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Figure 4.2 Total Fertility Rates by Selected Background Characteristics ETHIOPIA 5.9 RESIDENCE Urban Rural 3.3 6.4 REGION Tigray Affar Amhara Oromiya Somali Benishangul-Gumuz SNNP Gambela Harari Addis Ababa Dire Dawa 1.9 3.6 4.5 4.4 4.9 5.8 5.9 5.7 5.4 5.9 6.4 EDUCATION No education Primary Secondary and higher 3.1 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 Number of Children 5.1 6.2 Ethiopia DHS 2000 4.3 TRENDS IN FERTILITY Table 4.3 shows the reported ASFRs and the TFRs for the 1990 NFFS (CSA, 1993) and the 2000 Ethiopia DHS. The TFR declined from 6.4 births per woman in the 1990 NFFS to 5.9 births per woman in the Ethiopia DHS, a drop of 0.5 children on average. Fertility has declined in every age group, except for the age group 15-19. The greatest decline was among women age 45-49 (57 percent), followed by women age 20-24 (11 percent). Data from the Ethiopia DHS on age-specific fertility rates for successive five-year periods preceding the survey provide further evidence of a decline in fertility (Table 4.4). Figures in brackets represent partial fertility rates due to truncation. For example, rates cannot be calculated for women age 35-39 for the period 15-19 years before the survey, because these women were 50 years and older at the time of the survey and were not interviewed. A substantial decline in ASFRs is seen between five to nine years before the survey and zero to four years before the survey. In fact, the ASFRs had started to decline even earlier than this period (from 10 to14 years before the survey) among women age 15-19, 20-24, and 35-39. The cumulative fertility Table 4.3 Trends in fertility Age-specific fertility rates (per 1,000 women) and total fertility rates, Ethiopia 1990 and 2000 __________________________________ 2000 1990 Ethiopia Age group NFFS 1 DHS __________________________________ 15-19 95 110 20-24 275 244 25-29 289 264 30-34 257 248 35-39 199 183 40-44 105 100 45-49 56 24 Total fertility rate 6.4 5.9 __________________________________ Note: Rates for the 1990 NFFS are for the 12 months preceding the survey, and rates for the Ethiopia DHS are for the five years preceding the survey. 1 CSA, 1993 rates computed for women age 15-34 for the successive five years preceding the survey also show a sustained decline in the level of fertility for the period 0 to19 years prior to the survey. The level of fertility decreased from a cumulative fertility of 5.3 for the period 15 to 19 years before the survey to 4.3 for the period 0 to 4 years before the survey. 40 * Fertility
4.4 CHILDREN EVER BORN AND LIVING Table 4.4 Trends in age-specific fertility rates The level of lifetime fertility is based on information about the total number of children ever born. From this information, the mean number of children born per woman (average parity) in a given age is computed to measure the cumulative experience from the beginning of the reproductive time to the age at the time of the survey. Table 4.5 shows the percent distribution of women by the number of children ever born and the mean number of children ever born and living, by five-year age groups, for all women and currently married women. The mean number of children ever born increases with women’s age. From an average of 0.2 children among adolescents, the average parity is 2.7 children among women in their late twenties and 7.2 children among those at the end of their reproductive years. Age-specific fertility rates for five-year periods preceding the survey by mother's age at the time of the birth, Ethiopia 2000 ______________________________________________ Number of years preceding survey Mother's _________________________________ age at birth 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 ______________________________________________ 15-19 110 128 176 192 20-24 244 283 291 288 25-29 264 300 297 299 30-34 248 278 266 [285] 35-39 183 213 [254] 40-44 100 [130] 45-49 [24] ______________________________________________ Note: Age-specific fertility rates are per 1,000 women. Estimates in brackets are truncated. The distribution of women by the number of children ever born shows that childbearing in Ethiopia starts at an early age. Among teenage women, 13 percent have given birth to at least one child, and among women in their early twenties, more than one-third already have two or more children. Among women in their early thirties, more than 72 percent have had at least four children, and more than half of the women age 45-49 have given birth to eight or more children. A similar pattern is observed for currently married women except that mean parities are higher among currently married women than among all women at every age. The