the mystical theology of valentin weigel - DataSpace at Princeton ...

the mystical theology of valentin weigel - DataSpace at Princeton ... the mystical theology of valentin weigel - DataSpace at Princeton ...

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In attending to Weigel’s use of Dionysius and Eckhart, I will be arguing against the prevailing reception history for these two authors, which claims that, though they were influential in Europe throughout the Middle Ages, they fell out of favour in the early modern era, finding that, although these two are pushed out of the mainstream of western theology, they continue to be read outside the centre—a readership which is by no means less interesting for being less well known to twenty-first century readers. Asserting that Weigel did, in fact, draw on Eckhart and Dionysius also corrects an imbalance in modern scholarship on Weigel. Horst Pfefferl, the editor of the critical edition of Weigel’s works concludes that Weigel promulgated a “progressive humanist message [my italics and translation],” naming Paracelsus as Weigel’s primary influence, mentioning only in passing that Weigel read Eckhart and Dionysius but not acknowledging their importance. 38 Moreover, according to Pfefferl, Weigel can be regarded as a precursor to the Enlightenment, or as having anticipated Enlightenment ideas. However, I would argue that Pfefferl’s aligning of Weigel with the humanist tradition rather than with the tradition of mystical writers leads him astray. 39 Weigel’s conception of the individual is not a humanist one, even though what might be termed Weigel’s “policy suggestions” in favour of absolute tolerance and abolishing the death penalty bear a superficial resemblance to other progressive ideas. Weigel’s writings do not celebrate the dignity and the capacity of the human intellect, or the value of public derivative or sub-literary. Although the art of memory as a substitute for writing is much celebrated into the early modern era, Blair finds note-taking to be a “central but often hidden phase in the transmission of knowledge.” (Blari, 85) Blair’s work therefore also corrects Weeks’ and Pfefferl’s relative neglect of Eckhart and Dionysius, since viewing these texts of Weigel’s in the context of contemporary practice gives them a more prominent place in his oeuvre. Ann Blair, Too Much to Know: Managing Scholarly Information Before the Modern Age (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010). 38 Horst Pfefferl, "Religiöse Toleranz und Friedensidee bei Valentin Weigel (1533-1588)," Manuskripte - Thesen - Informationen 25, no. 1 (2007): 24-46. 39 Wollgast also detects “humanist” ideas in Weigel’s writing from the very beginning. Siegfried Wollgast, Philosophie in Deuschland 1550-1650 (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1993), 514. 14

discourse and reasoned debate, or the civic responsibilities of the individual. 40 Nor does he express, with the humanists, a respect for learning, or place any hope in the educability of man. Rather, he professes a deep pessimism about the moral and epistemological capacities of the individual, and therefore seeks to minimize the role of the individual as much as possible. 41 As I will show in this dissertation, Weigel argued that the ultimate (and optimal) state for which the individual should strive is to relinquish her individuality so completely that God takes over as the sole epistemological subject. Only in the absence of the individual can harmony, concord and unity be achieved—a position that can hardly be termed humanist. Likewise, the most recent monograph on Weigel by Andrew Weeks only mentions Eckhart and Dionysius briefly. He mentions Dionysius once, as part of a group of patristic sources (Origen, Dionysius and Augustine), noting that Weigel’s sources also include both the Theologia Germanica and the Basel edition of Tauler, and that Weigel cites Eckhart by name. 42 Weeks groups Eckhart together with Tauler, the Theologia, Nicholas Cusa and Hugh of St. Victor, lumping them together as “medieval mystical literature” which served as a source for Weigel. 43 The nineteenth century scholarship on Weigel is similarly vague on the question of what Weigel took from medieval and 40 Weigel even goes so far as to claim that Christ did not take on Adam’s flesh, and that Adam’s flesh will not be redeemed; instead, Christ took on a “heavenly flesh” from the Holy Spirit, which then became mortal but not corruptible (verweeslich). This is how the Resurrection was possible, because Adam’s flesh will not be redeemed and resurrected (“daß bluet und fleisch von Adam ist gantz verwörfflich, kommet Nimmer mehr Inn Himel”), and Adam, therefore, will be transposed or implanted (versetzen werden) into Christ’s heavenly flesh. Valentin Weigel, Vom Leben Christi, in Sämtliche Schriften: Neue Edition, Vol. 7, ed. Horst Pfefferl, (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog, 2002), 31. 41 Weigel’s conception of scholarly community is hardly complimentary; I will discuss this further in the Chapter 2. 42 Andrew Weeks, German Religious Dissenter, 44. 43 Ibid, 51. 15

