen, IWC; UK) è Àãåíòñòâà ïî îõðàíå
îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû Îáúåäèíåííûõ
Àðàáñêèõ Ýìèðàòîâ (ERWDA, UAE), Öåíòðîì
ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé â 2003–2004
ãã. ìåæäó Êàñïèéñêèì è Àðàëüñêèì ìîðÿìè
áûëà îáíàðóæåíà êðóïíàÿ ïîïóëÿöèÿ
ýòîãî ðåäêîãî ñîêîëà, ÷èñëåííîñòü êîòîðîé
ïðåäâàðèòåëüíî îöåíåíà â 1200–1400
ïàð (Karyakin et all., 2004; Êàðÿêèí è äð.,
2005). Èññëåäîâàíèÿ 2005 ã. äîïîëíÿþò
ðàíåå ïîëó÷åííûå ñâåäåíèÿ î áàëîáàíå â
äàííîì ðåãèîíå.
Ìåòîäèêà
Ïðèàðàëüå, â íàøåì ïîíèìàíèè, – ýòî
îáøèðíàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ, ðàñêèíóâøàÿñÿ
âîêðóã Àðàëüñêîãî ìîðÿ, âêëþ÷àþùàÿ âîñòî÷íóþ
ïîëîâèíó ïëàòî Óñòþðò, ïåñêè
Áîëüøèå è Ìàëûå Áàðñóêè, Ïðèàðàëüñêèå
Êàðàêóìû, ñåâåðî-çàïàäíóþ ÷àñòü Êûçûëêóìîâ,
îãðàíè÷åííàÿ íà ñåâåðå óñòóïîì
Èðãèçñêîãî ïëàòî è íèçîâüÿìè Òóðãàÿ, íà
âîñòîêå – ïåðåäîâûìè âîçâûøåííîñòÿìè
In 2003–2004 a large population of Sakers
was found by the Center of Field Studies in
Caspian-Aral Sea region (Western Kazakhstan).
In 2005 we continued surveys started
in 2003. In the 2005 season there were
two Field Research Center groups working on
the Saker surveys in Western and Kazakhstan
(13–20 April 2005 and 25–27 April 2005).
The total length of survey routes was 977
km. We set 3 new study areas for long-term
monitoring with a total area of 196.43 km 2
(¹ 33 – 36.37, ¹ 34 – 28.69, ¹ 35 –
131.37 km 2 ) in the Northern Aral Sea region.
Three additional study areas were
‘linear’ plots along power lines in the
Northern and Eastern Aral Sea region totaling
379.15 km (130.00, 59.11, 50.24,
41.07 and 98.73 km).
The Aral Sea region is large territory
around Aral Sea. The region includes Eastern
part of the Usturt plateau, Bolshie and
Malye Barsuki sands, Priaralskie Karakumy
sands, Northwestern part of the Kyzylkum
sands. The Aral Sea region was limited on
north of the Irgizskoe plateau and the Turgayskaya
depression with a total area of 160
000 km 2 . In 2004 we classified all groups of
the cliffs into 10 categories in GIS (Arc.View
3.2a, ESRI). The study areas were set so as
to cover all cliff types in the region. Extrapolation
of the Saker numbers was made using
the same types of cliffs in the region.
The total length of cliffs in the Aral Sea
region measured 927.40 km, the lengths of
the cliffs within the new study areas was
49.16 km. All cliffs in the Aral Sea region
are clay cliffs. We classified the Aral Sea region
clay cliffs into 3 groups (Aral cliff-face
of the Usturt Plateau, Northern Aral seaside
cliffs, Northern Aral Sea region cliffs). The
group of Northern Aral seaside cliffs includes
Karatup peninsula cliffs, Kokaral peninsula
cliffs, Koktyrnak peninsula cliffs, Shubartarau
peninsula cliffs.

Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2005, 4 45
Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïîëîæåíèå
ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê
Fig. 1. Location of surveyed
plots
Êàçàõñêîãî ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà (ïî äîëèíå ð.
Ñûðäàðüè äî Áàéêîíóðà). Ðàññìàòðèâàåìûé
â ñòàòüå ðåãèîí â àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ
ãðàíèöàõ Êàçàõñòàíà çàíèìàåò ïëîùàäü
160,0 òûñ. êì 2 è ëåæèò ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî
â çîíå ïîëóïóñòûíü.
Äàííàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ îáñëåäîâàëàñü äâóìÿ
ãðóïïàìè Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé
13–20 àïðåëÿ 2005 ã. è 25–27 àïðåëÿ
2005 ã. â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà «Áàëîáàí â Ðîññèè
è Êàçàõñòàíå». Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü
ýêñïåäèöèîííîãî ìàðøðóòà ñîñòàâèëà 977
êì. Ïî àíàëîãèè ñ ðàáîòîé 2003–2004 ãã.
(Êàðÿêèí, 2005) íà òèïè÷íûõ ó÷àñòêàõ îáðûâîâ
â Ïðèàðàëüå áûëî çàëîæåíî 3 íîâûõ
ïëîùàäêè îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 196,43 êì 2
(¹ 33 – 36,37 êì 2 , ¹ 34 – 28,69 êì 2 , ¹ 35
– 131,37 êì 2 ) è ïðîâåðåíî 2 ñòàðûõ ïëîùàäêè
(¹11, ¹18) (ðèñ.1). Òàêæå áûëî
çàëîæåíî 5 ëèíåéíûõ ó÷¸òíûõ ìàðøðóòîâ
âäîëü ËÝÏ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ 379,15 êì
(130,00 êì, 59,11 êì, 50,24 êì, 41,07 êì
è 98,73 êì).
Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè áàëîáàíà âûÿâëÿëèñü
â õîäå àâòîìîáèëüíûõ è ïåøèõ ìàðøðóòîâ,
êîòîðûå ïëàíèðîâàëèñü ïî ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûì
äëÿ âèäà áèîòîïàì – ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî
âäîëü îáðûâîâ ðàçëè÷íîãî òèïà è
â ìåíüøåé ñòåïåíè âäîëü ËÝÏ. Ðàáîòà áûëà
îñíîâàíà íà ïîèñêå ãí¸çä è ðåãèñòðàöèè
îõîòÿùèõñÿ ïòèö. Îáðûâû è îïîðû ËÝÏ
îñìàòðèâàëèñü â îïòèêó (áèíîêëè 8õ30,
12õ50) ñ öåëüþ îáíàðóæåíèÿ íèø è ãíåçäîâûõ
ïîñòðîåê, ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ
áàëîáàíà. Îáíàðóæåííûå íèøè è
ãíåçäîâûå ïîñòðîéêè ñ ïðèçíàêàìè çàñåëåíèÿ
èõ áàëîáàíîì ïîäðîáíî îñìàòðèâàëèñü
â òðóáó 30–60õ äëÿ âûÿñíåíèÿ çàíÿòîñòè
ãí¸çä.
Ïîä ãíåçäîâûìè ó÷àñòêàìè ïîäðàçóìåâàþòñÿ
òåððèòîðèè, íà êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû
ãí¸çäà áàëîáàíà (ëèáî æèëûå, ëèáî
ïóñòóþùèå, íî àáîíèðóåìûå ïòèöàìè),
Òèïè÷íàÿ äëÿ Ïðèàðàëüÿ âûñîêîâîëüòíàÿ ËÝÏ ñ áåòîííûìè
îïîðàìè. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà
The typical high voltage power line with concrete electric
poles in the Aral Sea region. Photo by I. Karyakin
The total length of the powerlines in the
Aral Sea region was 6311.50 km. We consider
all safe types of powerlines suitable
for nesting. The lengths of such powerlines
were 2002.10 km (31.7%).
In total, in the season 2005, we found 21
breeding territories of Sakers. We also revisited
10 breeding territories found in
2003–2004 located in the surveyed territories
¹ 11 (Aral cliff-face of the Usturt Plateau)
and ¹ 18 (Karatup peninsula cliffs)
(table 2).
In new plots (study areas ¹¹ 33–35) the
Saker Falcon nested in the gorges clay cliffs.
Here the nearest neighbor distance was
2.62±1.83 km (average ± SD), N=8, range
0.74 to 5.19 km. The density of Sakers in
clay cliffs varied from 15.6 to 27.6 pairs
per 100 km, with average 20.2±7.0
pairs/100 km of cliffs.
