THE LOESS FROM ROMANIA IN THE ROMANIAN ... - Soil Science

Factori şi Procese Pedogenetice din Zona Temperată 5 S. nouă (2006) 103-116
THE LOESS FROM ROMANIA IN THE ROMANIAN SPECIALISTS
VISION
Alina Gherghina, Florina Grecu*, Valentina Coteţ
National Institute of Research-Development for Pedology, Agrochemistry and Environment
Protection (ICPA), Bucharest
* University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geography, Geomorphology-Pedology Department
LOESSUL DIN ROMÂNIA IN VIZIUNEA SPECIALIŞTILOR ROMÂNI
Abstract
As a lithological formation, the loess was for the first time mentioned in the geological
works of the 19 century (the first Romanian describe of the loess deposits was given by Gr.
Stefanescu in 1895 and the aeolian origin of the loess was stated for the first time in our country by
L. Mrazec, in 1899).
According to Em. Protopopescu-Pache et. al (1966), the loess deposits covers an area of
40 000 km 2 , dispersed on the interfluves and the terrace bridges in the peri-carpathian regions
(especially in the Romanian Plain and Dobrogea), at which are added some terraces and some
weakly inclined slopes from the sub-carpathian region, Transylvanian Plateau and the
intramontanian depression.
Both in the first studies (Mrazec L. 1899, Murgoci et al 1908) and in those published
between the two World Wars was agreed the aeolian origin of the loess and the fossil soils received
a stratigraphyc value.
After the two World War, the loess study (as quaternary deposit) was approached by
researchers from different domains: hydrogeology, pedology and geography, who emitted different
assumptions of the loess origin (aeolian, deluvial or alluvial – the loessic features of the material
being considered as a result of a postsedimentary diagenesis process) and contribute to the
knowledge and the characterization of the loess from Romania.
Key words: loess, Romania, romanian specialists.
INTRODUCTION
As lithological formation, the loess it was mentioned for the first time in our
country in the geological papers from the XIX th century. Thus, the first descriptions of
the loess deposits from Romania were given by Gr. Stefanescu, in 1895, in the paper
Relation sommaire sur la structure geologique dans les jud. de Tutova, Fălciu,
Covurlui, Ialomiţa et Ilfov, (Anu. Muz. Geol. şi paleont.). The following studies,
undertaken by researchers from different scientific areas, brought significant
contributions at knowledge of the loess from our country.
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In this paper, we propose to resume some of the most representatives
contributions, on periods and scientific areas and to present a brief description of the
loess and loess-like deposits from Romania (texture, origin, age, extension).
MAIN THEMES
Aeolian origin of the loess from Romania was sustained for the first time by L.
Mrazec, in 1899, in paper Comunicare asupra loessului din Romania.
The bases of the loess and paleosoils studies there have been set, at the
beginning of the XX th century, by Gh. Murgoci and his contributors, Emm.
Protopopescu-Pache and P. Enculescu (1908, 1910). They were sustained the aeolian
origin of the loess (the sources were, at last for the eastern part of the Romanian Plain,
the alluvia of the rivers which cross the plain), they shown that the red layers from
loess are paleosoils and, by analyze of those, “we could deduce the climatic changes
from Romania from the age of the loess sedimentation”.
In the same period, R. Sevastos (1908) studied the loess from Moldavia,
consider that it is aeolian deposit formed by sedimentation of the dust brought by
winds from Asiatic deserts or from the north-European ice fields, and Simionescu I.
(1903) shown that in Moldavia between Siret and Prut rivers, the loess-like deposits
have alluvial origin (there are formed in the same period with melting of the north-
European ice-sheet).
After the establishment of the International Union of Quaternary Research
(INQUA), in 1928, which consisted many commissions, among them Commission on
Quaternary Stratigraphy included and the study of the loess, on international plain and
in our country there have been intensified studies of that deposits.
