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1994-2000 is relatively large, because of the large sampling variability, it is preferable to aggregate the data over the age range 15-49. There are more male than female deaths in the seven years preceding the survey (1,229 compared with 1,039). The male mortality rate is 8.0 deaths per 1,000 population and is 16 percent higher than the female mortality rate of 6.7 deaths per 1,000 population. There are no similarly collected data in Ethiopia for comparison purposes. 9.3 MATERNAL MORTALITY Information on maternal mortality for the period 0-6 years before the survey is shown in Table 9.2. As previously mentioned, this period was chosen to reduce any possible heaping of reported years since death on five-year intervals. Age-specific mortality rates are calculated by dividing the number of maternal deaths by years of exposure. To remove the effect of truncation bias (the upper boundary for eligibility in the Ethiopia <strong>DHS</strong> is 49 years), the overall rate for women age 15-49 is standardized by the age distribution of the survey respondents. Maternal deaths are defined as any death that occurred during pregnancy, childbirth or within two months after the birth or termination of a pregnancy. 2 Maternal mortality in Ethiopia is high relative to developed countries. However, for each age group, maternal deaths are a relatively rare occurrence. As such, the age-specific pattern should be interpreted with caution. There were 263 maternal deaths in Table 9.1 Adult mortality rates Direct estimates of female and male adult mortality for the period 0-6 years prior to the survey, Ethiopia 2000 _____________________________________ FEMALE _____________________________________ Exposure Mortality Age Deaths years rates 1 _____________________________________ 15-19 168 34,277 4.89 20-24 205 34,082 6.03 25-29 176 28,641 6.15 30-34 194 23,757 8.18 35-39 148 17,445 8.46 40-44 91 10,968 8.26 45-49 58 7,164 8.05 15-49 1,039 156,334 6.67 a _____________________________________ MALE _____________________________________ 15-19 148 34,712 4.27 20-24 192 35,187 5.45 25-29 219 29,591 7.41 30-34 284 23,429 12.11 35-39 173 17,491 9.88 40-44 107 11,198 9.58 45-49 107 6,821 15.63 15-49 1,229 158,429 8.00 a _____________________________________ 1 Mortality rates are expressed per 1,000 apopulation. Age-adjusted rate the seven years preceding the survey. The maternal mortality rate, which is the annual number of maternal deaths per 1,000 women age 15-49, for the period 1994-2000 is 1.68. Maternal deaths accounted for 25 percent of all deaths to women age 15-49; in other words, one in four Ethiopian women who died in the seven years preceding the survey died from pregnancy or pregnancy-related causes. The maternal mortality ratio, which is obtained by dividing the age-standardized maternal mortality rate by the age-standardized general fertility rate, is often considered a more useful measure of maternal mortality since it measures the obstetric risk associated with each live birth. Table 9.2 shows that the maternal mortality ratio for Ethiopia for the period 1994-2000 is 871 deaths per 100,000 live births (or alternatively 9 deaths per 1,000 live births). 2 This time-specific definition includes all deaths that occurred during the specified period even if the death is due to nonpregnancy-related causes. However, this definition is unlikely to result in overreporting of maternal deaths because most deaths to women in the specified period are due to maternal causes, and maternal deaths in general are more likely to be underreported than overreported. Adult and Maternal Mortality * 109
Table 9.2 Direct estimates of maternal mortality Direct estimates of maternal mortality for the period 0-6 years prior to the survey, Ethiopia 2000 ________________________________________________________________ Proportion of maternal deaths Maternal Exposure Mortality to female Age deaths years rates 1 deaths ________________________________________________________________ 15-19 32 34,277 0.919 18.8 20-24 63 34,082 1.843 30.6 25-29 56 28,641 1.957 31.8 30-34 61 23,757 2.585 31.6 35-39 34 17,445 1.940 22.9 40-44 12 10,968 1.102 13..3 5 7,164 0.690 8.6 Total 263 156,334 1.680 25.3 ________________________________________________________________ General Fertility Rate (GFR) 0.190 Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) 2 871 ________________________________________________________________ 1 Expressed per 1,000 woman-years of exposure 2 Expressed per 100,000 live-births; calculated as the maternal mortality rate divided by the general fertility rate a Age-adjusted rate 110 * Adult and Maternal Mortality
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Ethiopia Demographic and Health Sur
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Ethiopia Demographic and Health Sur
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CONTENTS Page Tables and Figures ..