The powerline nested by Sakers was recorded
only in the Aral Sea region in the
Bolshie Barsuki sands in 2003 (Karyakin,
2004; Karyakin, 2005). In 2005 field season
the powerline nested by Sakers was not
found. However every third pole of the surveyed
powerline had a nest of raptors (mostly
steppe or imperial eagles, and buzzards).
The density of raptors in powerline was 11.6
pairs/100km of powerline (Long-Legged
Buzzard – 7.91 pairs/100 km, Steppe Eagle
– 3.16 pairs/100 km, Imperial Eagle – 0.53
pairs/100 km).
The total numbers of Sakers in the cliffs of
this region is estimated as 130–245 pairs
(estimated average 197 pairs). The total
numbers of the Sakers in the Western Kazakhstan
is 1306–1638 (median 1482 pairs).
The Priaralskie Karakumy sands disappointed
us with their lack of sakers, the reasons
for which are difficult to understand.
A lack of Sakers in the Priaralskie Karakumy

46
Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2005, 4
Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ
Ðèñ. 2. Îáðàçåö âåêòîðèçàöèè
îáðûâîâ ïî
êîñìîñíèìêó Landsat 7,
ïðåîáðàçîâàííîìó 3Dìîäóëåì
(âíèçó) è âíåøíèé
âèä ýòèõ æå îáðûâîâ
(ââåðõó). Ïëîùàäêà
¹ 35
Fig. 2. Sample of cliff-faces
vectorizations on the
satellite image Landsat 7
transformed by 3D-module
(at the foot) and these
cliff-faces on photo (at the
top). Plots ¹ 35
Òàáë. 1. Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè
áàëîáàíà (Falco
cherrug), ãíåçäÿùåãîñÿ
íà îáðûâàõ â Ïðèàðàëüå
Table 1. Estimated numbers
of breeding pairs of
the Saker Falcon (Falco
cherrug) on cliffs in Aral
Sea region
âñòðå÷åíû âçðîñëûå ïòèöû, íåîäíîêðàòíî
ïðîÿâëÿâøèå ïðèçíàêè áåñïîêîéñòâà êàê
ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ÷åëîâåêó, òàê è ïî îòíîøåíèþ
ê äðóãèì õèùíûì ïòèöàì. Ê âîçìîæíûì
ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì ìû ïðèðàâíèâàåì
èþíüñêèå âñòðå÷è âçðîñëûõ ïòèö
ñ äîáû÷åé, íåîäíîêðàòíî ðåãèñòðèðîâàâøèõñÿ
íà îäíîé è òîé æå òåððèòîðèè.
Âûÿâëÿåìûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè áàëîáàíà
êàðòèðîâàëèñü, äàííûå âíîñèëèñü â ñðåäó
ÃÈÑ (ArcView 3.2a, ESRI, CA, USA), ãäå
è ïðîèçâîäèëñÿ ðàñ÷¸ò îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè
âèäà (Êàðÿêèí, 2000, 2004). Íà îñíîâå
ðàñòðîâûõ êàðò Ì 1:500000 è êîñìîñíèìêîâ
Landsat–7 áûëè ïîäãîòîâëåíû âåêòîðíûå
ñëîè îáðûâîâ è ËÝÏ, íà îáùóþ ïðî-
sands means that it is possible that there is
a gap between the breeding groups of the
Sakers of the Caspian-Aral population and
the population of the Central Kahakhstan.
The gap is 350 km wide and covers forestless,
which also lacks good cliffs, thus dividing
the Saker range in Kazakhstan into 3
comparable parts (Caspian-Aral Sea region,
Northern Kazakhstan and Central Kazakhstan).
In 2005-field season we found 14 active
nests of Sakers (66.7% of all nests), 5 from
which were occupied, but empty, and 4
were olds on occupied territories. The average
clutch size was 4.5±0.58 (4–5 eggs,
N=4). In one nest in 27 April a brood was
observed (four chicks 1–2 days old).
The figures of occupancy project 87–163
(131– median) breeding pairs in an average
year, the total number of adults is 260–
490 individuals, 173–327 of which take part
in breeding.
The cliffs facing of the Usturt Plateau have
high success of Sakers – about 70%, the cliffs
the Aral seaside have low success of Sakers
– about 63.6%, the lower the cliff Northern
Aral Sea region, the fewer the Sakers. The
high density of the Eagle Owl in the lower
the cliff Northern Aral Sea region is to blame.