Thus, there have been made detailed studies of the loess profiles and
paleosoils, through which we remark N. Florov papers (1927, 1930) – studies in the
Black See steppes – and those of C. Bratescu (1935, 1937, 1942) – which gave the
paleosoils stratigraphyc value: the number of the loess layers indicate the number of
the glacial periods, and the number of the paleosoils give the number of the interglacial
periods.
Emm. Protopopescu-Pache made the first synthesis map of the Pleistocene
deposits, sustained at the III th Conference of International Association of Quaternary,
Viena, 1936. This map was used like base for the geological map of Romania, scale 1:
500.000 (1936-1958). In the same period, were made analysis on mechanical, chemical
and mineralogical composition of the loess, by S. Gogalniceanu (1937); M. Popovat
(1937, 1938) a.s.o
At the first meeting on loess, organized at the VI th Congress of INQUA, in
1961, in Lublin, Poland, it was organized the Commission for stratigraphy of the loess
from Europe, with annual/biannual meetings (field trips) in different European
countries, among them and Romania, in 1972. In 1965, in Hungary, it was proposed to
research the loess types from Europe and to achieve of a map at scale 1:25.000.000;
this map contained 8 categories of loess, with many types, among them, in category
meadow (alluvial) loess-like deposits in was included and the type loess baragan,
particular for Romania.
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Because of the amplitude of the European and global research on the loess and
of the importance of this rock (as parental material for the soils and as base for human
activity and buildings), the study of loess developed new perspectives and new
domains (hydrogeology, geology, pedology, geography, geomorphology, archaeology,
buildings) in our country.
a) Hydrogeological researches there have been made at the Hydrogeological
department of the National Geologic Committee, leadership by E. Liteanu. There have
been written many papers about the Quaternary period from different subunits of the
Romanian Plain, and about loess and loess-like deposits: T. Bandrabur, 1961, 1966,
1971; E. Liteanu, 1952, 1953, 1956, 1957, 1961; E. Liteanu, C. Ghenea, 1966; Al.
Obreja, 1960. Besides, it was drawn a map of the quaternary, at scale 1:1.000.000 (E.
Liteanu et. al., 1964). All those mentioned above sustained the deluvial origin of the
loess-like deposits; after deposition, the materials took the loess characteristics, caused
by diagenetic processes.
b) Geology. At the “Prospectiuni” department of Geological Institute, there
have been made detailed mineralogical studies about loess and loess-like deposits from
Romanian Plain and Dobrogea: Venera Codarcea, 1980; Venera Codarcea, T.
Bandrabur, 1976, 1984; Venera Codarcea, C. Ghenea, 1975, 1976; C. Ghenea, Venera
Codarcea, 1974, 1979 a.s.o.
c) Pedology. The pedologists made detailed descriptions of some loess –
paleosoils sequences: Ana Conea at al. in Romanian Plain and Dobrogea; N. Florea et.
al., 1966, at Semlac, Tisa Plain; N. Florea et. al., 1989, in Pitesti Plain; M. Popovat
(1938, 1944, 1953, 1957, 1964) in Baragan, Dobrogea and Oltenia. Also, there were
made the mechanic, chemical and mineralogical studies: N. Cernescu, 1952; M.
Popovat, 1937; Tatiana Postolache, 1966 a.s.o.
Ana Conea (1968) achieved the first and the only, since now, PhD thesis in this
study area, in our country, about the loess deposits from the Central and South
Dobrogea, paper published in 1970.
d) Geography. The geographical studies were focused on the following
directions:
- Descriptions of the processes and the microforms developed on loess: P.
Cotet, 1964; N. Florea, 1970; T. Morariu, 1946; T. Morariu, V. Tufescu, 1964; V.
Tufescu, 1959 a.s.o.
