TR Circular E-C058_9th LRT Conference_2003.pdf - Florida ...

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322 Transportation Research Circular E-C058: 9th National Light Rail Transit Conference RIDERSHIP Ultimately, the fundamental benefit of a transit investment is dramatically dependent on its role in providing mobility. Energy savings, air quality contributions, congestion relief, offsetting roadway infrastructure needs, etc., all require the transit services to be utilized by travelers for these benefits to be captured. While the economic impact of construction will occur regardless of the system’s subsequent success, even the land use influencing power of LRTs ultimately will be dependent on the system servicing a meaningful role in providing mobility. Thus, understanding the ridership response to LRT implementation is critical to understanding the contributions of the investments. The fundamental premise in LRT development is that the service will play a meaningful role in transporting passengers; therefore, they are typically developed in areas with proven transit market conditions. Similarly, one anticipates additional land development near the LRT investments creating additional demand and, as the overall rail system and accompanying bus system expands in the community over time, one anticipates additional ridership as the geographic coverage and temporal availability of transit improves. To what extent do the ridership data for new start LRT systems confirm these predictions of increased transit usage? The analysis presented in the following discussion seeks to shed light on this question. Light Rail Transit Ridership Statistics Figure 1 presents ridership statistics for 13 LRT systems in the United States. These ridership statistics have been standardized across systems by showing the ridership plotted versus the number of years each system has been in service. It is evident from Figure 1 that three LRT systems (all in U.S. west coast states) approximated or surpassed 25 million/year ridership levels. These 3 LRT systems, which operate in Los Angeles, San Diego and Portland, are distinctly noticeable in that all but two of the other LRT systems (St. Louis and Buffalo) have experienced annual ridership levels in excess of 10 million/year during any 12 month period of their operational lifetime. Figure 2 presents the overall ridership trends of all new LRT systems (both the 17 new start and those in service pre-1980). Since the mid 1980s, total LRT ridership has grown steadily, spiking in 1994 at 284 million trips and reaching 336 million trips in 2001. New start LRT ridership has had a continuous upward trend in ridership since 1980. This may be partly due to any dips or stabilization of ridership levels in a system being counterbalanced by the opening of another system or extension elsewhere. The 164 million riders who used new start LRT systems in 2001, represented approximately 50% of all unlinked trips made on all LRT systems in the United States. When total LRT ridership is compared to total transit ridership for the year 2001, it comprises 3.5% of all trips made (total transit ridership approximated 9.65 billion unlinked trips per APTA). On average, between the years 1990 to 2001, the new start program has produced 254,000 trips annually per track mile and 454,000 trips annually per new station. Figure 2 presents year-over-year growth rates for both new start and mature systems. The pronounced peaks and troughs in growth rates experienced during the 1980s and mid 1990s, seem to have stabilized somewhat during the late 1990s. Table 2 presents compound growth rates for the LRT systems from service commencement to the year 2001.
Polzin and Page 323 35 30 Ridership (Millions) 25 20 15 10 5 0 Yr 1 Yr 3 Yr 5 Yr 7 Yr 9 Yr 11 Yr 13 Yr 15 Yr 17 Yr 19 Yr 21 Year of Operation Newark San Diego Buffalo Portland San Jose Sacramento Los Angeles Baltimore St. Louis Denver Dallas Salt Lake City Newark (PT) FIGURE 1 New Start LRT ridership trends. (Year 1 represents year of service commencement and, in some cases, NTD is not available for this year.) (Source: APTA and NTD.) 400 100% 350 80% Ridership (Unlinked Trips - Millions) 300 250 200 150 100 60% 40% 20% Percent 50 0% 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year -20% New Start LRT Systems Yr on Yr % change LRT New Starts LRT Systems (all) Yr on Yr % change all LRT FIGURE 2 New Start LRT versus all LRT ridership trends. (Source: APTA and NTD.)