In 2005 observed two females Sakers killed
by Eagle Owl.
The Sakers in this region occupy nests of
Long-Legged Buzzard (82.6%) and empty
niches on the clay cliffs (17.4%). The height
of nests location varied from 6 to 50 m, with
average (N=22) 25.41±16.24 m.

Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2005, 4 47
Òàáë. 2. ×èñëåííîñòü è
ïëîòíîñòü áàëîáàíà íà
îáðûâàõ ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê.
Íîìåðà ó÷¸òíûõ
ïëîùàäîê ñîîòâåòñòâóþò
íîìåðàì íà ðèñ. 1.
Table 2. Number and
density of the Saker Falcon
on cliffs on the plots.
Number of the plots are
similar ones in the fig. 1.
òÿæ¸ííîñòü êîòîðûõ ïðÿìî ýêñòðàïîëèðîâàëèñü
äàííûå ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíîâ,
ïîëó÷åííûå íà ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ (ðèñ. 2).
Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îáðûâîâ â Ïðèàðàëüå
ñîñòàâëÿåò 927,40 êì, èç êîòîðûõ
96,53 êì ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà Àðàëüñêèé ÷èíê
Óñòþðòà. Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îáðûâîâ íà ó÷¸òíûõ
ïëîùàäêàõ 2005 ã. ñîñòàâèëà 49,16 êì.
Ïî ñâîåìó ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîìó ðàñïîëîæåíèþ
âñå îáðûâû Ïðèàðàëüÿ ïîäåëåíû
íà 6 ãðóïï: Àðàëüñêèé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò,
îáðûâû ïîëóîñòðîâà Êàðàòóï, îáðûâû
ïîëóîñòðîâà Êîêàðàë, îáðûâû ïîëóîñòðîâà
Êîêòûðíàê, îáðûâû ïîëóîñòðîâà Øóáàðòàðàó,
îáðûâû âïàäèí Ñåâåðíîãî Ïðèàðàëüÿ
(òàáë. 1). Âñå îáðûâû â Ïðèàðàëüå
ñëîæåíû ãëèíàìè.
Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ËÝÏ â ðåãèîíå ñîñòàâèëà
6311,50 êì, èç íèõ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûìè
äëÿ áàëîáàíà ìû ñ÷èòàëè âñå áåçîïàñíûå
äëÿ ïòèö òèïû ËÝÏ, ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü
êîòîðûõ ñîñòàâèëà 2002,10 êì (31,7%).
Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ÷èñëåííîñòü,
îñîáåííîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ
 õîäå ýêñïåäèöèè ëîêàëèçîâàíî 11 íîâûõ
ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáàíà (âñå íà
íîâûõ ó÷åòíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ) è ïðîâåðåíî 10
ðàíåå èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ íà
ïëîùàäêàõ Àðàëüñêîãî ÷èíêà ïëàòî Óñòþðò
(¹ 11) è îáðûâàõ ïëàòî Êàðàòóï (¹ 18)
(òàáë. 2).
Íà âíîâü èññëåäîâàííûõ ïëîùàäêàõ áàëîáàíû
ãíåçäÿòñÿ íà ñòåíêàõ ãëèíÿíûõ îáðûâîâ,
ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â óùåëüÿõ, íà
ðàññòîÿíèè (n=8) îò 0,74 äî 5,19 êì ïàðà
îò ïàðû, â ñðåäíåì â 2,62±1,83 êì (çäåñü
è äàëåå ñðåäíåå ± SD). Ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ
èçìåíÿåòñÿ îò 15,6 äî 27,6 ïàð/100
êì îáðûâîâ, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 20,2±7,0
ïàð/100 êì. Íà áîëüøåé ÷àñòè îáñëåäîâàííûõ
ãëèíÿíûõ îáðûâîâ ðàñïðåäåëåíèå
ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáàíà äîñòàòî÷íî
ðàâíîìåðíî. Åñòü ëèøü ðàçëè÷èÿ â âûáî-
Òèìîôåé Áàðàáàøèí
íàáëþäàåò çà ãíåçäîì
áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug),
ðàñïîëîæåííûì â ïîñòðîéêå
êóðãàííèêà (Buteo
hemilasius) íà ãëèíÿíîì
îáðûâå.
Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà
Tim Barabashin observes
a nest of the Saker Falcon
(Falco cherrug) in old-nest
of the Upland Buzzard
(Buteo hemilasius) on the
clay cliff. Photo by I. Karyakin

48
Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2005, 4
Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ
Ãíåçäî áàëîáàíà â íèøå ãëèíÿíîãî îáðûâà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà
The nest of the Saker Falcon in niche on the clay cliff.
Photo by I. Karyakin
ðå ìåñò óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä ó áàëîáàíîâ, íàñåëÿþùèõ
Àðàëüñêèé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò è
÷èíêè ïîáåðåæüÿ è âïàäèí Ñåâåðíîãî
Ïðèàðàëüÿ. Ãëèíÿíûå ÷èíêè Ñåâåðíîãî
Ïðèàðàëüÿ îòëè÷àþòñÿ îò ÷èíêîâ ïëàòî
Óñòþðò áîëüøåé èçðåçàííîñòüþ è ìåíüøåé
âûñîòîé ñòåí. Âèäèìî ñ ýòèì è ñâÿçàíà óäàë¸ííîñòü
ãí¸çä ïðèàðàëüñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ îò
ëèöåâûõ ñòåí â ãëóáü óùåëèé, â îòëè÷èå îò
òàêîâûõ óñòþðòñêèõ.
Íà ËÝÏ áàëîáàí áûë îáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè
â Ïðèàðàëüå â 2003 ã. íà òåððèòîðèè
ïåñ÷àíîãî ìàññèâà Áîë. Áàðñóêè.
Çäåñü áûëî âûÿâëåíî 4 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà
ñîêîëîâ, ïðèóðî÷åííûõ ê äåìîíòèðîâàííîé
âûñîêîâîëüòíîé âåòêå ËÝÏ ñ áåòîííûìè
îïîðàìè, à îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ
ñîêîëîâ äëÿ ïåñ÷àíîãî ìàññèâà
Áîë. Áàðñóêè îöåíåíà â 10–12 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí
è äð., 2005). Äî ñèõ ïîð ýòî åäèíñòâåííàÿ
òåððèòîðèÿ â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå, ãäå
áàëîáàí îáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íà
ËÝÏ. Â 2005 ã. íè íà îäíîé èç ïðîâåðåííûõ
îò ×åëêàðà äî Áàéêîíóðà ËÝÏ áàëîáàí
íå âñòðå÷åí. Íå îáíàðóæåíî è ïðèçíàêîâ
åãî ïðåæíåãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ çäåñü,
õîòÿ ãíåçäîâîé ôîíä äîñòàòî÷íî áîãàò: íà
ËÝÏ â Ïðèàðàëüå ñ äîñòàòî÷íî âûñîêîé
ïëîòíîñòüþ ãíåçäÿòñÿ êóðãàííèê (Buteo
rufinus) – 7,91 ïàð/100 êì, ñòåïíîé îð¸ë
(Aquila nipalensis) – 3,16 ïàð/100 êì è
ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) – 0,53 ïàð/100
êì, èñïîëüçóÿ äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä ñàìûå
ðàçíîîáðàçíûå æåëåçîáåòîííûå è ìåòàëëè÷åñêèå
êîíñòðóêöèè îïîð. Âåðîÿòíî,
ãíåçäîâàíèå áàëîáàíà íà ËÝÏ â ìàññèâå
ïåñêîâ Áîë. Áàðñóêè âûçâàíî òåì, ÷òî ýòîò
ìàññèâ îêðóæåí êðóïíûìè ãíåçäîâûìè
ãðóïïèðîâêàìè áàëîáàíîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà
÷èíêàõ, îòêóäà èäåò âûñåëåíèå ïòèö â ìåñòà
íåòðàäèöèîííîãî äëÿ ìåñòíîé ïîïóëÿöèè
ãíåçäîâàíèÿ.
Èñõîäÿ èç ðàñ÷¸òîâ (òàáë. 1), îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü
âèäà â Ïðèàðàëüå ñîñòàâëÿåò
130–245, â ñðåäíåì 197 ïàð, 59% èç êîòîðûõ
ãíåçäèòñÿ íà îáðûâàõ ïîáåðåæüÿ
Àðàëüñêîãî ìîðÿ.
