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10.3 TETANUS TOXOID COVERAGE Tetanus toxoid injections are given during pregnancy for the prevention of neonatal tetanus, an important cause of death among infants. For full protection, a pregnant woman should receive at least two doses during each pregnancy. If a woman has been vaccinated during a previous pregnancy, however, she may only require one dose for the current pregnancy. Five doses are considered to provide lifetime protection. Table 10.4 and Figure 10.1 present data on tetanus toxoid coverage during pregnancy for women who had a birth in the five years preceding the survey. Nearly three in four women received no tetanus toxoid injection. This indicates that tetanus toxoid vaccination during pregnancy is not a widespread practice in Ethiopia. Only 9 percent of women received one dose of tetanus toxoid injection during pregnancy, and 17 percent received two or more doses. Births to young mothers and lower order births are slightly more likely to be protected against tetanus than births to older mothers and higher order births. There are marked urban-rural and regional differences in tetanus toxoid vaccination coverage. Mothers living in urban areas are more likely to be protected against tetanus than mothers in rural areas. Fifty-eight percent of mothers in urban areas have received protection during pregnancy, compared with 22 percent of mothers in rural areas. Tetanus toxoid coverage is highest for mothers in Addis Ababa and lowest for mothers in the Table 10.4 Tetanus toxoid injections Percent distribution of women who had a live birth in the five years preceding the survey by number of tetanus toxoid injections mother received during pregnancy, according to background characteristics, Ethiopia 2000 __________________________________________________________________________________ Two Don't Background No One doses know/ characteristic injection dose or more Missing Total Number __________________________________________________________________________________ Mother's age at birth
Affar Region. Education of the mothers is closely related to tetanus toxoid coverage. Women with no education were three times less likely to have received any protection against tetanus than women with secondary and higher levels of education. This large difference in tetanus toxoid coverage may be attributed to the fact that educated women have greater access to modern health care, have a better understanding of the benefits of tetanus toxoid vaccination, and are more willing to utilize health services. 10.4 ANTIMALARIAL MEDICINE Malaria is mainly a problem in the lowland areas of Ethiopia. Pregnant women are advised to protect themselves and their unborn child from malaria through the intake of antimalarial medications during their pregnancy. Table 10.5 shows the percentage of mothers in the five years preceding the survey who received or bought antimalarial medication. Only 5 percent of mothers received or bought antimalarial medicines during their pregnancy. Chloroquine is the most widely used antimalarial medicine in Ethiopia, with 72 percent of mothers having received or bought this drug, compared with 19 percent of mothers who received or bought Fansidar (data not shown). There are no notable differences by mother’s age and birth order in antimalarial-medication use. Women in urban areas are twice as likely (8 percent) to receive or buy an antimalarial medicine as women residing in rural areas (4 percent). Antimalarial medication varies somewhat by mother’s education. Women with secondary education and higher are more likely (11 percent) to receive or buy antimalarial medicine during pregnancy than women with little (7 percent) or no education (4 percent). Table 10.5 Antimalarial medication and eating taboos Percentage of women who had a live birth in the five years preceding the survey where the mother received/bought antimalarial medication; and where mothers stopped eating specific foods for cultural reasons and among mothers who stopped eating specific foods during the pregnancy, the type of food stopped eating, by background characteristics, Ethiopia 2000 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Received/ bought Among mothers who stopped eating, type of food stopped eating ________________________________________________________ anti- Stopped malarial eating Any Any Any Background medica- specific Cheese/ kind kind of kind of characteristic tion foods Number Milk butter of meat vegetable fruit Other Number ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Mother's age at birth
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Ethiopia Demographic and Health Sur
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Ethiopia Demographic and Health Sur
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CONTENTS Page Tables and Figures ..
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CHAPTER 8 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALIT
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TABLES AND FIGURES Page CHAPTER 1 I
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Table 5.22 Women’s approval of fa
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Page CHAPTER 11 INFANT FEEDING AND
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FOREWORD The 2000 Ethiopia Demograp
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SUMMARY OF FINDINGS The 2000 Ethiop
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Twelve percent of children are full
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WOMEN’S STATUS The DHS data shed
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The majority of the population live
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Table 1.2 Results of the household
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Table 2.1 Household population by a
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Table 2.3 Children’s living arran
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An investigation of the changes in
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The age-specific attendance rates (
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ural than in urban households. The
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Table 2.11 Utilization and source o
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Table 3.1 Background characteristic
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Table 3.3 Educational attainment by
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Table 3.4 Literacy Percent distribu
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3.5 EMPLOYMENT Respondents were ask
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Table 3.6.2 Employment: men Percent
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Table 3.7.2 Occupation: men Percent
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Employment is assumed to go hand in
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Table 3.10 Women's agreement with r
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primary education. There is substan
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FERTILITY 4 Fertility is the most i
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4.2 FERTILITY DIFFERENTIALS Table 4
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4.4 CHILDREN EVER BORN AND LIVING T
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Comparison of these results with th
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Table 4.7 Age at first birth Percen
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FERTILITY REGULATION 5 Information
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Table 5.2 Couples’ knowledge of c
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Table 5.4 Ever use of contraception
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Table 5.5 Current use of contracept
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Table 5.6.1 Current use of contrace
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Table 5.6.2 Current use of contrace
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“Prudence” is used by 13 percen
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Table 5.12 Number of children at fi
Page 85 and 86: 5.10 INTENTION TO USE FAMILY PLANNI
Page 87 and 88: The majority (46 percent) of women
Page 89 and 90: Education of respondents is closely
Page 91 and 92: To get an insight into the level of
Page 93 and 94: When there is a perceived disagreem
Page 95 and 96: OTHER PROXIMATE DETERMINANTS OF FER
Page 97 and 98: 6.2 POLYGYNY The extent of polygyny
Page 99 and 100: Table 6.3 Age at first marriage Per
Page 101 and 102: Table 6.5 Age at first sexual inter
Page 103 and 104: Table 6.7 Recent sexual activity: w
Page 105 and 106: ut had had sex before (Table 6.8).