discourse and reasoned deb<strong>at</strong>e, or <strong>the</strong> civic responsibilities <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> individual. 40 Nor does<br />

he express, with <strong>the</strong> humanists, a respect for learning, or place any hope in <strong>the</strong> educability<br />

<strong>of</strong> man. Ra<strong>the</strong>r, he pr<strong>of</strong>esses a deep pessimism about <strong>the</strong> moral and epistemological<br />

capacities <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> individual, and <strong>the</strong>refore seeks to minimize <strong>the</strong> role <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> individual as<br />

much as possible. 41 As I will show in this dissert<strong>at</strong>ion, Weigel argued th<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> ultim<strong>at</strong>e<br />

(and optimal) st<strong>at</strong>e for which <strong>the</strong> individual should strive is to relinquish her individuality<br />

so completely th<strong>at</strong> God takes over as <strong>the</strong> sole epistemological subject. Only in <strong>the</strong><br />

absence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> individual can harmony, concord and unity be achieved—a position th<strong>at</strong><br />

can hardly be termed humanist.<br />

Likewise, <strong>the</strong> most recent monograph on Weigel by Andrew Weeks only<br />

mentions Eckhart and Dionysius briefly. He mentions Dionysius once, as part <strong>of</strong> a group<br />

<strong>of</strong> p<strong>at</strong>ristic sources (Origen, Dionysius and Augustine), noting th<strong>at</strong> Weigel’s sources also<br />

include both <strong>the</strong> Theologia Germanica and <strong>the</strong> Basel edition <strong>of</strong> Tauler, and th<strong>at</strong> Weigel<br />

cites Eckhart by name. 42 Weeks groups Eckhart toge<strong>the</strong>r with Tauler, <strong>the</strong> Theologia,<br />

Nicholas Cusa and Hugh <strong>of</strong> St. Victor, lumping <strong>the</strong>m toge<strong>the</strong>r as “medieval <strong>mystical</strong><br />

liter<strong>at</strong>ure” which served as a source for Weigel. 43 The nineteenth century scholarship on<br />

Weigel is similarly vague on <strong>the</strong> question <strong>of</strong> wh<strong>at</strong> Weigel took from medieval and<br />

40 Weigel even goes so far as to claim th<strong>at</strong> Christ did not take on Adam’s flesh, and th<strong>at</strong> Adam’s flesh will<br />

not be redeemed; instead, Christ took on a “heavenly flesh” from <strong>the</strong> Holy Spirit, which <strong>the</strong>n became<br />

mortal but not corruptible (verweeslich). This is how <strong>the</strong> Resurrection was possible, because Adam’s flesh<br />

will not be redeemed and resurrected (“daß bluet und fleisch von Adam ist gantz verwörfflich, kommet<br />

Nimmer mehr Inn Himel”), and Adam, <strong>the</strong>refore, will be transposed or implanted (versetzen werden) into<br />

Christ’s heavenly flesh. Valentin Weigel, Vom Leben Christi, in Sämtliche Schriften: Neue Edition, Vol. 7,<br />

ed. Horst Pfefferl, (Stuttgart-Bad Cannst<strong>at</strong>t: Frommann-Holzboog, 2002), 31.<br />

41 Weigel’s conception <strong>of</strong> scholarly community is hardly complimentary; I will discuss this fur<strong>the</strong>r in <strong>the</strong><br />

Chapter 2.<br />

42 Andrew Weeks, German Religious Dissenter, 44.<br />

43 Ibid, 51.<br />

15

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