 2005 ã. îáíàðóæåíî 23 ãíåçäà, èç íèõ
14 îêàçàëèñü æèëûìè íà ìîìåíò îáíàðóæåíèÿ,
5 – ïóñòóþùèìè, íî çàíÿòûìè ïòèöàìè,
è 4 ãíåçäà – ñòàðûìè ïîñòðîéêàìè
íà çàíÿòûõ, ëèáî ïóñòóþùèõ ó÷àñòêàõ.
×åòûðå ãíåçäà ñîäåðæàëè êëàäêè èç 4–5
ÿèö (â ñðåäíåì 4,5±0,58 ÿèö). 27 àïðåëÿ â
îäíîì ãíåçäå îáíàðóæåí âûâîäîê èç 4-õ
ïòåíöîâ â âîçðàñòå 1–2 äíÿ. Óñïåøíûìè
îêàçàëèñü ëèøü 66,7% ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ
áàëîáàíîâ, ïðè÷¸ì íàáëþäàëàñü çàâèñèìîñòü
óñïåõà ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñîêîëîâ îò
òèïà ÷èíêà. Íà âûñîêèõ ñòåíàõ àðàëüñêîãî
÷èíêà ïëàòî Óñòþðò è ïîëóîñòðîâà Êàðàòóï
óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî
ó 70,0% ïàð áàëîáàíîâ, â òî âðåìÿ
êàê íà íèçêèõ, ñèëüíî èçðåçàííûõ óùåëüÿìè
îáðûâàõ Ñåâåðíîãî Ïðèàðàëüÿ óñïåøíî
ãíåçäèëîñü òîëüêî 63,6% ïàð áàëîáàíîâ.
Îñíîâíàÿ ïðè÷èíà íèçêîãî óñïåõà
ðàçìíîæåíèÿ áàëîáàíîâ â Ñåâåðíîì Ïðèàðàëüå
â ýòîì ãîäó – õèùíè÷åñòâî ôèëèíà
(Bubo bubo), êîòîðûé ãíåçäèòñÿ çäåñü ñ
ïëîòíîñòüþ â 3 ðàçà ïðåâûøàþùåé ïëîòíîñòü
ôèëèíà íà àðàëüñêîì ÷èíêå ïëàòî
Óñòþðò. Äîñòîâåðíî óñòàíîâëåíà ãèáåëü
ñàìîê áàëîáàíîâ íà 2-õ ãí¸çäàõ (îñòàíêè
îáîèõ íàéäåíû íà ïðèñàäàõ ó ãí¸çä ôèëèíîâ),
è åù¸ îäíî ïóñòóþùåå ãíåçäî ñîêîëîâ,
áëèç êîòîðîãî äåðæàëñÿ îäèíî÷íûé
ñàìåö, ðàñïîëàãàëîñü â íåïîñðåäñòâåííîé
áëèçîñòè îò æèëîãî ãíåçäà ôèëèíîâ. Ñèëüíûé
õèùíè÷åñêèé ïðåññ ôèëèíîâ â ýòîì
ãîäó âûçâàí çàòÿæíîé âåñíîé è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå,
ïîçäíèì âûõîäîì èç íîð ñóñëèêîâ
è íèçêîé àêòèâíîñòüþ ïåñ÷àíîê. Ôèëèíû,
âî-ïåðâûõ, ñòàëè ðàçìíîæàòüñÿ íà ìåñÿö
ïîçæå îáû÷íûõ ñðîêîâ (ñðîêè îòêëàäêè
ÿèö ó ôèëèíà è áàëîáàíà ñîâïàëè, ÷òî
áûâàåò êðàéíå ðåäêî), âî-âòîðûõ, â ñâÿçè
ñ íèçêîé ÷èñëåííîñòüþ îñíîâíîé äîáû÷è
áûëè âûíóæäåíû îõîòèòñÿ íà õèùíûõ ïòèö
(áàëîáàí, êóðãàííèê), ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà èõ
ó÷àñòêàõ.
