1 1.10 Application of estuarine and coastal classifications in marine ...

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4.) the spatial distribution of, and conflicts and compatibilities among, current and emerging ocean uses in the area and: 5.) important ecosystem services in the area, and their vulnerability or resilience to the effects of human uses, natural hazards, and global climate change; Examples of many of these themes are documented here in this chapter, yet new spatial data acquisitions will also be required to support effective decision making in CMSP. Furthermore, in the U.S. the Ecosystem Services Research Program of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is developing a national atlas of ecosystem services for the United States to enable decision makers to consider ecosystem services in the planning process (Neale and Lopez 2009). The focus is primarily terrestrial due to the availability of satellite data, but will include estuarine and coastal regions with ecosystem services classified into broad categories of water quality, quantity, and timing; climate regulation; food, fiber, and fuel; storm surge and wave/tidal energy protection; aquatic and terrestrial habitat; and human health, cultural values, and recreation. The atlas will be an internet-based product that provides data at multiple spatial scales and will include historical data, as well as future scenarios. NOAA’s Coastal Services Center (CSC) and the U.S. Minerals Management Service have recently developed an online Multipurpose Marine Cadastre (MMC) to allow users to visually analyze and explore geospatial data for marine spatial planning activities. CSC has also developed an online legislative atlas “georegulation” which depicts the spatial "footprint" of the state and federal legislation. In Australia and other countries around the world too, marine cadastres are being developed. 68
1.10.12.1 Linking Patterns and Processes in Ecological Classifications Although considerable progress has been made to develop harmonized hierarchical and practical classifications at national and multi-national levels, our understanding of the relationship between the classes delineated and the physical environment, especially in offshore and deep waters, is still often limited. A key challenge in support of EBM is to develop marine and coastal classifications that incorporate functional characteristics of the environment that can be used to assess the health of the ecosystem and its response to disturbance. This can be challenging, for example, classifying and mapping dynamic water circulation patterns presents certain problems when representing spatial dynamics unless spatially persistent features exist at discrete locations. Likewise, the direct spatial characterization of ecological processes such as predator-prey dynamics can also be challenging unless more structurally obvious surrogates can be identified. In the mapping of seascape types, further research is needed to guide the integration of biotic and abiotic data and the combining of pelagic and benthic seascapes, since often very little is known about pelagic-benthic coupling and the relative importance of the measured variables that are included in the classification. Often variable inclusion is based on data availability rather than the ecological significance in describing the system. It is crucial to characterize seascapes in an ecologically meaningful way that will increase the efficacy of decision making and better understand the environmental drivers of change, identify rare and special interest areas, predict the distribution of biodiversity and establish appropriate levels of protection. Clearly, the data needs for effective MSP are extensive, the Massachusetts Ocean Management Planning process identified key information needs for development of classifications that included the 69
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1.10 Application of estuarine and c
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SYNOPSIS Coastal and marine classif
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government and non-governmental man
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paucity of species and habitat data
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and many sub-catastrophic disturban
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conservation practitioners, industr
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levels of the hierarchy are defined
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distributions, both within and surr
Page 17 and 18: In a hierarchical framework for the
Page 19 and 20: 1.10.2.3 Australian Coastal Classif
Page 21 and 22: Ecological theory predicts that the
Page 23 and 24: outbreaks in the late 1970s (Green
Page 25 and 26: intertidal zones, and shallow coast
Page 27 and 28: 1.10.3.1 Identifying Priority Conse
Page 29 and 30: y the Massachusetts Oceans Act (200
Page 31 and 32: eight color coded zones to provide
Page 33 and 34: appropriate place to investigate fe
Page 35 and 36: 1.10.4.3 Massachusetts Ocean Plan T
Page 37 and 38: One of the foundational concepts un
Page 39 and 40: ecosystems has shown that considera
Page 41 and 42: In May 2004, Germany was the first
Page 43 and 44: improve the design and interpretati
Page 45 and 46: NOAA’s CoastWatch Change Analysis
Page 47 and 48: ground resolution of 30 m. Each cla
Page 49 and 50: also be used to assess the role of
Page 51 and 52: States (Gundlach and Hayes 1978). T
Page 53 and 54: information at the species level. I
Page 55 and 56: 1.10.8.4 Classifying and Mapping Hu
Page 57 and 58: map of the entire Australian shorel
Page 59 and 60: within 11 regions, leading to an ov
Page 61 and 62: enhancement of certain functions in
Page 63 and 64: achieved by identifying barriers to
Page 65 and 66: ecosystem service values extracted
Page 67: 1.10.12 FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND PRIOR
Page 71 and 72: approach. New classifications will
Page 73 and 74: Arundel, H. and Mount, R. 2007. Nat
Page 75 and 76: Connell, J. H. 1978. Diversity in t
Page 77 and 78: Duke. N.C., Meynecke, J.O., Dittman
Page 79 and 80: Green, A.L., C.E. Birkeland, R.H. R
Page 81 and 82: Hiddink, J. G., Jennings, S., Kaise
Page 83 and 84: Kostylev, V., Todd, B.J., Fader, G.
Page 85 and 86: Maxwell, D.L., Stelzenmüller, V.,
Page 87 and 88: Spatial and temporal patterns in fi
Page 89 and 90: Sharples, C. 2006. Indicative Mappi
Page 91 and 92: Wells, S., Ravilous, C., Corcoran,
Page 93 and 94: FIGURE LEGENDS Figure 1. A) Classes
Page 95 and 96: Figure 10. Ecological evaluation in
Page 97 and 98: Figure 21. Combining 'intolerance'
Page 99 and 100: selected planning units in gray ins
Page 101 and 102: Box 2. Classifications as thematic
Page 103 and 104: Figure 1. 1
Page 117 and 118: Figure 15. Fishing effort (hrs/day)
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Figure 17. 17
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Figure 19. 100% Conversion. 80% 60%
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Figure 21. 21
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Figure 23. 23
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Figure 25. 25
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Figure 27. 27
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Figure 29. 29
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Figure 31. 31
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Figure 33. 33
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