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9 th National Light Rail Transit Co
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E Foreword xperience, Economics and
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Contents OPENING GENERAL SESSION St
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Shared-Use Corridors: A Survey of C
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LIGHT RAIL ELECTRIFICATION Feederle
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T OPENING GENERAL SESSION Status of
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Schumann and Loetterle 5 SEATTLE/TA
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Schumann and Loetterle 7 Current Co
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Schumann and Loetterle 9 Current Co
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Schumann and Loetterle 11 Current C
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Schumann and Loetterle 13 In early
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Schumann and Loetterle 15 CALGARY F
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Schumann and Loetterle 17 9. http:/
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TABLE 3 Right of Way Locations km o
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TABLE 5 Revenue Service Vehicles Ch
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PLANNING AND FORECASTING FOR LIGHT
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Thompson 27 These ideas appealed to
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Thompson 29 beginning, however, tha
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Thompson 31 in the interviews becau
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Thompson 33 San Diego San Diego was
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Thompson 35 to the National Confere
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S PLANNING AND FORECASTING FOR LIGH
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Day and Stauder 39 Pre-1996 Transpo
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Day and Stauder 41 part of the gene
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Day and Stauder 43 Comparability Ac
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Kaplan, Englisher, and Warner 45 PR
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Washington Park Fairview Heights Me
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FIGURE 3 TAZ splits in St. Clair Co
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Kaplan, Englisher, and Warner 51 lo
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Kaplan, Englisher, and Warner 53 to
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Kaplan, Englisher, and Warner 55 No
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Kaplan, Englisher, and Warner 57 Co
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Straus and Watry 59 then, Muni has
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Straus and Watry 61 Various factors
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Straus and Watry 63 Francisco Count
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Straus and Watry 65 where it would
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Straus and Watry 67 require lifting
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Straus and Watry 69 TABLE 2 In-Vehi
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Straus and Watry 71 FIGURE 5 Bay Vi
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Straus and Watry 73 LESSONS LEARNED
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Marchwinski, Spitz, and Adler 75 BA
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Marchwinski, Spitz, and Adler 77 re
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Marchwinski, Spitz, and Adler 79 QU
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Marchwinski, Spitz, and Adler 81 St
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Marchwinski, Spitz, and Adler 83 TA
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Marchwinski, Spitz, and Adler 85 It
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LOW-FLOOR LIGHT RAIL VEHICLES Struc
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Sarunac and Zeolla 91 STRUCTURAL ST
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Sarunac and Zeolla 93 LRV-LFE DESIG
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Sarunac and Zeolla 95 The values no
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Sarunac and Zeolla 97 to evaluate a
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Sarunac and Zeolla 99 TABLE 1 Summa
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Sarunac and Zeolla 101 Comparison o
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Sarunac and Zeolla 103 approach, ap
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Morgan 105 concept can be readily i
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Morgan 107 DART LRVs are all relati
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Morgan 109 trailer truck with 4-dis
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Morgan 111 Conclusion Because of th
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Morgan 113 TABLE 1 Comparison of Se
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Morgan 115 After the real estate, t
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Morgan 117 Fleet Maintenance Standa
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LOW-FLOOR LIGHT RAIL VEHICLES Integ
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Fraser, Leary, Marianeschi, and Pel
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D LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT AND OTHER MODE
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McBrayer 137 As of September 2002,
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McBrayer 139 Understandable Route T
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McBrayer 141 and reward investment
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McBrayer 143 The results of this ap
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McBrayer 145 of transit improvement
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McBrayer 147 system, the use of ali
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A LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT TRAFFIC ENGINE
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Boorse 153 use could be problematic
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Boorse 155 Section 10C.10—Do Not
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Boorse 157 purpose. In fact, to the
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Boorse 159 (a) (b) FIGURE 3 Figures
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Boorse 161 Section 10D.05—Traffic
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Boorse 163 (a) (b) FIGURE 4 Example
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Boorse 165 practices. This resulted
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Black 167 FIGURE 1 Hudson-Bergen LR
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Black 169 Return Phases may also be
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Black 171 FIGURE 5 Naztec preemptio
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Black 173 FIGURE 8 Split times cann
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Koonce, Urbanik, and Mishra 175 inh
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Koonce, Urbanik, and Mishra 177 EXI
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Koonce, Urbanik, and Mishra 179 TAB
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Koonce, Urbanik, and Mishra 181 FIG
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Koonce, Urbanik, and Mishra 183 (a)
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Koonce, Urbanik, and Mishra 185 CON
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O LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT AND TRANSIT-OR
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Arrington 191 FIGURE 2 Eastside Vil
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Arrington 193 restricted to propert