Èñõîäÿ èç äàííûõ ïî óñïåøíîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ
ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî â
Ïðèàðàëüå óñïåøíî ãíåçäèòñÿ îò 87 äî 163

Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2005, 4 49
Ýêñïåäèöèîííàÿ ãðóïïà íà Àðàëüñêîì ÷èíêå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà
The field group on the Aral cliff-face. Photo by I. Karyakin
ïàð áàëîáàíîâ â ãîä, â ñðåäíåì
131 ïàðà áàëîáàíîâ â
ãîä. Îáùåå êîëè÷åñòâî âçðîñëûõ
ïòèö ñîñòàâëÿåò 260–490
îñîáåé, èç êîòîðûõ 173–327
îñîáåé åæåãîäíî ó÷àñòâóþò â
ðàçìíîæåíèè.
Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ãí¸çä áàëîáàíà
â Ïðèàðàëüå (82,6%)
îáíàðóæåíà â ïîñòðîéêàõ
êóðãàííèêà, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â íèøàõ â
âåðõíåé òðåòè ãëèíÿíûõ îáðûâîâ. Ëèøü
íåçíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü ïàð (17,4%) çàíèìàåò
ãîëûå íèøè èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî â âåðõíåé
òðåòè ãëèíÿíûõ îáðûâîâ. Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ
ãí¸çä âàðüèðóåò îò 6 äî 50 ì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ
â ñðåäíåì (n=22) 25,41±16,24 ì.
Áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ñîêîëîâ ãíåçäèòñÿ íà ñòåíàõ
îáðûâîâ â äèàïàçîíå âûñîò îò 15 äî
40 ì (68,2%), âûáèðàÿ èç èìåþùèõñÿ íà
ó÷àñòêå íàèáîëåå âûñîêèå.
Ãíåçäà áàëîáàíà ñ êëàäêîé (ââåðõó) è âûâîäêîì (âíèçó).
Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà
The nests of the Saker Falcon with clutch (at the top) and brood
(at the foot). Photos by I. Karyakin
Çàêëþ÷åíèå
Ïðåæíÿÿ íàøà îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà
íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå
áåç ó÷¸òà Ñåâåðíîãî Ïðèàðàëüÿ ñîñòàâèëà
1204–1427, â ñðåäíåì 1316 ïàð
(Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005). Â ñâåòå íîâûõ äàííûõ
ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî ÷èñëåííîñòü
áàëîáàíà â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå ñîñòàâëÿåò
1306–1638 ïàð, â ñðåäíåì 1482 ïàðû.
Ïðèàðàëüå îñòàâàëîñü ïîñëåäíèì áåëûì
ïÿòíîì â Êàñïèéñêî-Àðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå, è
â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î äîñòàòî÷íî
ïîëíîé èçó÷åííîñòè ïîïóëÿöèè
áàëîáàíà, íàñåëÿþùåé òåððèòîðèþ ìåæäó
Êàñïèéñêèì è Àðàëüñêèì ìîðÿìè.
Ê íåñ÷àñòüþ, íå îïðàâäàëèñü íàøè íàäåæäû
íà íàëè÷èå ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê
áàëîáàíà íà ËÝÏ â Ïðèàðàëüñêèõ Êàðàêóìàõ.
Ýòî ìîæåò ñâèäåòåëüñòâîâàòü î íàëè-
÷èå 350-òè êì ðàçðûâà â àðåàëå ìåæäó áàëîáàíàìè
Êàñïèéñêî-Àðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà
è ñîêîëàìè, íàñåëÿþùèìè Öåíòðàëüíûé
Êàçàõñòàí.
Ëèòåðàòóðà
Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ìåòîäè÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè
ïî ó÷åòó ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ è îáðàáîòêå ó÷åòíûõ
äàííûõ. Íîâîñèáèðñê: èçä. äîì «Ìàíóñêðèïò».
2000. 32 ñ.
Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè (ìåòîäè÷åñêèå
ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî èçó÷åíèþ ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ
è ñîâîîáðàçíûõ). Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä: Èçäâî
«Ïîâîëæüå». 2004. 351 ñ.
Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ëåâèí À.Ñ., Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì., Ïàæåíêîâ
À.Ñ. Áàëîáàí â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå: ðåçóëüòàòû
èññëåäîâàíèé 2003–2004 ãã. – Ïåðíàòûå
õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹ 2. Ñ.42–55.
Karyakin I., Levin A., Novikova L., Pazhenkov A.
Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) in Russia. – Falco.
2004. ¹ 24. P. 11–13.