- Contributions to the knowledge of the loess and loess-like deposits within the
framework of some geomorphological and geographical studies from different areas,
the most of them PhD thesis: I. Donisa (1968 – the Bistrita Valley); M. Ielenicz (1988
– Dobrogea); N. Mihaila (1957 – the West Plain; 1974 – the Fagaras Depression); V.
Sficlea (1972 – the Covurlui Platform); I. Sarcu (1953 – the Poiana Nicorasti
Piedmont); G. Valsan (1916 – the Romanian Plain) a.s.o.
- Descriptions of some loess profiles: N. Bucur, N. Barbu, 1956, 1959, 1960; P.
Cotet, 1966; P. Cotet et. al., 1957, 1960; C. V. Oprea, A. Contrea, 1956; Gr. Posea,
1962.
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e) Archeology: applied of the archeological method in the loess study: M.
Popovat, C. Nicolaescu-Plopisor, M. Spirescu, 1957; archeological studies: Paunescu,
Bitiri a.s.o.
f) Buildings: problems arisen from usage of the loess deposits in the civil
buildings: R. J. Bally, 1972; R. J. Bally, I. Antonescu, 1971; R. Bally, P. Stănescu,
1971; Vaicum A. 1988; or from implement of the landed improvements: M. Botzan,
1956; M. Botzan, C. Haret, N. Petrescu, O. Merculiev, 1959; Dron A., 1976.
After 1985, there have been made few studies concerning the loess and loesslike
deposits and there were achieved especially by pedologists (N. Florea, I. Munteanu
et.al.) and geologists (C. Panaiotu, Sanda Balescu). From the most important papers,
we signaled those by I. Munteanu et. al., 1997, who applied the method of radiocarbon
dating for some soils and parent materials from the Romanian Plain, their result
sustaining the aeolian acretion theory for the loess deposit from the eastern part of the
Romanian Plain, and by N. Florea and M. Mihalache, 2005, who accomplished an
pattern of the cycle evolution for the loess and paleosoil sequences.
The geologist applied new methods for the research of the loess and loess-like
deposits: paleomagnetism (Panaiotu et. al., 2001) and luminescence dating (Sanda
Balescuet. Al., 2003).
The knowledge about the loess deposits from Romania is completed with
synthesis papers and universitary courses.
From the synthesis papers we mention: P. Enculescu (1929), O. Herşcovici
(1970), M. Popovăţ (1937), E. Protopopescu-Pache, F. Crăciun, D. Popescu (1966),
Em. Protopopescu-Pache, M. Spirescu (1963), M. Spirescu (1970), D. Teaci (1957), V.
Tufescu (1942).
The universitary courses treated quaternary deposits (Florina Grecu, 1997,
Florina Grecu, T. Demeter 1997), or the Quaternary period: I. Donisă (1993), N.
Macarovici (1968), N. Mezarosz (1990).
THE LOESS AND LOESS-LIKE DEPOSITS CHARACTERISTICS
In the studies published in the first half of the last century there have been
made no differences between loess and loess-like deposits, but there were often used
the both terms for deposits with different textures. Liteanu and his contributors used,
for the deposits from the Romanian Plain, only the term loess-like deposits, with
different mechanical composition. Ana Conea, Nadia Ghiţulescu, P. Vasilescu (1963)
made an paralleled description of the loess and loess-like deposits, which we resume
below:
The loess:
- unconsolidated, yellow, unstratificated and uniform rock;
- silty texture (with prevalent 0,05-0,01 mm elements), and without coarse
elements;
- high porosity (40-50%);
- with very low or without plasticity;
- carbonates equal dispersed in rock and precipitate as limes concretions;
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- favorise the subsidence and is easily to erodate.
The loess-like deposits:
- unconsolidated rocks, with different colors, sometimes with stratifications
and various uniformity;
- different mechanical composition (loamy sand-silt-clay), with coarse sand
and/or gravel;
- various porosity, generally low;
- various plasticity, depending on mechanical composition;
- carbonates dispersed;
- the subsidence and the compaction processes are nor characteristics;
- they could be quickly and radical transformed by subsidiary processes.
