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Table 11.11 Nutritional status of children Percentage of children under five years classified as malnourished according to three anthropometric indices of nutritional status: height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age, by selected characteristics, and percentage of children of non-interviewed ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ mothers, and all children classified as malnourished, Ethiopia 2000 ______________________ Height-for-age ______________________ Weight-for-height Weight-for-age ______________________ Per- Per- Per- Per- Per- Percentage centage Mean centage centage Mean centage centage Mean Number Background below below Z-score below below Z-score below below Z-score of characteristic -3 SD -2 SD 1 (SD) -3 SD -2 SD 1 (SD) -3 SD -2 SD 1 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ (SD) children Child's age in months
Chronic malnutrition among Ethiopian children is very high, with more than one in two children (52 percent) stunted and more than one in four children (26 percent) severely stunted (Table 11.11). The level of stunting increases rapidly with age from 11 percent among children under six months of age to about 60 percent among children age three years and older. There is little difference in the level of stunting by sex. First order births are least likely to be stunted, and children of birth order 4-5 are most likely. The length of birth interval is inversely related to stunting. As expected, rural children are more likely to be stunted than urban children, and children residing in the most urbanized parts of the country (Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa) are much less likely to be stunted. Mother’s education impacts children’s nutritional status positively, with 33 percent of children of highly educated mothers stunted, compared with 53 percent of children of mothers with no education. Eleven percent of children under five years of age are wasted (thin for their height), and 1 percent are severely wasted. The proportion of wasted children is highest in the 12-23 month age group, which could indicate inadequate food supplementation during the weaning period and exposure to diseases. Wasting increases with birth order, as more children are likely to compete for a limited quantity of food, especially in poor households. Rural children are more than two times as likely to be wasted than urban children. Regional variation in the level of wasting is substantial. The level of wasting is highest in the Gambela Region (18 percent) and lowest in Addis Ababa. Mother’s education has a positive impact on lowering wasting. Forty-seven percent of children are underweight (low weight-for-age) and 16 percent are severely underweight. Differentials by background characteristics are shown in Figure 11.1 and are very similar to those discussed for wasting. Figure 11.1 Weight-for-Age Among Children Under Age 5 by Selected Characteristics CHILD'S AGE (months) < 6 6-11 12-23 24-35 36-47 48-59 CHILD'S SEX Male Female RESIDENCE Urban Rural REGION Tigray Affar Amhara Oromiya Somali Benishangul-Gumuz SNNP Gambela Harari Addis Ababa Dire Dawa MOTHER'S EDUCATION No education Primary Secondary and higher 7 14 27 28 31 34 37 39 40 42 44 42 48 46 50 50 49 48 5152 50 56 55 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 54 Note: Weight-for-age is a composite index of height-for-age and weight-for-height. Ethiopia <strong>DHS</strong> 2000 Infant Feeding and Childhood and Maternal Nutrition * 155
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Ethiopia Demographic and Health Sur
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Ethiopia Demographic and Health Sur
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CONTENTS Page Tables and Figures ..
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CHAPTER 8 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALIT
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TABLES AND FIGURES Page CHAPTER 1 I
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Table 5.22 Women’s approval of fa
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Page CHAPTER 11 INFANT FEEDING AND
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FOREWORD The 2000 Ethiopia Demograp
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SUMMARY OF FINDINGS The 2000 Ethiop
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Twelve percent of children are full
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WOMEN’S STATUS The DHS data shed
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The majority of the population live
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Table 1.2 Results of the household
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Table 2.1 Household population by a
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Table 2.3 Children’s living arran
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An investigation of the changes in
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The age-specific attendance rates (
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ural than in urban households. The
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Table 2.11 Utilization and source o
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Table 3.1 Background characteristic
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Table 3.3 Educational attainment by
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Table 3.4 Literacy Percent distribu
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3.5 EMPLOYMENT Respondents were ask
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Table 3.6.2 Employment: men Percent
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Table 3.7.2 Occupation: men Percent
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Employment is assumed to go hand in
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Table 3.10 Women's agreement with r
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primary education. There is substan
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FERTILITY 4 Fertility is the most i
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4.2 FERTILITY DIFFERENTIALS Table 4
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4.4 CHILDREN EVER BORN AND LIVING T
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Comparison of these results with th
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Table 4.7 Age at first birth Percen
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FERTILITY REGULATION 5 Information
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Table 5.2 Couples’ knowledge of c
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Table 5.4 Ever use of contraception
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Table 5.5 Current use of contracept
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Table 5.6.1 Current use of contrace
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Table 5.6.2 Current use of contrace
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“Prudence” is used by 13 percen
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Table 5.12 Number of children at fi
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5.10 INTENTION TO USE FAMILY PLANNI
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The majority (46 percent) of women
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Education of respondents is closely
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To get an insight into the level of
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When there is a perceived disagreem
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OTHER PROXIMATE DETERMINANTS OF FER
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6.2 POLYGYNY The extent of polygyny
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Table 6.3 Age at first marriage Per
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Table 6.5 Age at first sexual inter
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Table 6.7 Recent sexual activity: w
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ut had had sex before (Table 6.8).
