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3.3 LITERACY In the Ethiopia <strong>DHS</strong>, literacy was determined by a respondent’s ability to read part or all of a sentence in any language that the respondent was familiar with. The questions assessing literacy were asked only of respondents who have not attended school or have attended primary school only. Literacy is widely acknowledged as benefiting both the individual and society and is associated with a number of positive outcomes for health and nutrition. Table 3.4 shows that only 19 percent of women and 40 percent of men are literate, while 6 percent of women and 13 percent of men are only partially literate. There is a much lower literacy level among rural women and men than among those living in the urban areas. Literacy levels vary widely among regions, from a high of 68 percent among women in Addis Ababa to a low of 9 percent of women in the Somali Region. Literacy among men ranges from a high of 87 percent in Addis Ababa to a low of 16 percent in the Somali Region. 3.4 EXPOSURE TO MASS MEDIA The Ethiopia <strong>DHS</strong> collected information on the exposure of respondents to both the broadcast and print media. This information is important because it provides an indication of the exposure of women to the mass media and is used to disseminate family planning, health, and other information. Access to mass media is generally low in Ethiopia. Table 3.5 shows that 86 percent of women and 73 percent of men have no exposure to the mass media. Generally men have a higher exposure to the mass media than women. Listening to the radio is the most common way of accessing the media. Nevertheless, only about one in ten women and one in four men listen to the radio at least once a week. Media exposure varies with the age of the respondent. Men and women in the older age groups tend to listen to the radio or read a newspaper less frequently than younger men and women. There are significant geographic differences in media exposure. Urban women and men have better access to all three media sources than their rural counterparts. Due to lower literacy levels, rural women are much less likely to report that they read a newspaper at least once a week. Despite the place of residence, the level of exposure of women and men to radio broadcasts is greater than all other media sources. Very likely due to the greater ownership of a television set, women and men residing in urban areas have a much greater exposure to television than rural women and men. Among the regions, women and men residing in Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa, and the Harari Region have a greater exposure to all three media, compared with other regions, since these areas are relatively more urban. Women and men residing in the Amhara Region are the least likely to be exposed to the media. As expected, media exposure is highly related with the educational level of the respondent. One in two women and 65 percent of men with secondary or higher levels of education listen to the radio at least once a week, whereas only 5 percent of uneducated women and 10 percent of uneducated men reported listening to the radio at least once a week. Regarding the printed media, only 3 percent of women and 6 percent of men with primary education reported reading a newspaper at least once a week, compared with 14 percent of women and 27 percent of men with secondary and higher education. Respondent’s Characteristics and Status * 21
Table 3.4 Literacy Percent distribution of women and men by level of schooling attended and by level of literacy, according to background characteristics, Ethiopia 2000 _______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________ No schooling or primary school Secondary No card school Can read Can read Cannot with Background or a whole part of read required Percent characteristic higher sentence a sentence at all language Total Number literate 1 _______________________________________________________________________________________________ WOMEN _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Age 15-19 12.6 14.5 5.5 66.4 1.0 100.0 3,710 27.1 20-24 12.2 8.7 5.5 73.3 0.3 100.0 2,860 20.9 25-29 12.8 11.7 7.2 68.0 0.3 100.0 2,585 24.5 30-34 6.7 8.5 9.0 75.7 0.0 100.0 1,841 15.3 35-39 4.5 7.4 5.5 82.5 0.0 100.0 1,716 11.9 40-44 2.3 3.8 4.7 89.2 0.0 100.0 1,392 6.1 45-49 0.8 2.4 2.5 94.3 0.0 100.0 1,264 3.2 Residence Urban Rural Region Tigray Affar Amhara Oromiya Somali Benishangul- Gumuz SNNP Gambela Harari Addis Ababa Dire Dawa 40.8 17.0 7.5 34.4 0.3 100.0 2,791 57.7 2.0 7.8 5.5 84.3 0.4 100.0 12,576 9.8 6.8 10.3 5.6 77.4 0.0 100.0 969 17.0 6.4 6.4 3.8 83.0 0.4 100.0 178 12.7 5.8 10.2 5.8 78.0 0.2 100.0 3,820 16.0 7.8 7.5 6.4 78.1 0.1 