Ethiopia DHS results also indicate that childlessness decreases with increasing age. Among teenage women, 87 percent of all women and 52 percent of currently married women are childless. However, among women in their early twenties, the proportion decreases to 38 percent for all women and 13 percent for currently married women. The percentage childless among currently married women at the end of the reproductive period (age 45-49) is a rough estimate of primary infertility. Voluntary childlessness is rare in Ethiopia, and married women with no live births are likely to be unable to bear children at all. The results indicate that primary infertility among currently married women is low (2 percent). The level of primary infertility has decreased from 3.9 percent reported in the 1990 NFFS (CSA, 1993). Information on children ever born was collected for all men interviewed in the survey. They were asked to report on the total number of children living at home, the number living elsewhere, and those who had died. The average number of children by age group is computed from the total number of children ever born. The proportion of children ever born for all men and for currently married men is presented in the bottom two panels of Table 4.5. The average number of children ever born increases with increasing age. Men in their early twenties have an average of less than 1 child (0.2); this increases to almost 3 children among men in their early thirties, 6 children among men in their early forties, and 8 or more children among men age 45 and over. The results for men who are currently married differ from those for all men particularly at younger ages. For example, the proportion of men in the age group 20-24 who had never had a child is two and a half times higher among all men than among currently married men. Fertility* 41
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Ethiopia Demographic and Health Sur
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Ethiopia Demographic and Health Sur
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CONTENTS Page Tables and Figures ..
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CHAPTER 8 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALIT
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TABLES AND FIGURES Page CHAPTER 1 I
Page 11 and 12: Table 5.22 Women’s approval of fa
Page 13 and 14: Page CHAPTER 11 INFANT FEEDING AND
Page 15: FOREWORD The 2000 Ethiopia Demograp
Page 19 and 20: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS The 2000 Ethiop
Page 21 and 22: Twelve percent of children are full
Page 23 and 24: WOMEN’S STATUS The DHS data shed
Page 25 and 26: The majority of the population live
Page 27 and 28: Table 1.2 Results of the household
Page 29 and 30: Table 2.1 Household population by a
Page 31 and 32: Table 2.3 Children’s living arran
Page 33 and 34: An investigation of the changes in
Page 35 and 36: The age-specific attendance rates (
Page 37 and 38: ural than in urban households. The
Page 39 and 40: Table 2.11 Utilization and source o
Page 41 and 42: Table 3.1 Background characteristic
Page 43 and 44: Table 3.3 Educational attainment by
Page 45 and 46: Table 3.4 Literacy Percent distribu
Page 47 and 48: 3.5 EMPLOYMENT Respondents were ask
Page 49 and 50: Table 3.6.2 Employment: men Percent
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.7.2 Occupation: men Percent
Page 53 and 54: Employment is assumed to go hand in
Page 55 and 56: Table 3.10 Women's agreement with r
Page 57 and 58: primary education. There is substan
Page 59 and 60: FERTILITY 4 Fertility is the most i
Page 61: 4.2 FERTILITY DIFFERENTIALS Table 4
Page 65 and 66: Comparison of these results with th
Page 67 and 68: Table 4.7 Age at first birth Percen
Page 69 and 70: FERTILITY REGULATION 5 Information
Page 71 and 72: Table 5.2 Couples’ knowledge of c
Page 73 and 74: Table 5.4 Ever use of contraception
Page 75 and 76: Table 5.5 Current use of contracept
Page 77 and 78: Table 5.6.1 Current use of contrace
Page 79 and 80: Table 5.6.2 Current use of contrace
Page 81 and 82: “Prudence” is used by 13 percen
Page 83 and 84: Table 5.12 Number of children at fi
Page 85 and 86: 5.10 INTENTION TO USE FAMILY PLANNI
Page 87 and 88: The majority (46 percent) of women
Page 89 and 90: Education of respondents is closely
Page 91 and 92: To get an insight into the level of
Page 93 and 94: When there is a perceived disagreem
Page 95 and 96: OTHER PROXIMATE DETERMINANTS OF FER
Page 97 and 98: 6.2 POLYGYNY The extent of polygyny
Page 99 and 100: Table 6.3 Age at first marriage Per
Page 101 and 102: Table 6.5 Age at first sexual inter
Page 103 and 104: Table 6.7 Recent sexual activity: w
Page 105 and 106: ut had had sex before (Table 6.8).
