1 1.10 Application of estuarine and coastal classifications in marine ...

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larger sediment loads and higher levels of maturity in the more modified systems (Radke et al., 2006). This was evident in larger areas of tidal sand banks, intertidal flats and mangroves in tidedominated estuaries, and larger intertidal flats in wave-dominated systems. Metal concentrations also have been found to continue to increase above background concentrations in correspondence with diminishing condition status in the NLWRA framework (Birch and Olmos, 2008; Olmos and Birch, 2008). OzCoasts online database provides classified maps to assist in delivering national level assessments on the broad ecological integrity of estuaries based on the National Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (Figure 26). The Report Card Reporting tool of the national Estuary Coastal and Marine (ECM) indicator protocols initiative allows users to view aggregated report scores and trends on an annual basis at a range of different spatial scales including national, state/territory, regional and bioregional. The online map interface shows the reporting regions (estuaries) as dots, with a color coding that matches that of the condition assessment in an accompanying pie chart. 1.10.9.2 European Community Marine Strategy Framework Directive In Europe, the EC Marine Strategy Framework Directive, adopted in 2008, requires EU Member States to achieve ‘Good Environmental Status’ in all their marine waters out to 200 nm (and on extended Continental Shelf areas up to 350 nm, where claimed under UNCLOS), by 2020. To develop biodiversity assessments suitable for such large sea areas, new integrated assessment techniques have been trialled for the first time in the UK and by OSPAR (Connor 2009). For UK waters, the extent of impact on habitats from a set of 22 pressures was assessed 58
within 11 regions, leading to an overall assessment of status of each habitat in each region. Due to the large sea areas being assessed, modeled EUNIS habitat maps (from MESH; www.seachMESH.net) were aggregated into six broad habitat types and spatial data on the distribution of human activities and their pressures were compiled. As monitoring data on impacts is spatially restricted (mostly coastal), the trial relied on the expert judgment of about 40 scientists to follow a systematic methodology for making the assessments (Connor 2009). Figure 27 illustrates the broad habitat categories assessed, and the accompanying table (Figure 28) provides a summary of the impacts by pressure for each of the 11 regions (regional seas). The results of the UK assessment contribute to the UK’s second state of the seas report (Charting Progress 2). Similarly, the results of the OSPAR assessment are published in the OSPAR Quality Status Report 2010. 1.10.10 DESIGN OF RESTORATION STRATEGIES Deciding which restoration project to undertake can often be a daunting task for resource managers. The decision process, however, can be simplified into three steps: 1.) assessment and characterization of the study area; 2.) development of site selection criteria, and 3.) prioritization of potential sites. A wide range of mapped information can be used at all stages including monitoring and assessment of restoration effectiveness. Classifications can support restoration activities through site selection (i.e., finding the optimal or most suitable sites for restoration) based on biophysical features and socioeconomic factors. In addition, application of landscape ecology concepts and tools can support both site selection and design of the restoration activity. Consideration of the site context or surroundings 59
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1.10 Application of estuarine and c
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SYNOPSIS Coastal and marine classif
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government and non-governmental man
Page 7 and 8: paucity of species and habitat data
Page 9 and 10: and many sub-catastrophic disturban
Page 11 and 12: conservation practitioners, industr
Page 13 and 14: levels of the hierarchy are defined
Page 15 and 16: distributions, both within and surr
Page 17 and 18: In a hierarchical framework for the
Page 19 and 20: 1.10.2.3 Australian Coastal Classif
Page 21 and 22: Ecological theory predicts that the
Page 23 and 24: outbreaks in the late 1970s (Green
Page 25 and 26: intertidal zones, and shallow coast
Page 27 and 28: 1.10.3.1 Identifying Priority Conse
Page 29 and 30: y the Massachusetts Oceans Act (200
Page 31 and 32: eight color coded zones to provide
Page 33 and 34: appropriate place to investigate fe
Page 35 and 36: 1.10.4.3 Massachusetts Ocean Plan T
Page 37 and 38: One of the foundational concepts un
Page 39 and 40: ecosystems has shown that considera
Page 41 and 42: In May 2004, Germany was the first
Page 43 and 44: improve the design and interpretati
Page 45 and 46: NOAA’s CoastWatch Change Analysis
Page 47 and 48: ground resolution of 30 m. Each cla
Page 49 and 50: also be used to assess the role of
Page 51 and 52: States (Gundlach and Hayes 1978). T
Page 53 and 54: information at the species level. I
Page 55 and 56: 1.10.8.4 Classifying and Mapping Hu
Page 57: map of the entire Australian shorel
Page 61 and 62: enhancement of certain functions in
Page 63 and 64: achieved by identifying barriers to
Page 65 and 66: ecosystem service values extracted
Page 67 and 68: 1.10.12 FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND PRIOR
Page 69 and 70: 1.10.12.1 Linking Patterns and Proc
Page 71 and 72: approach. New classifications will
Page 73 and 74: Arundel, H. and Mount, R. 2007. Nat
Page 75 and 76: Connell, J. H. 1978. Diversity in t
Page 77 and 78: Duke. N.C., Meynecke, J.O., Dittman
Page 79 and 80: Green, A.L., C.E. Birkeland, R.H. R
Page 81 and 82: Hiddink, J. G., Jennings, S., Kaise
Page 83 and 84: Kostylev, V., Todd, B.J., Fader, G.
Page 85 and 86: Maxwell, D.L., Stelzenmüller, V.,
Page 87 and 88: Spatial and temporal patterns in fi
Page 89 and 90: Sharples, C. 2006. Indicative Mappi
Page 91 and 92: Wells, S., Ravilous, C., Corcoran,
Page 93 and 94: FIGURE LEGENDS Figure 1. A) Classes
Page 95 and 96: Figure 10. Ecological evaluation in
Page 97 and 98: Figure 21. Combining 'intolerance'
Page 99 and 100: selected planning units in gray ins
Page 101 and 102: Box 2. Classifications as thematic
Page 103 and 104: Figure 1. 1
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Figure 7. 7
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Figure 9. 9
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Figure 11. 11
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Figure 13. 13
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Figure 15. Fishing effort (hrs/day)
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Figure 17. 17
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Figure 19. 100% Conversion. 80% 60%
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Figure 21. 21
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Figure 23. 23
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Figure 25. 25
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Figure 27. 27
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Figure 29. 29
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Figure 31. 31
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Figure 33. 33
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