100.0 5,937 15.3 3.5 5.8 2.9 87.8 0.0 100.0 175 9.2 4.3 12.7 5.4 77.5 0.2 100.0 160 17.0 6.5 10.8 5.0 76.6 1.1 100.0 3,285 17.4 10.9 8.8 10.1 65.8 4.3 100.0 40 19.8 30.4 8.0 6.3 55.1 0.2 100.0 41 38.4 52.3 15.7 8.1 23.7 0.2 100.0 684 68.0 34.0 15.8 2.4 47.4 0.1 100.0 79 49.8 Total 9.1 9.5 5.9 75.2 0.3 100.0 15,367 18.5 _______________________________________________________________________________________________ MEN _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Age 15-19 14.2 25.9 10.3 49.4 0.2 100.0 600 40.1 20-24 20.0 24.3 14.4 41.3 0.0 100.0 408 44.3 25-29 17.2 31.4 15.7 35.1 0.5 100.0 343 48.6 30-34 23.8 27.9 8.1 40.3 0.0 100.0 276 51.6 35-39 18.7 33.2 13.1 34.7 0.3 100.0 304 51.9 40-44 13.5 21.2 11.8 53.4 0.0 100.0 182 34.8 45-49 3.8 10.4 21.6 63.3 0.0 100.0 207 14.2 50-54 3.4 19.2 12.3 65.1 0.0 100.0 142 22.6 55-59 2.0 10.6 14.8 71.2 1.4 100.0 146 12.7 Residence Urban Rural Region Tigray Affar Amhara Oromiya Somali Benishangul- Gumuz SNNP Gambela Harari Addis Ababa Dire Dawa 61.3 18.3 8.1 11.8 0.0 100.0 379 79.5 7.0 25.7 13.9 53.0 0.3 100.0 2,228 32.8 18.5 29.1 12.5 40.0 0.0 100.0 136 47.5 14.8 9.1 8.8 65.2 2.2 100.0 34 23.9 8.9 24.3 15.7 51.1 0.0 100.0 630 33.2 11.1 21.4 14.4 53.0 0.2 100.0 1,054 32.5 9.0 7.0 26.5 57.2 0.1 100.0 36 16.0 11.2 30.2 14.4 42.6 1.5 100.0 31 41.4 17.7 33.3 8.9 39.3 0.5 100.0 566 51.0 26.3 36.4 6.5 30.2 0.0 100.0 7 62.7 36.9 17.4 9.4 36.3 0.0 100.0 7 54.3 70.5 16.9 6.2 6.5 0.0 100.0 95 87.3 51.5 20.3 3.2 23.5 1.5 100.0 12 71.8 Total 14.9 24.7 13.1 47.0 0.2 100.0 2,607 39.6 _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Note: 1 Total includes women and men with missing information on literacy, who are not shown separately. Includes respondents who attended at least secondary school or higher and respondents who can read a whole sentence. 22 * Respondent’s Characteristics and Status
Page 1 and 2: Ethiopia Demographic and Health Sur
Page 3 and 4: Ethiopia Demographic and Health Sur
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS Page Tables and Figures ..
Page 7 and 8: CHAPTER 8 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALIT
Page 9 and 10: TABLES AND FIGURES Page CHAPTER 1 I
Page 11 and 12: Table 5.22 Women’s approval of fa
Page 13 and 14: Page CHAPTER 11 INFANT FEEDING AND
Page 15: FOREWORD The 2000 Ethiopia Demograp
Page 19 and 20: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS The 2000 Ethiop
Page 21 and 22: Twelve percent of children are full
Page 23 and 24: WOMEN’S STATUS The DHS data shed
Page 25 and 26: The majority of the population live
Page 27 and 28: Table 1.2 Results of the household
Page 29 and 30: Table 2.1 Household population by a
Page 31 and 32: Table 2.3 Children’s living arran
Page 33 and 34: An investigation of the changes in
Page 35 and 36: The age-specific attendance rates (
Page 37 and 38: ural than in urban households. The
Page 39 and 40: Table 2.11 Utilization and source o
Page 41 and 42: Table 3.1 Background characteristic
Page 43: Table 3.3 Educational attainment by
Page 47 and 48: 3.5 EMPLOYMENT Respondents were ask
Page 49 and 50: Table 3.6.2 Employment: men Percent
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.7.2 Occupation: men Percent
Page 53 and 54: Employment is assumed to go hand in
Page 55 and 56: Table 3.10 Women's agreement with r
Page 57 and 58: primary education. There is substan
Page 59 and 60: FERTILITY 4 Fertility is the most i
Page 61 and 62: 4.2 FERTILITY DIFFERENTIALS Table 4
Page 63 and 64: 4.4 CHILDREN EVER BORN AND LIVING T
Page 65 and 66: Comparison of these results with th
Page 67 and 68: Table 4.7 Age at first birth Percen
Page 69 and 70: FERTILITY REGULATION 5 Information
Page 71 and 72: Table 5.2 Couples’ knowledge of c
Page 73 and 74: Table 5.4 Ever use of contraception
Page 75 and 76: Table 5.5 Current use of contracept
Page 77 and 78: Table 5.6.1 Current use of contrace
Page 79 and 80: Table 5.6.2 Current use of contrace
Page 81 and 82: “Prudence” is used by 13 percen
Page 83 and 84: Table 5.12 Number of children at fi
Page 85 and 86: 5.10 INTENTION TO USE FAMILY PLANNI
Page 87 and 88: The majority (46 percent) of women
Page 89 and 90: Education of respondents is closely
Page 91 and 92: To get an insight into the level of
Page 93 and 94: When there is a perceived disagreem
Page 95 and 96:
OTHER PROXIMATE DETERMINANTS OF FER
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6.2 POLYGYNY The extent of polygyny
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Table 6.3 Age at first marriage Per
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Table 6.5 Age at first sexual inter
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Table 6.7 Recent sexual activity: w
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ut had had sex before (Table 6.8).
