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Table 6.10 shows variations in the median duration of postpartum amenorrhea, abstinence, and insusceptibility by various background characteristics. Women younger than 30 years are insusceptible for a shorter duration than women 30 years and older, primarily due to a shorter period of amenorrhea. Rural women remain amenorrheic and insusceptible about twice as long after birth as urban women. The difference may be associated with a shorter duration of breastfeeding in urban than in rural areas. Women in the Amhara Region have the longest duration of amenorrhea (22 months), while women in Addis Ababa have the shortest duration (8 months). Postpartum abstinence ranges from 2 months in the Amhara Region to 11 months in the Gambela Region. Postpartum insusceptibility to pregnancy is shortest in Addis Ababa (9 months) and longest in the Gambela Region (24 months). The median duration of postpartum amenorrhea and insusceptibility falls as women’s education increases. Table 6.10 Median duration of postpartum insusceptibility by background characteristics Median number of months of postpartum amenorrhea, postpartum abstinence, and postpartum insusceptibility, by background characteristics, Ethiopia 2000 ____________________________________________________________ Median duration of postpartum: __________________________ Background Amenor- Absti- Insuscepcharacteristic rhea nence tibility Number ____________________________________________________________ Age 15-29 30-49 Residence Urban Rural Region Tigray Affar Amhara Oromiya Somali Benishangul-Gumuz SNNP Gambela Harari Addis Ababa Dire Dawa Education No education Primary Secondary and higher 17.6 2.3 18.6 4,191 20.3 2.5 20.7 2,900 8.4 3.8 10.5 717 19.8 2.3 20.1 6,374 20.9 2.7 21.2 441 15.8 6.9 16.9 70 22.4 2.0 22.6 1,819 17.4 2.5 18.6 2,952 8.3 3.0 9.8 79 18.0 2.4 18.1 70 17.9 2.4 18.1 1,498 14.6 10.5 23.8 17 13.8 2.9 14.5 15 7.5 3.7 9.4 107 11.0 3.3 11.8 24 19.9 2.3 20.4 5,789 15.5 2.4 16.1 925 8.4 4.8 12.2 377 Total 19.0 2.4 19.6 7,091 ____________________________________________________________ Note: Medians are based on current status. 6.7 TERMINATION OF EXPOSURE TO PREGNANCY The risk of childbearing declines as age increases. The term infecundity denotes a process rather than a well-defined event. Although the onset of infecundity is difficult to determine for an individual woman, there are ways of estimating it for a group of women. Table 6.11 presents data on menopause, an indicator of decreasing exposure to the risk of pregnancy (infecundity) for women age 30 and over. A woman is considered menopausal if she is not pregnant, not postpartum amenorrheic, and did not have a menstrual period for at least six months before the survey. Twenty-four percent of Ethiopian women age 30-49 are menopausal. As expected, the proportion of women who reached menopause increases with age, particularly after age 40. It rises from 17 percent among women age 40-41 to 68 percent among women at the end of their reproductive years (age 48-49). Table 6.11 Menopause Percentage of women age 30-49 who are menopausal, Ethiopia 2000 _________________________________ Percentage meno- Age pausal 1 Number _________________________________ 30-34 5.2 875 35-39 40-41 42-43 44-45 46-47 48-49 9.5 965 16.5 463 22.9 400 23.4 522 45.3 371 67.5 451 30-49 23.5 4,047 _________________________________ 1 Percentage of all women who are not pregnant and not postpartum amenorrheic whose last menstrual period occurred six or more months preceding the survey (excludes other women who report that they are menopausal). 84 * Other Proximate Determinants of Fertility
FERTILITY PREFERENCE 7 Due to various economic, social, and cultural reasons, prolific childbearing is generally encouraged in traditional Ethiopian society. However, couples have recently expressed a desire for a lower family size, and this may be due to economic considerations. The 2000 Ethiopia <strong>DHS</strong> collected information on fertility preferences to measure the overall attitudes of the society toward childbearing and the general course of future fertility. Data on fertility preferences are also useful for assessing the unmet need for family planning and the number of unwanted or mistimed births in the population. These, together with data on contraceptive prevalence, provide an estimation of the demand for family planning. 7.1 DESIRE FOR MORE CHILDREN Currently married women and men in Ethiopia were asked whether they want to have another child, and if so, how soon. Table 7.1 presents fertility preferences among currently married women and men by number of living children. Sixty-two percent of currently married women state that they want Table 7.1 Fertility preferences by number of living children Percent distribution of currently married women and men by desire for more children, according to number of living children, Ethiopia 2000 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Number of living children 1 ___________________________________________________________ Desire for children 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+ Total ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ WOMEN ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Have another soon 2 Have another later 3 Have another, undecided when Undecided Want no more Sterilized 4 Declared infecund 5 Missing 64.2 28.4 21.4 21.4 20.8 13.3 8.0 22.3 21.0 55.0 51.5 45.1 32.0 29.2 15.8 36.4 4.1 3.7 3.7 2.4 2.8 2.1 2.3 2.9 1.3 2.4 4.4 3.1 2.8 4.5 4.4 3.4 5.4 9.0 17.6 25.4 38.6 46.6 64.3 31.7 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.3 4.1 1.1 1.1 2.6 2.7 4.1 4.6 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Number of women 802 1,571 1,656 1,430 1,268 1,097 1,964 9,789 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ MEN ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Have another soon Have another later Have another, undecided when Undecided Want no more Sterilized 4 Declared infecund 5 69.9 33.7 20.9 27.5 19.8 23.4 15.9 25.2 21.4 53.0 67.8 46.3 48.8 35.8 28.8 43.1 5.6 4.3 0.6 4.3 4.5 2.4 3.5 3.4 0.0 0.2 1.3 3.2 2.8 3.2 1.6 1.9 0.3 6.2 9.4 17.6 22.0 31.3 48.1 24.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.1 2.7 2.6 0.0 1.2 2.0 3.9 1.6 1.7 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Number of men 93 159 232 229 178 155 414 1,460 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 Includes current pregnancy 2 Wants next birth within two years 3 Wants to delay next birth for two or more years 4 Includes both male and female sterilization 5 For women this refers to women's reporting themselves as being infecund. For men, this refers to men reporting they and/or their partners are infecund. Fertility Preference * 85
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Ethiopia Demographic and Health Sur
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Ethiopia Demographic and Health Sur
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CONTENTS Page Tables and Figures ..
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CHAPTER 8 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALIT
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TABLES AND FIGURES Page CHAPTER 1 I
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Table 5.22 Women’s approval of fa
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Page CHAPTER 11 INFANT FEEDING AND
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FOREWORD The 2000 Ethiopia Demograp
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SUMMARY OF FINDINGS The 2000 Ethiop
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Twelve percent of children are full
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WOMEN’S STATUS The DHS data shed
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The majority of the population live
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Table 1.2 Results of the household
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Table 2.1 Household population by a
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Table 2.3 Children’s living arran
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An investigation of the changes in
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The age-specific attendance rates (
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ural than in urban households. The
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Table 2.11 Utilization and source o
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Table 3.1 Background characteristic
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Table 3.3 Educational attainment by
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Table 3.4 Literacy Percent distribu
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3.5 EMPLOYMENT Respondents were ask
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Table 3.6.2 Employment: men Percent
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Table 3.7.2 Occupation: men Percent
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Employment is assumed to go hand in
Page 55 and 56: Table 3.10 Women's agreement with r
Page 57 and 58: primary education. There is substan
Page 59 and 60: FERTILITY 4 Fertility is the most i
Page 61 and 62: 4.2 FERTILITY DIFFERENTIALS Table 4
Page 63 and 64: 4.4 CHILDREN EVER BORN AND LIVING T
Page 65 and 66: Comparison of these results with th
Page 67 and 68: Table 4.7 Age at first birth Percen
Page 69 and 70: FERTILITY REGULATION 5 Information
Page 71 and 72: Table 5.2 Couples’ knowledge of c
Page 73 and 74: Table 5.4 Ever use of contraception
Page 75 and 76: Table 5.5 Current use of contracept
Page 77 and 78: Table 5.6.1 Current use of contrace
Page 79 and 80: Table 5.6.2 Current use of contrace
Page 81 and 82: “Prudence” is used by 13 percen
Page 83 and 84: Table 5.12 Number of children at fi
Page 85 and 86: 5.10 INTENTION TO USE FAMILY PLANNI
Page 87 and 88: The majority (46 percent) of women
Page 89 and 90: Education of respondents is closely
Page 91 and 92: To get an insight into the level of
Page 93 and 94: When there is a perceived disagreem
Page 95 and 96: OTHER PROXIMATE DETERMINANTS OF FER
Page 97 and 98: 6.2 POLYGYNY The extent of polygyny
Page 99 and 100: Table 6.3 Age at first marriage Per
Page 101 and 102: Table 6.5 Age at first sexual inter
Page 103 and 104: Table 6.7 Recent sexual activity: w
Page 105: ut had had sex before (Table 6.8).
