perfect zoological division <strong>of</strong> the earth is possible. The causes that have led to the present distribution <strong>of</strong> animal life are so varied, their action <strong>and</strong> reaction have been so complex, that anomalies <strong>and</strong> irregularities are sure to exist which will mar the symmetry <strong>of</strong> any rigid system”. Acknowledgements We thank the editors <strong>of</strong> this Treatise for <strong>in</strong>vit<strong>in</strong>g this contribution. We are grateful to the progressive work <strong>of</strong> government agencies around the world for provid<strong>in</strong>g such a wealth <strong>of</strong> examples from which to demonstrate the applications <strong>of</strong> <strong>coastal</strong> <strong>and</strong> mar<strong>in</strong>e <strong>classifications</strong>. We thank the many people who have provided permission for us to present their products <strong>in</strong> our chapter. References Al-Hamdani, Z.K., <strong>and</strong> Reker, J. (eds.). 2007. Towards mar<strong>in</strong>e l<strong>and</strong>scapes <strong>in</strong> the Baltic Sea. BALANCE <strong>in</strong>terim report 10, 116 pp. http://balance-eu.org/ Al-Hamdani, Z.K., Reker, J., Leth, J.O., Reijonen, A., Kotila<strong>in</strong>en, A.T., D<strong>in</strong>esen, G.E. 2007. Development <strong>of</strong> mar<strong>in</strong>e l<strong>and</strong>scape maps for the Baltic Sea <strong>and</strong> the Kattegat us<strong>in</strong>g geophysical <strong>and</strong> hydrographical parameters. Review <strong>of</strong> Survey activities 2006. Geological Survey <strong>of</strong> Denmark <strong>and</strong> Greenl<strong>and</strong> Bullet<strong>in</strong> 13, 61-64. Alongi, D.M. 2008. Mangrove forests: Resilience, protection from tsunamis <strong>and</strong> responses to global climate change. Estuar<strong>in</strong>e, Coastal <strong>and</strong> Shelf Science 76(1), 1-13. 72
Arundel, H. <strong>and</strong> Mount, R. 2007. National Estuar<strong>in</strong>e Environmental Condition Assessment Framework Round Table Report, Deak<strong>in</strong> University <strong>and</strong> University <strong>of</strong> Tasmania, prepared for the National L<strong>and</strong> & Water Resources Audit, Canberra, 55 pp. Ball, I.R., Poss<strong>in</strong>gham, H.P. 2000. MARXAN (V1.8.2): Mar<strong>in</strong>e Reserve Design Us<strong>in</strong>g Spatially Explicit Anneal<strong>in</strong>g, a manual prepared for the Great Barrier Reef Mar<strong>in</strong>e Park Authority. http://www.uq.edu.au/marxan/docs/marxan_manual_1_8_2.pdf, 70 pp. Barras, J., Beville, S., Britsch, D., Hartley, S., Hawes, S., Johnston, J., Kemp, P., K<strong>in</strong>ler, Q., Martucci, A., Porthouse, J., Reed, D., Roy, K., Sapkota, S., Suhayda, J. 2003. Historical <strong>and</strong> projected <strong>coastal</strong> Louisiana l<strong>and</strong> changes: 1978-2050: USGS Open File Report 03-334, 39 p. (Revised January 2004). Barbier, E.P., Koch, E.W., Silliman, B.R., Hacker, S.D., Wolanski, E., Primavera, J.H., Granek, E.F., Polasky, S., Aswani, S., Cramer, L.A., Stoms, D.M., Kennedy, C.J., Bael, D., Kappel, C.V., Perillo, G. M. E., Reed, D.J. 2008. Coastal ecosystem-based management with nonl<strong>in</strong>ear ecological functions <strong>and</strong> values. Science 320, 321-323. Beaumont, N.J., Austen, M.C., Atk<strong>in</strong>s, J., Burdon, D., Degraer, S. Dent<strong>in</strong>ho, T.P., Derous, S., Holm, P., Horton, T., vanIerl<strong>and</strong>, E., Marboe, A.H., Starkey, D.J., Townsend, M., Zarzycki, T., 2007. Identification, def<strong>in</strong>ition <strong>and</strong> quantification <strong>of</strong> goods <strong>and</strong> services provided by mar<strong>in</strong>e biodiversity: Implications for the ecosystem approach. Mar<strong>in</strong>e Pollution Bullet<strong>in</strong> 54, 253–265. Birch, G. F., Olmos, M. 2008. Sediment-bound heavy metals as <strong>in</strong>dicators <strong>of</strong> human <strong>in</strong>fluence <strong>and</strong> biological risk <strong>in</strong> <strong>coastal</strong> water bodies. Journal <strong>of</strong> Mar<strong>in</strong>e Science 65, 1407-1413. Boyes, S., Elliott, M., Thomson, S.M., Atk<strong>in</strong>s, S., Gillil<strong>and</strong>, P. 2007. A proposed multiple-use zon<strong>in</strong>g scheme for the Irish Sea. An <strong>in</strong>terpretation <strong>of</strong> current legislation through the use <strong>of</strong> GIS based zon<strong>in</strong>g approaches <strong>and</strong> effectiveness for the protection <strong>of</strong> nature conservation <strong>in</strong>terests. Mar<strong>in</strong>e Policy 31, 287-298. 73
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1.10 Application of estuarine and c
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SYNOPSIS Coastal and marine classif
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government and non-governmental man
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paucity of species and habitat data
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and many sub-catastrophic disturban
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conservation practitioners, industr
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levels of the hierarchy are defined
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distributions, both within and surr
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In a hierarchical framework for the
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1.10.2.3 Australian Coastal Classif
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