Page 107 and 108: FERTILITY PREFERENCE 7 Due to vario
Page 109 and 110: Figure 7.2 Desire to Limit Childbea
Page 111 and 112: Table 7.4 Desire to limit childbear
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Table 7.5 Need for family planning
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Table 7.6 also shows that the ideal
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Table 7.9 shows wanted fertility ra
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and deaths affects mortality estima
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8.3 SOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENTIALS IN
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8.4 DEMOGRAPHIC DIFFERENTIALS IN MO
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at any time during the five years b
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Table 8.5 High-risk fertility behav
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siblings with missing information f
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Table 9.2 Direct estimates of mater
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Table 10.1 Antenatal care Percent d
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Table 10.3 Antenatal care content P
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Affar Region. Education of the moth
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Table 10.6 Place of delivery Percen
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irths to women with no education. N
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Table 10.9 Postnatal care by backgr
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10.10 EXPOSURE TO SUNLIGHT In some
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Table 10.12 Perceived problem in ac
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Figure 10.2 Vaccination Coverage Am
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Table 10.15 Vaccinations in first y
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Only 16 percent of all children und
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Very few children with fever are ta
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10.17 PREVALENCE OF DIARRHEA Diarrh
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Table 10.23 Diarrhea treatment Amon
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INFANT FEEDING AND CHILDHOOD AND MA
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Information on supplementation was
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The median and mean duration of bre
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Table 11.5 Frequency of foods consu
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Table 11.7 Iodized salt Percent dis
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A mother’s nutritional status dur
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e related to age and that weight be
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Chronic malnutrition among Ethiopia
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of 140 to 150 centimeters. The BMI,
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Table 12.1 Knowledge of AIDS Percen
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Table 12.2.2 Source of information
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Table 12.4.1 Knowledge of programma
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Table 12.5 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS-re
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or partner than others. Discussion
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Tables 12.9.1 and 12.9.2 show the k
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Table 12.10 Self-reporting of sexua
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Table 12.12 Number of sexual partne
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Sexual intercourse with noncohabiti
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REFERENCES Boerma, J. Ties. 1988. M
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A.4 SAMPLING FRAME The Ethiopia DHS
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The Men’s Questionnaire collected
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Table A.1.1 Sample implementation:
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ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS APPEND
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In general, the relative standard e
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Table B.2 Sampling errors: National
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Table B.4 Sampling errors: Rural sa
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Table C.2 Age distribution of eligi
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Table C.5 Reporting of age at death
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Table C.8 Indicators of data qualit
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Statisticians Abay Getachew Amanuel
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Female Interviewers (contd.) Rahel
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE Now we would lik
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CURRENT SCHOOL ATTENDANCE IF AGE 5-
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PARENTAL SURVIVORSHIP AND RESIDENCE
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NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CA
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CENTRAL STATISTICAL AUTHORITY ETHIO
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211 Now I would like to record the
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LAST BIRTH NAME ___________________
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427 Was (NAME) delivered by caesari
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442 Are you still breastfeeding (NA
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SECTION 4B. IMMUNIZATION AND HEALTH
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463 Has (NAME) been ill with a feve
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479 Where did you seek advice or tr
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SECTION 6. FERTILITY PREFERENCES NO
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804 What was the name given to your
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SECTION 9: FEMALE CIRCUMCISION NO.
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SECTION 11. SEXUAL ACTIVITY NO. QUE
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INTERVIEWER’S OBSERVATIONS TO BE
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SECTION 1. RESPONDENT’S BACKGROUN
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SECTION 2: REPRODUCTION NO. QUESTIO
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SECTION 4. MARRIAGE NO. QUESTIONS A
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SECTION 5. FERTILITY PREFERENCES NO
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SECTION 7: AIDS AND OTHER SEXUALLY
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