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CHAPTER 8 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALIT
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TABLES AND FIGURES Page CHAPTER 1 I
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Table 5.22 Women’s approval of fa
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Page CHAPTER 11 INFANT FEEDING AND
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FOREWORD The 2000 Ethiopia Demograp
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SUMMARY OF FINDINGS The 2000 Ethiop
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Twelve percent of children are full
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WOMEN’S STATUS The DHS data shed
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The majority of the population live
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Table 1.2 Results of the household
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Table 2.1 Household population by a
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Table 2.3 Children’s living arran
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An investigation of the changes in
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The age-specific attendance rates (
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ural than in urban households. The
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Table 2.11 Utilization and source o
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Table 3.1 Background characteristic
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Table 3.3 Educational attainment by
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Table 3.4 Literacy Percent distribu
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3.5 EMPLOYMENT Respondents were ask
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Table 3.6.2 Employment: men Percent
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Table 3.7.2 Occupation: men Percent
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Employment is assumed to go hand in
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Table 3.10 Women's agreement with r
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primary education. There is substan
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FERTILITY 4 Fertility is the most i
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4.2 FERTILITY DIFFERENTIALS Table 4
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4.4 CHILDREN EVER BORN AND LIVING T
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Comparison of these results with th
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Table 4.7 Age at first birth Percen
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FERTILITY REGULATION 5 Information
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Table 5.2 Couples’ knowledge of c
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Table 5.4 Ever use of contraception
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Table 5.5 Current use of contracept
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Table 5.6.1 Current use of contrace
Page 79 and 80: Table 5.6.2 Current use of contrace
Page 81 and 82: “Prudence” is used by 13 percen
Page 83 and 84: Table 5.12 Number of children at fi
Page 85 and 86: 5.10 INTENTION TO USE FAMILY PLANNI
Page 87 and 88: The majority (46 percent) of women
Page 89 and 90: Education of respondents is closely
Page 91 and 92: To get an insight into the level of
Page 93 and 94: When there is a perceived disagreem
Page 95 and 96: OTHER PROXIMATE DETERMINANTS OF FER
Page 97 and 98: 6.2 POLYGYNY The extent of polygyny
Page 99 and 100: Table 6.3 Age at first marriage Per
Page 101 and 102: Table 6.5 Age at first sexual inter
Page 103 and 104: Table 6.7 Recent sexual activity: w
Page 105 and 106: ut had had sex before (Table 6.8).
Page 107 and 108: FERTILITY PREFERENCE 7 Due to vario
Page 109 and 110: Figure 7.2 Desire to Limit Childbea
Page 111 and 112: Table 7.4 Desire to limit childbear
Page 113 and 114: Table 7.5 Need for family planning
Page 115 and 116: Table 7.6 also shows that the ideal
Page 117 and 118: Table 7.9 shows wanted fertility ra
Page 119 and 120: and deaths affects mortality estima
Page 121 and 122: 8.3 SOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENTIALS IN
Page 123 and 124: 8.4 DEMOGRAPHIC DIFFERENTIALS IN MO
Page 125 and 126: at any time during the five years b
Page 127 and 128: Table 8.5 High-risk fertility behav
Page 129: siblings with missing information f
Page 133 and 134: Table 10.1 Antenatal care Percent d
Page 135 and 136: Table 10.3 Antenatal care content P
Page 137 and 138: Affar Region. Education of the moth
Page 139 and 140: Table 10.6 Place of delivery Percen
Page 141 and 142: irths to women with no education. N
Page 143 and 144: Table 10.9 Postnatal care by backgr
Page 145 and 146: 10.10 EXPOSURE TO SUNLIGHT In some
Page 147 and 148: Table 10.12 Perceived problem in ac
Page 149 and 150: Figure 10.2 Vaccination Coverage Am
Page 151 and 152: Table 10.15 Vaccinations in first y
Page 153 and 154: Only 16 percent of all children und
Page 155 and 156: Very few children with fever are ta
Page 157 and 158: 10.17 PREVALENCE OF DIARRHEA Diarrh
Page 159 and 160: Table 10.23 Diarrhea treatment Amon
Page 161 and 162: INFANT FEEDING AND CHILDHOOD AND MA
Page 163 and 164: Information on supplementation was
Page 165 and 166: The median and mean duration of bre
Page 167 and 168: Table 11.5 Frequency of foods consu
Page 169 and 170: Table 11.7 Iodized salt Percent dis
Page 171 and 172: A mother’s nutritional status dur
Page 173 and 174: e related to age and that weight be
Page 175 and 176: Chronic malnutrition among Ethiopia
Page 177 and 178: of 140 to 150 centimeters. The BMI,
Page 179 and 180: Table 12.1 Knowledge of AIDS Percen
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Table 12.2.2 Source of information
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Table 12.4.1 Knowledge of programma
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Table 12.5 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS-re
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or partner than others. Discussion
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Tables 12.9.1 and 12.9.2 show the k
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Table 12.10 Self-reporting of sexua
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Table 12.12 Number of sexual partne
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Sexual intercourse with noncohabiti
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REFERENCES Boerma, J. Ties. 1988. M
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A.4 SAMPLING FRAME The Ethiopia DHS
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The Men’s Questionnaire collected
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Table A.1.1 Sample implementation:
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ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS APPEND
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In general, the relative standard e
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Table B.2 Sampling errors: National
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Table B.4 Sampling errors: Rural sa
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Table C.2 Age distribution of eligi
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Table C.5 Reporting of age at death
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Table C.8 Indicators of data qualit
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Statisticians Abay Getachew Amanuel
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Female Interviewers (contd.) Rahel
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE Now we would lik
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CURRENT SCHOOL ATTENDANCE IF AGE 5-
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PARENTAL SURVIVORSHIP AND RESIDENCE
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NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CA
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CENTRAL STATISTICAL AUTHORITY ETHIO
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211 Now I would like to record the
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LAST BIRTH NAME ___________________
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427 Was (NAME) delivered by caesari
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442 Are you still breastfeeding (NA
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SECTION 4B. IMMUNIZATION AND HEALTH
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463 Has (NAME) been ill with a feve
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479 Where did you seek advice or tr
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SECTION 6. FERTILITY PREFERENCES NO
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804 What was the name given to your
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SECTION 9: FEMALE CIRCUMCISION NO.
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SECTION 11. SEXUAL ACTIVITY NO. QUE
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INTERVIEWER’S OBSERVATIONS TO BE
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SECTION 1. RESPONDENT’S BACKGROUN
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SECTION 2: REPRODUCTION NO. QUESTIO
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SECTION 4. MARRIAGE NO. QUESTIONS A
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SECTION 5. FERTILITY PREFERENCES NO
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SECTION 7: AIDS AND OTHER SEXUALLY
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