A Cultural Resources Overview. - Southern Oregon Digital Archives ...

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Spier and Sapir observed that the Klamath probably traded
mostly with the Chinook-speaking Wasco and the central Oregon
Sahaptian-speaking groups, commonly known as the Warm Springs
Indians.26
Although the Walumskni, or Upland Takelma, were bitter
enemies of the Klamath, it has been noted that the Klamath obtained
Lowland Takelma slaves from them. 2 7 The Klamath also
raided the northern Paiute and Shasta for slaves, but not as
frequently or systematically as they invaded the Pit River
tribes for this purpose. 2 8
The Klamath also traded with the Molalla to the northwest
of Klamath territory. Trading encounters between these two
groups took place on the headwaters of the Rogue River west of
Crater Lake. They traded beads and water lily seeds for buckskins.
Curtis also noted the Klamath and Molalla trade in
which wokas was exchanged for Molalla elkhorn spoons. 2 9
Although Dixon stated that Shasta and Klamath trade was slight,
there was trade with the Shovel and Jenny Creek groups for
Shasta beads. For these, the Shasta were given skins and skin
blankets. 3 0
Because they were closely related, there was much interchange
between the Klamath and the Modoc. Some items manufactured
by the Pit River Indians were obtained by the Klamath
from the Modoc. The Klamath and Modoc frequently intermarried.
MATERIAL CULTURE ITEMS
Introduction
The ethnographic descriptionls of Klamath material culture
are much more comprehensive than those of other southwest Oregon
groups. The articles contain many illustrations of the items
described, and several museum collections of Klamath artifacts
have been located during the research for this Overview. The
different types of artifacts are briefly listed below, and unless
otherwise noted, this section is derived primarily from
Barrett's article (1910) on the material culture of the Klamath
Lake and Modoc Indians of northeastern California and southern
Oregon.
Stone Implements
The two-horned muller, used in grinding wokas seeds with
a flat, thin metate base, is the most distinctive stone artifact
of the Klamath, and it is largely unique to them. The two
horns of this implement were grasped by the Klamath women to
pull the muller back and forth over wokas seeds. Small mortars