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FERTILITY PREFERENCE 7 Due to vario
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Figure 7.2 Desire to Limit Childbea
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Table 7.4 Desire to limit childbear
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Table 7.5 Need for family planning
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Table 7.6 also shows that the ideal
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Table 7.9 shows wanted fertility ra
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and deaths affects mortality estima
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8.3 SOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENTIALS IN
Page 123 and 124: 8.4 DEMOGRAPHIC DIFFERENTIALS IN MO
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Page 127 and 128: Table 8.5 High-risk fertility behav
Page 129 and 130: siblings with missing information f
Page 131 and 132: Table 9.2 Direct estimates of mater
Page 133 and 134: Table 10.1 Antenatal care Percent d
Page 135 and 136: Table 10.3 Antenatal care content P
Page 137 and 138: Affar Region. Education of the moth
Page 139 and 140: Table 10.6 Place of delivery Percen
Page 141 and 142: irths to women with no education. N
Page 143 and 144: Table 10.9 Postnatal care by backgr
Page 145 and 146: 10.10 EXPOSURE TO SUNLIGHT In some
Page 147 and 148: Table 10.12 Perceived problem in ac
Page 149 and 150: Figure 10.2 Vaccination Coverage Am
Page 151 and 152: Table 10.15 Vaccinations in first y
Page 153 and 154: Only 16 percent of all children und
Page 155 and 156: Very few children with fever are ta
Page 157 and 158: 10.17 PREVALENCE OF DIARRHEA Diarrh
Page 159 and 160: Table 10.23 Diarrhea treatment Amon
Page 161 and 162: INFANT FEEDING AND CHILDHOOD AND MA
Page 163 and 164: Information on supplementation was
Page 165 and 166: The median and mean duration of bre
Page 167 and 168: Table 11.5 Frequency of foods consu
Page 169 and 170: Table 11.7 Iodized salt Percent dis
Page 171 and 172: A mother’s nutritional status dur
Page 173: e related to age and that weight be
Page 177 and 178: of 140 to 150 centimeters. The BMI,
Page 179 and 180: Table 12.1 Knowledge of AIDS Percen
Page 181 and 182: Table 12.2.2 Source of information
Page 183 and 184: Table 12.4.1 Knowledge of programma
Page 185 and 186: Table 12.5 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS-re
Page 187 and 188: or partner than others. Discussion
Page 189 and 190: Tables 12.9.1 and 12.9.2 show the k
Page 191 and 192: Table 12.10 Self-reporting of sexua
Page 193 and 194: Table 12.12 Number of sexual partne
Page 195 and 196: Sexual intercourse with noncohabiti
Page 197 and 198: REFERENCES Boerma, J. Ties. 1988. M
Page 199 and 200: A.4 SAMPLING FRAME The Ethiopia DHS
Page 201 and 202: The Men’s Questionnaire collected
Page 203 and 204: Table A.1.1 Sample implementation:
Page 205 and 206: ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS APPEND
Page 207 and 208: In general, the relative standard e
Page 209 and 210: Table B.2 Sampling errors: National
Page 211: Table B.4 Sampling errors: Rural sa
Page 214 and 215: Table C.2 Age distribution of eligi
Page 216 and 217: Table C.5 Reporting of age at death
Page 218 and 219: Table C.8 Indicators of data qualit
Page 220 and 221: Statisticians Abay Getachew Amanuel
Page 222 and 223: Female Interviewers (contd.) Rahel
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE Now we would lik
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CURRENT SCHOOL ATTENDANCE IF AGE 5-
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PARENTAL SURVIVORSHIP AND RESIDENCE
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NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CA
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CENTRAL STATISTICAL AUTHORITY ETHIO
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211 Now I would like to record the
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LAST BIRTH NAME ___________________
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427 Was (NAME) delivered by caesari
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442 Are you still breastfeeding (NA
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SECTION 4B. IMMUNIZATION AND HEALTH
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463 Has (NAME) been ill with a feve
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479 Where did you seek advice or tr
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SECTION 6. FERTILITY PREFERENCES NO
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804 What was the name given to your
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SECTION 9: FEMALE CIRCUMCISION NO.
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SECTION 11. SEXUAL ACTIVITY NO. QUE
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INTERVIEWER’S OBSERVATIONS TO BE
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SECTION 1. RESPONDENT’S BACKGROUN
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SECTION 2: REPRODUCTION NO. QUESTIO
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SECTION 4. MARRIAGE NO. QUESTIONS A
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SECTION 5. FERTILITY PREFERENCES NO
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SECTION 7: AIDS AND OTHER SEXUALLY
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