THE TEXTURE OF THE LOESS AND LOESS-LIKE DEPOSITS
As in the whole world in our country to the loess has loamy texture. M.
Popovat (1936) ascribe for the loess from Romania a percentual composition, presented
below:
Fractions
Grain’s diameter Extreme values
Medium
(mm)
% values
%
Coarse sand
2-1 - -
1-0,5 - -
Medium sand
0,5-0,2 0-1,7 0,7
0,2-0,1 0,5-5 2,4
Fine sand
0,1-0,05 2,5-17 10,0
0,05-0,02 30-55 41,5
Silt and clay < 0,02 30-55 45,4
By E. Protopopescu-Pache, F. Crăciun, D. Popescu (1966), the loess has more
than 60% particles between 0,01 and 0,1 mm and loess-like deposits have less than
60% of that particles.
In time, there were made textural analyses for the loess and loess-like deposits
from main regions of the country and stated that the loess from Romania is similar, as
concern the mechanical composition, with that from Eastern and Central Europe.
THE GENESIS OF THE LOESS AND LOESS-LIKE DEPOSITS
The aeolian origin of the loess was sustained and, generally accepted, both in
the studies from the end of the XIX th century and in those from the first part of the
XX th . The main sources of dust were the southern steppes of Russia (Mrazec, 1899) or
the meadows (alluvial plains) of the narrow rivers (Murgoci et. al., 1910).
After 1950, due to the intensification and diversification of the studies about
loess, new theories on its origin have arisen.
The regional researches helped for a good knowledge of the loess and loesslike
deposits characteristics and evidenced that not a single agent (the wind) generated
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this rocks in the whole country, but, depending on the local conditions, the genesis
could by complex.
The hydrogeologists (E. Liteanu, 1952, 1953, 1957, 1961) asserted the deluvial
origin, after deposition materials being transformed in loess, by diagenetic processes.
The deluvial-proluvial origin was stated for the north and the southwestern part
of the Eastern Romanian Plain (E. Liteanu, 1957. 1961), for the Moldavian Subcarpati
(Bucur N., Barbu N., 1959), the Western Plain (the part of the south of the Mures river
– N. Mihăilă 1957, C. Ghenea 1966) and in other regions.
Venera Codarcea, T. Brandabur, 1984, for the Eastern Romanian Plain,
asserted the alluvial origin, the sources of the materials being considered the mio-pliopleistocene
sediments from Subcarpati, bringing by the carpathian rivers.
The aeolian origin was accepted further on by Ana Conea and her contributors
for the Eastern Romanian Plain and Dobrogea, by I. Sircu, 1953 for the southern part of
the Moldavian Plateau, by I. Sumeghy, 1944 for the Western Plain, at south of the
Mures river a.s.o.
The loessification theory (transformation by diagenetic processes of the
materials with different genesis in loess) was asserted by N. Bucur, N. Barbu, 1959, for
the loess from Moldova and by C.V. Oprea, A. Contrea, 1956 for de Western Plain, at
north of the Mures river.
The aeolian accretion theory is asserted by N. Florea and different contributors,
in the basis of some regional researches (Semlac, Tisa Plain, 1966, Piteşti Plain, 1989).
The theory consist in addition in soil, by pedogenetic processes, of the aeolian
particles; this processes proceed and in the present.
THE AGE OF THE LOESS AND LOESS-LIKE DEPOSITS
For knowledge the age of the loess and loess-like deposits from Romania, there
have been used in time different methods, namely: references to some gravel or alluvial
sand layers in that there were found palaeontological proves (E. Liteanu, T. Bandrabur,
1957, T. Bandrabur, 1971); correlations between quaternary climatic oscillations and
the number of the loess and paleosoils layers (Gh. Munteanu-Murgoci, 1910, C.
