1 1.10 Application of estuarine and coastal classifications in marine ...

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processes and the relative vulnerability of features or planning units is crucial for effective conservation. In addition to identifying and prioritizing conservation areas, classifications in the form of marine habitat maps provide an unprecedented opportunity to evaluate both the content and the gaps in an existing conservation portfolio. Simple spatial analyses applied to habitat maps can calculate how many and how much of a seascape type, biotope or geomorphological feature is included within a system of marine protected areas and quantify that which falls outside. For example, Geoscience Australia used the seascape classification and location of existing protected areas to assess efficacy for the Marine National Park (Green Zones) of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park through measures of CAR: Comprehensiveness (full range of ecosystems), Adequacy (viability and replication of ecosystems) and Representativeness (biotic diversity included represents each area protected). Analysis of the seascapes contained in the Green Zones revealed a good level of comprehensiveness and representativeness, with the full range of ecosystems included and high adequacy, with seven of the nine seascapes having more than 20% of their area protected (Figure 9). In New Zealand, Shears et al. (2008) evaluated existing biogeographic classifications using systematically collected in situ marine community data and then developed a new independent biogeographic classification. The classification was then used to evaluate the existing no-take MPAs to determine the extent to which bioregions were represented within protected areas. The analysis revealed that ad hoc reserves encompassed only 0.22% of territorial waters and < 1.5% of each bioregion was represented in the Nation’s marine reserves at the time of analysis. 26
1.10.3.1 Identifying Priority Conservation Areas in the Northwest Atlantic The marine waters of the Gulf of Maine and the Scotian Shelf that span the US and Canadian maritime jurisdictions are some of the most heavily utilized marine resources in the world. Management efforts are underway to identifying a network of priority areas for conservation to help balance use, restore marine ecosystems and conserve biodiversity (WWF/Conservation Law Foundation 2006). To support a comprehensive and spatially explicit approach to site prioritization, maps depicting classes of seascapes were developed for both pelagic and benthic realms building on the approach of Roff et al. (2003). This classification and mapping work was conducted as a “proof of concept” to demonstrate that sufficient data existed to implement a representative marine conservation strategy in the region. The specific goal was to identify a network of sites that would protect the full range of marine biodiversity by incorporating representation of seascapes as a design criterion. Physical seascapes were characterized based on a suite of enduring and recurrent characteristics known to influence the distribution of species and biological communities including characteristics of the seawater, composition of the seafloor, and depth. The use of abiotic surrogates was considered to add stability to the classification through time. In this classification system, each pelagic and benthic seascape was defined by a unique combination of characteristics: surface water temperaturesalinity zone, depth class and degree of stratification within the pelagic realm, and bottom temperature-salinity zone, depth class, and substrate type in the benthic realm. The classes for each abiotic variable were defined through a review of the literature and analysis of the data and mapped to a grid with 5-minute (66 km 2 ) cells to create a separate layer for each characteristic. A multivariate cluster analysis identified zones of similar conditions in both the benthic and pelagic 27
Page 1 and 2: 1.10 Application of estuarine and c
Page 3 and 4: SYNOPSIS Coastal and marine classif
Page 5 and 6: government and non-governmental man
Page 7 and 8: paucity of species and habitat data
Page 9 and 10: and many sub-catastrophic disturban
Page 11 and 12: conservation practitioners, industr
Page 13 and 14: levels of the hierarchy are defined
Page 15 and 16: distributions, both within and surr
Page 17 and 18: In a hierarchical framework for the
Page 19 and 20: 1.10.2.3 Australian Coastal Classif
Page 21 and 22: Ecological theory predicts that the
Page 23 and 24: outbreaks in the late 1970s (Green
Page 25: intertidal zones, and shallow coast
Page 29 and 30: y the Massachusetts Oceans Act (200
Page 31 and 32: eight color coded zones to provide
Page 33 and 34: appropriate place to investigate fe
Page 35 and 36: 1.10.4.3 Massachusetts Ocean Plan T
Page 37 and 38: One of the foundational concepts un
Page 39 and 40: ecosystems has shown that considera
Page 41 and 42: In May 2004, Germany was the first
Page 43 and 44: improve the design and interpretati
Page 45 and 46: NOAA’s CoastWatch Change Analysis
Page 47 and 48: ground resolution of 30 m. Each cla
Page 49 and 50: also be used to assess the role of
Page 51 and 52: States (Gundlach and Hayes 1978). T
Page 53 and 54: information at the species level. I
Page 55 and 56: 1.10.8.4 Classifying and Mapping Hu
Page 57 and 58: map of the entire Australian shorel
Page 59 and 60: within 11 regions, leading to an ov
Page 61 and 62: enhancement of certain functions in
Page 63 and 64: achieved by identifying barriers to
Page 65 and 66: ecosystem service values extracted
Page 67 and 68: 1.10.12 FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND PRIOR
Page 69 and 70: 1.10.12.1 Linking Patterns and Proc
Page 71 and 72: approach. New classifications will
Page 73 and 74: Arundel, H. and Mount, R. 2007. Nat
Page 75 and 76: Connell, J. H. 1978. Diversity in t
Page 77 and 78:
Duke. N.C., Meynecke, J.O., Dittman
Page 79 and 80:
Green, A.L., C.E. Birkeland, R.H. R
Page 81 and 82:
Hiddink, J. G., Jennings, S., Kaise
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Kostylev, V., Todd, B.J., Fader, G.
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Maxwell, D.L., Stelzenmüller, V.,
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Spatial and temporal patterns in fi
Page 89 and 90:
Sharples, C. 2006. Indicative Mappi
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Wells, S., Ravilous, C., Corcoran,
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FIGURE LEGENDS Figure 1. A) Classes
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Figure 10. Ecological evaluation in
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Figure 21. Combining 'intolerance'
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selected planning units in gray ins
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Box 2. Classifications as thematic
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Figure 1. 1
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Figure 3. 3
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Figure 5. 5
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Figure 7. 7
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Figure 9. 9
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Figure 11. 11
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Figure 13. 13
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Figure 15. Fishing effort (hrs/day)
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Figure 17. 17
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Figure 19. 100% Conversion. 80% 60%
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Figure 21. 21
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Figure 23. 23
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Figure 25. 25
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Figure 27. 27
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Figure 29. 29
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Figure 31. 31
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Figure 33. 33
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