Page 107 and 108: FERTILITY PREFERENCE 7 Due to vario
Page 109 and 110: Figure 7.2 Desire to Limit Childbea
Page 111 and 112: Table 7.4 Desire to limit childbear
Page 113 and 114: Table 7.5 Need for family planning
Page 115 and 116: Table 7.6 also shows that the ideal
Page 117 and 118: Table 7.9 shows wanted fertility ra
Page 119 and 120: and deaths affects mortality estima
Page 121 and 122: 8.3 SOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENTIALS IN
Page 123 and 124: 8.4 DEMOGRAPHIC DIFFERENTIALS IN MO
Page 125 and 126: at any time during the five years b
Page 127 and 128: Table 8.5 High-risk fertility behav
Page 129 and 130: siblings with missing information f
Page 131 and 132: Table 9.2 Direct estimates of mater
Page 133 and 134: Table 10.1 Antenatal care Percent d
Page 135: Table 10.3 Antenatal care content P
Page 139 and 140: Table 10.6 Place of delivery Percen
Page 141 and 142: irths to women with no education. N
Page 143 and 144: Table 10.9 Postnatal care by backgr
Page 145 and 146: 10.10 EXPOSURE TO SUNLIGHT In some
Page 147 and 148: Table 10.12 Perceived problem in ac
Page 149 and 150: Figure 10.2 Vaccination Coverage Am
Page 151 and 152: Table 10.15 Vaccinations in first y
Page 153 and 154: Only 16 percent of all children und
Page 155 and 156: Very few children with fever are ta
Page 157 and 158: 10.17 PREVALENCE OF DIARRHEA Diarrh
Page 159 and 160: Table 10.23 Diarrhea treatment Amon
Page 161 and 162: INFANT FEEDING AND CHILDHOOD AND MA
Page 163 and 164: Information on supplementation was
Page 165 and 166: The median and mean duration of bre
Page 167 and 168: Table 11.5 Frequency of foods consu
Page 169 and 170: Table 11.7 Iodized salt Percent dis
Page 171 and 172: A mother’s nutritional status dur
Page 173 and 174: e related to age and that weight be
Page 175 and 176: Chronic malnutrition among Ethiopia
Page 177 and 178: of 140 to 150 centimeters. The BMI,
Page 179 and 180: Table 12.1 Knowledge of AIDS Percen
Page 181 and 182: Table 12.2.2 Source of information
Page 183 and 184: Table 12.4.1 Knowledge of programma
Page 185 and 186: Table 12.5 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS-re
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or partner than others. Discussion
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Tables 12.9.1 and 12.9.2 show the k
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Table 12.10 Self-reporting of sexua
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Table 12.12 Number of sexual partne
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Sexual intercourse with noncohabiti
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REFERENCES Boerma, J. Ties. 1988. M
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A.4 SAMPLING FRAME The Ethiopia DHS
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The Men’s Questionnaire collected
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Table A.1.1 Sample implementation:
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ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS APPEND
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In general, the relative standard e
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Table B.2 Sampling errors: National
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Table B.4 Sampling errors: Rural sa
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Table C.2 Age distribution of eligi
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Table C.5 Reporting of age at death
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Table C.8 Indicators of data qualit
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Statisticians Abay Getachew Amanuel
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Female Interviewers (contd.) Rahel
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE Now we would lik
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CURRENT SCHOOL ATTENDANCE IF AGE 5-
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PARENTAL SURVIVORSHIP AND RESIDENCE
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NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CA
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CENTRAL STATISTICAL AUTHORITY ETHIO
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211 Now I would like to record the
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LAST BIRTH NAME ___________________
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427 Was (NAME) delivered by caesari
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442 Are you still breastfeeding (NA
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SECTION 4B. IMMUNIZATION AND HEALTH
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463 Has (NAME) been ill with a feve
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479 Where did you seek advice or tr
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SECTION 6. FERTILITY PREFERENCES NO
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804 What was the name given to your
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SECTION 9: FEMALE CIRCUMCISION NO.
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SECTION 11. SEXUAL ACTIVITY NO. QUE
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INTERVIEWER’S OBSERVATIONS TO BE
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SECTION 1. RESPONDENT’S BACKGROUN
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SECTION 2: REPRODUCTION NO. QUESTIO
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SECTION 4. MARRIAGE NO. QUESTIONS A
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SECTION 5. FERTILITY PREFERENCES NO
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SECTION 7: AIDS AND OTHER SEXUALLY
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