Brătescu, 1934, 1937, M. Popovăţ et. al., 1964, P. Coteţ, 1957, Gr. Posea, 1961, Ana
Conea, 1970); pollen analysis (Violeta Iliescu, C. Ghenea, 1964, Violeta Iliescu,
Gianina Cioflica, 1964, N. Florea et. al., 1965); archeological methods (traces of
human activity in loess – I. Donisă, 1968, a.s.o.).
Nowadays, the age of the loess and loess-like deposits is considered medium
Pleistocene in the Oltenia Plain (T. Bandrabur, 1971) and parts of the Covurlui Plateau
(V. Sficlea, 1972) and Dobrogea (Ana Conea, 1970) and upper Pleistocene for the
other regions, even lower Holocene for the younger terraces.
THE EXTENT OF THE LOESS AND LOESS-LIKE DEPOSITS
By E. Protopopescu-Pache, F. Crăciun, D. Popescu, 1966, the area occupied by
the loess and loess-like deposits is about 40.000 km² and is spread on the interfluves
and the top of the terraces from pericarpathian regions: the Romanian Plain, Dobrogea,
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Getic Plateau, Moldavia, the West Plain. To this there are added the loess-like deposits
on some terraces or slopes from Subcarpathian Hills, Transilvanian Plateau and some
intramontanian depressions.
We present, further on, a brief characterization of these deposits:
Romanian Plain:
• Eastern Romanian Plain: typical Aeolian loess, proceeded from alluvial meadows
(Murgoci, 1910, Conea et. al., 1963). By E. Liteanu, the origin of deposits is aeolian in
the eastern part, alluvial (lacustric) in the center and deluvial-proluvial in north and
north-east, and by Codarcea Venera şi Bandrabur T. 1984, the origin is alluvial.
• The Central part of the Romanian Plain: loess and loess-like deposits with
different texture and alluvial and proluvial genesis (aeolian in the eastern and western
extremities, by Ana Conea et. al., 1970.
• Oltenia Plain: loess-like deposits with loamy texture and complex genesis:
deluvial, alluvial, aeolian and, local, lacustric.
The Getic Plateau: loess-like deposits with different texture and genesis:
deluvial-aeolian on interfluves, deluvial-alluvial on terraces, Aeolian on upper terraces.
Dobrogea: typical loess with paleosoils on interfluves, loess-like deposits
reworked on slopes and depressions; Aeolian origin on southern interfluves, deluvialaeolian
on slopes in north and center and eluvial-deluvial on terraces (Ana Conea, C
Ghenea, Venera Codarcea, 1979).
Moldavia: Aeolian loess in south (I. Sircu, 1953), loess-like deposits (formed in
situ, by diagenesis) in Jijia Plain; alluvial loess-like deposits on terraces, loess-like
deposits proceeded from marls on interfluves (N. Bucur, N. Barbu, 1959), deluvialproluvial
deposits in Subcarpate Hills.
The West Plain: loess at south of the Mures river, aeolian by I. Sumeghy, 1944,
proluvial-deluvial by N. Mihaila, 1957, C. Ghenea, 1966; lehm and sandy loess at north
of the Mures river, resulted by transformation of the alluvial deposits (C. V. Oprea, A.
Contrea, 1956).
Other regions: Transilvanian Plateau, Brasov Depression, Curbura Subcarpatian
Hills a.s.o: loess-like deposits with different texture and complex genesis: alluvial,
proluvial-coluvial, aeolian.
CONCLUSIONS
The researches on loess and loess-like deposits from Romania begun at the end
of the XIX th century with paper “Relation sommaire sur la structure geologique dans
les jud. de Tutova, Fălciu, Covurlui, Ialomiţa et Ilfov, “, by Gr. Stefanescu. The
complex studies achieved in time, at macro- and micro-regional level covered many
themes and leaded to knowledge of the loess and loess-like deposit characteristics and
extent. All these required further researches, based on new methods used on
international level and correlations with traditional methods.
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