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Arrington 195 Portland’s Westside
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Arrington 197 FIGURE 4 Orenco Stati
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Arrington 199 FIGURE 5 America Plaz
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Arrington 201 with 2,600 units. Und
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Arrington 203 TABLE 2 Ten Steps to
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LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT AND TRANSIT-ORIE
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Fitzsimmons and Birch 207 FIGURE 1
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Fitzsimmons and Birch 209 pockets o
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Fitzsimmons and Birch 211 The Futur
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Fitzsimmons and Birch 213 The state
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M LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT AND TRANSIT-OR
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H UNTERSPOINTSHIPYARD Beatty 217 H
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HUNTERS POINT EXPWY Beatty 219 WILL
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Beatty 221 an attractive alternativ
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Beatty 223 Bayshore Boulevard at Su
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Beatty 225 secondary bus type. The
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Beatty 227 SUNNYDALE AVENUE Platfor
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Beatty 229 SUNNYDALE AVENUE 18' 12'
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Beatty 231 The Southern Terminal is
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Edwards and Phillips 233 means for
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Edwards and Phillips 235 Road corri
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Edwards and Phillips 237 viable nei
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Edwards and Phillips 239 recreation
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Edwards and Phillips 241 bridge). T
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Edwards and Phillips 243 Additional
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Edwards and Phillips 245 • Serve
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Edwards and Phillips 247 • Ensure
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CROSSINGS AND SHARED CORRIDORS “L
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TABLE 1 Third Street LRT Project Ra
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Ames and Gamlen 257 Condition Freig
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Ames and Gamlen 259 TABLE 2 Third S
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Ames and Gamlen 261 where the light
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Ames and Gamlen 263 Table 4 shows t
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Ames and Gamlen 265 CONCLUSION Impl
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Irwin 267 recommendations. TriMet
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Irwin 269 TRIMET STANDARDS TriMet h
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Page 323 and 324: CRITIQUES: HOW ARE WE DOING? Riders
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Page 375 and 376: M CRITIQUES: HOW ARE WE DOING? Ligh
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Henry 373 SUCCESS MEANS FAILURE? De
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Henry 375 trolley car” for their
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Henry 377 Cox’s claims appear to
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Henry 379 ATTACK ON SMART GROWTH AN
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Henry 381 But another question is r
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Henry 383 FIGURE 1 Average proporti
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Henry 385 REFERENCES 1. Layton, Lyn
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CIVIL DESIGN Design and Constructio
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Berliner, Campo, Dickerson, and Mac
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CIVIL DESIGN Floating Slab Trackbed
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Carman, Smoluchowski, and Berliner
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FIGURE 5 Plan view of NERL MOS-1 FS
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CIVIL DESIGN Fitting Light Rail Tra
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Emili, Spadaccino, Risoldi, Tuzi, a
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FIGURE 3 Aerial view of the constru
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FIGURE 6 Piazza Vittorio Emanuele u
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FIGURE 8 Vibration measurement resu
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FIGURE 11 Side and central precast
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T CIVIL DESIGN Embedded Track Desig
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FIGURE 1 Configuration 1: Rail full
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Daniels 441 Configuration 2: Rail o
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FIGURE 4 Idealizations for modeling
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Daniels 445 Results Available from
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Note: Fatigue life is calculated on
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35 Note: Fatigue life is calculated
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Daniels 451 Pressures: Rail Support
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12 10 Slab Pressure on Ground Suppo
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RAIL UPLIFT FORCE FROM THERMAL EFFE
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Daniels 457 SUMMARY Analysis of emb
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T CIVIL DESIGN Debate of At-Grade V
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Li and Tertadian 461 \ FIGURE 1 Exp
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Li and Tertadian 463 FIGURE 2 Exist
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Li and Tertadian 465 navigability.
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Li and Tertadian 467 being consider
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Li and Tertadian 469 TABLE 1 Estima
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474 Transportation Research Circula
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OPERATIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS From
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Swiecick, Van Dyke, and O’Connor
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P OPERATIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS Imp
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PROJECT MANAGEMENT
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PROJECT MANAGEMENT Design-Build Con
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PORTLAND POSTER SESSION
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T PORTLAND POSTER SESSION Special P
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LIGHT RAIL ELECTRIFICATION
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LIGHT RAIL ELECTRIFICATION Operatio
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L LIGHT RAIL ELECTRIFICATION Built-
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T LIGHT RAIL ELECTRIFICATION One Br
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FIGURE 1 Light rail in Portland.
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FIGURE 2 Voltage profile.
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TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2003
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Officers George F. Dixon, III, Chai
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APTA Officers and Board of Director
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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