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FERTILITY PREFERENCE 7 Due to vario
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Figure 7.2 Desire to Limit Childbea
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Table 7.4 Desire to limit childbear
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Table 7.5 Need for family planning
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Table 7.6 also shows that the ideal
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Table 7.9 shows wanted fertility ra
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and deaths affects mortality estima
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8.3 SOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENTIALS IN
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8.4 DEMOGRAPHIC DIFFERENTIALS IN MO
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at any time during the five years b
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Table 8.5 High-risk fertility behav
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siblings with missing information f
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Table 9.2 Direct estimates of mater
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Table 10.1 Antenatal care Percent d
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Table 10.3 Antenatal care content P
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Affar Region. Education of the moth
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Table 10.6 Place of delivery Percen
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irths to women with no education. N
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Table 10.9 Postnatal care by backgr
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10.10 EXPOSURE TO SUNLIGHT In some
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Table 10.12 Perceived problem in ac
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Figure 10.2 Vaccination Coverage Am
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Table 10.15 Vaccinations in first y
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Only 16 percent of all children und
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Very few children with fever are ta
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10.17 PREVALENCE OF DIARRHEA Diarrh
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Table 10.23 Diarrhea treatment Amon
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INFANT FEEDING AND CHILDHOOD AND MA
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Information on supplementation was
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The median and mean duration of bre
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Table 11.5 Frequency of foods consu
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Table 11.7 Iodized salt Percent dis
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A mother’s nutritional status dur
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e related to age and that weight be
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Chronic malnutrition among Ethiopia
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of 140 to 150 centimeters. The BMI,
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Table 12.1 Knowledge of AIDS Percen
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Table 12.2.2 Source of information
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Table 12.4.1 Knowledge of programma
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Table 12.5 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS-re
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or partner than others. Discussion
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Tables 12.9.1 and 12.9.2 show the k
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Table 12.10 Self-reporting of sexua
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Table 12.12 Number of sexual partne
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Sexual intercourse with noncohabiti
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REFERENCES Boerma, J. Ties. 1988. M
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A.4 SAMPLING FRAME The Ethiopia DHS
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The Men’s Questionnaire collected
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Table A.1.1 Sample implementation:
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ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS APPEND
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In general, the relative standard e
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Table B.2 Sampling errors: National
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Table B.4 Sampling errors: Rural sa
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Table C.2 Age distribution of eligi
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Table C.5 Reporting of age at death
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Table C.8 Indicators of data qualit
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Statisticians Abay Getachew Amanuel
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Female Interviewers (contd.) Rahel
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE Now we would lik
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CURRENT SCHOOL ATTENDANCE IF AGE 5-
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PARENTAL SURVIVORSHIP AND RESIDENCE
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NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CA
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Page 234 and 235:
CENTRAL STATISTICAL AUTHORITY ETHIO
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Page 238 and 239:
211 Now I would like to record the
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Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
LAST BIRTH NAME ___________________
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427 Was (NAME) delivered by caesari
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442 Are you still breastfeeding (NA
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SECTION 4B. IMMUNIZATION AND HEALTH
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463 Has (NAME) been ill with a feve
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479 Where did you seek advice or tr
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Page 262 and 263:
SECTION 6. FERTILITY PREFERENCES NO
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Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
804 What was the name given to your
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SECTION 9: FEMALE CIRCUMCISION NO.
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Page 276 and 277:
SECTION 11. SEXUAL ACTIVITY NO. QUE
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INTERVIEWER’S OBSERVATIONS TO BE
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SECTION 1. RESPONDENT’S BACKGROUN
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SECTION 2: REPRODUCTION NO. QUESTIO
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Page 286 and 287:
SECTION 4. MARRIAGE NO. QUESTIONS A
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SECTION 5. FERTILITY PREFERENCES NO
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
SECTION 7: AIDS AND OTHER SEXUALLY
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
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