Page 109 and 110: Figure 7.2 Desire to Limit Childbea
Page 111 and 112: Table 7.4 Desire to limit childbear
Page 113 and 114: Table 7.5 Need for family planning
Page 115 and 116: Table 7.6 also shows that the ideal
Page 117 and 118: Table 7.9 shows wanted fertility ra
Page 119 and 120: and deaths affects mortality estima
Page 121 and 122: 8.3 SOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENTIALS IN
Page 123 and 124: 8.4 DEMOGRAPHIC DIFFERENTIALS IN MO
Page 125 and 126: at any time during the five years b
Page 127 and 128: Table 8.5 High-risk fertility behav
Page 129 and 130: siblings with missing information f
Page 131 and 132: Table 9.2 Direct estimates of mater
Page 133 and 134: Table 10.1 Antenatal care Percent d
Page 135 and 136: Table 10.3 Antenatal care content P
Page 137 and 138: Affar Region. Education of the moth
Page 139 and 140: Table 10.6 Place of delivery Percen
Page 141 and 142: irths to women with no education. N
Page 143 and 144: Table 10.9 Postnatal care by backgr
Page 145 and 146: 10.10 EXPOSURE TO SUNLIGHT In some
Page 147 and 148: Table 10.12 Perceived problem in ac
Page 149 and 150: Figure 10.2 Vaccination Coverage Am
Page 151 and 152: Table 10.15 Vaccinations in first y
Page 153 and 154: Only 16 percent of all children und
Page 155 and 156: Very few children with fever are ta
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10.17 PREVALENCE OF DIARRHEA Diarrh
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Table 10.23 Diarrhea treatment Amon
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INFANT FEEDING AND CHILDHOOD AND MA
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Information on supplementation was
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The median and mean duration of bre
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Table 11.5 Frequency of foods consu
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Table 11.7 Iodized salt Percent dis
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A mother’s nutritional status dur
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e related to age and that weight be
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Chronic malnutrition among Ethiopia
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of 140 to 150 centimeters. The BMI,
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Table 12.1 Knowledge of AIDS Percen
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Table 12.2.2 Source of information
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Table 12.4.1 Knowledge of programma
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Table 12.5 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS-re
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or partner than others. Discussion
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Tables 12.9.1 and 12.9.2 show the k
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Table 12.10 Self-reporting of sexua
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Table 12.12 Number of sexual partne
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Sexual intercourse with noncohabiti
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REFERENCES Boerma, J. Ties. 1988. M
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A.4 SAMPLING FRAME The Ethiopia DHS
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The Men’s Questionnaire collected
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Table A.1.1 Sample implementation:
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ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS APPEND
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In general, the relative standard e
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Table B.2 Sampling errors: National
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Table B.4 Sampling errors: Rural sa
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Table C.2 Age distribution of eligi
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Table C.5 Reporting of age at death
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Table C.8 Indicators of data qualit
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Statisticians Abay Getachew Amanuel
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Female Interviewers (contd.) Rahel
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE Now we would lik
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CURRENT SCHOOL ATTENDANCE IF AGE 5-
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PARENTAL SURVIVORSHIP AND RESIDENCE
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NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CA
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CENTRAL STATISTICAL AUTHORITY ETHIO
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211 Now I would like to record the
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LAST BIRTH NAME ___________________
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427 Was (NAME) delivered by caesari
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442 Are you still breastfeeding (NA
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SECTION 4B. IMMUNIZATION AND HEALTH
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463 Has (NAME) been ill with a feve
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479 Where did you seek advice or tr
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SECTION 6. FERTILITY PREFERENCES NO
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804 What was the name given to your
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SECTION 9: FEMALE CIRCUMCISION NO.
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SECTION 11. SEXUAL ACTIVITY NO. QUE
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INTERVIEWER’S OBSERVATIONS TO BE
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SECTION 1. RESPONDENT’S BACKGROUN
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SECTION 2: REPRODUCTION NO. QUESTIO
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SECTION 4. MARRIAGE NO. QUESTIONS A
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SECTION 5. FERTILITY PREFERENCES NO
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SECTION 7: AIDS AND OTHER SEXUALLY
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