1 1.10 Application of estuarine and coastal classifications in marine ...

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and cottages, and tourism related companies. This information is useful in assessing the impact of different zoning scenarios on the marine and coastal tourism associated economy. For example, if a zoning regulation prohibits development of docks, hotels or boating then the cost can be calculated for specific regions. Furthermore, the information can be combined to show the overall picture of the economy geographically 1.10.11.1 Classifying and Mapping Ecosystem Services Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain either directly or indirectly from ecological systems (Millenium Ecosystem Assessment 2003) and are a critical component of comprehensive marine spatial planning. An ecosystems services approach to valuing marine biodiversity is recognized as a framework by which economic, ecological and social values can be incorporated into the decision making process (Rees et al. 2010) and inclusion can help to promote efficient strategies for biodiversity conservation and anticipate stakeholder conflicts (Beaumont et al. 2007). Naidoo et al. (2008) argued that to understand the interaction between biodiversity and ecosystem services, values must be quantified and their areas of production mapped. An increasing amount of spatially-explicit information is being collected on the ecological and socio-economic value of goods and services associated with coastal ecosystems (Chan et al. 2006). De Groot et al. (2002) defined 23 ecosystem functions with a wide range of examples of goods and services provided by these functions that can be classified into three groups: 1.) ecological, 2.) socio-cultural, and 3.) economic value. Troy and Wilson (2006) developed a spatial framework for the analysis of ecosystem service values (ESVs) through integration of biophysical land use units classified from remotely sensed data with estimates of 64
ecosystem service values extracted from existing studies. Each mapping unit in the study areas was assigned a land cover class and an ESV multiplier, allowing values to be summed and crosstabulated by service type and land cover type. Total ESV flow of a given cover type can be summed by adding up the individual, non-substitutable ESV associated with a cover type and multiplying by area. Scenarios can be modeled by changing the inputs and carrying out a change detection analysis to investigate the effect of a proposed planning decision or alternatively by recreating historical conditions for comparison with present day and future anticipated change. In 2004, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) developed an approach to identify Ecologically and Biologically Significant Areas (EBSAs) based on five criteria: uniqueness, aggregation, fitness consequences, resilience and naturalness (Jamieson and Levings 2001). The DFO approach was adapted for application to the Belgian part of the North Sea (BPNS) and resulted in the development of biological valuation maps (BVMs). BVMs serve as a tool to identify areas of particular high biological significance and facilitate management of human activities, making best use of available data sets using criteria for biological valuation: rarity, aggregation/fitness consequences, naturalness and proportional importance (Derous et al. 2007). 1.10.11.1.1 Mapping ecosystem services for systematic planning, California, USA For the Central Coast ecoregion of California, Chan et al. (2006) developed a systematic planning framework of site prioritization using Marxan (Ball and Possingham 2001) that integrated biodiversity and ecosystem services. Six ecosystem services were chosen based on the availability of spatial data and knowledge of ecosystem functions including carbon storage, crop pollination, flood control, forage production, outdoor recreation and freshwater provision (Figure 65
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1.10 Application of estuarine and c
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SYNOPSIS Coastal and marine classif
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government and non-governmental man
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paucity of species and habitat data
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and many sub-catastrophic disturban
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conservation practitioners, industr
Page 13 and 14: levels of the hierarchy are defined
Page 15 and 16: distributions, both within and surr
Page 17 and 18: In a hierarchical framework for the
Page 19 and 20: 1.10.2.3 Australian Coastal Classif
Page 21 and 22: Ecological theory predicts that the
Page 23 and 24: outbreaks in the late 1970s (Green
Page 25 and 26: intertidal zones, and shallow coast
Page 27 and 28: 1.10.3.1 Identifying Priority Conse
Page 29 and 30: y the Massachusetts Oceans Act (200
Page 31 and 32: eight color coded zones to provide
Page 33 and 34: appropriate place to investigate fe
Page 35 and 36: 1.10.4.3 Massachusetts Ocean Plan T
Page 37 and 38: One of the foundational concepts un
Page 39 and 40: ecosystems has shown that considera
Page 41 and 42: In May 2004, Germany was the first
Page 43 and 44: improve the design and interpretati
Page 45 and 46: NOAA’s CoastWatch Change Analysis
Page 47 and 48: ground resolution of 30 m. Each cla
Page 49 and 50: also be used to assess the role of
Page 51 and 52: States (Gundlach and Hayes 1978). T
Page 53 and 54: information at the species level. I
Page 55 and 56: 1.10.8.4 Classifying and Mapping Hu
Page 57 and 58: map of the entire Australian shorel
Page 59 and 60: within 11 regions, leading to an ov
Page 61 and 62: enhancement of certain functions in
Page 63: achieved by identifying barriers to
Page 67 and 68: 1.10.12 FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND PRIOR
Page 69 and 70: 1.10.12.1 Linking Patterns and Proc
Page 71 and 72: approach. New classifications will
Page 73 and 74: Arundel, H. and Mount, R. 2007. Nat
Page 75 and 76: Connell, J. H. 1978. Diversity in t
Page 77 and 78: Duke. N.C., Meynecke, J.O., Dittman
Page 79 and 80: Green, A.L., C.E. Birkeland, R.H. R
Page 81 and 82: Hiddink, J. G., Jennings, S., Kaise
Page 83 and 84: Kostylev, V., Todd, B.J., Fader, G.
Page 85 and 86: Maxwell, D.L., Stelzenmüller, V.,
Page 87 and 88: Spatial and temporal patterns in fi
Page 89 and 90: Sharples, C. 2006. Indicative Mappi
Page 91 and 92: Wells, S., Ravilous, C., Corcoran,
Page 93 and 94: FIGURE LEGENDS Figure 1. A) Classes
Page 95 and 96: Figure 10. Ecological evaluation in
Page 97 and 98: Figure 21. Combining 'intolerance'
Page 99 and 100: selected planning units in gray ins
Page 101 and 102: Box 2. Classifications as thematic
Page 103 and 104: Figure 1. 1
Page 115 and 116:
Figure 13. 13
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Figure 15. Fishing effort (hrs/day)
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Figure 17. 17
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Figure 19. 100% Conversion. 80% 60%
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Figure 21. 21
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Figure 23. 23
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Figure 25. 25
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Figure 27. 27
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Figure 29. 29
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Figure 31. 31
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Figure 33. 33
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