1 1.10 Application of estuarine and coastal classifications in marine ...

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4.) Water column [pelagic] features of open sea areas, such as mixed and stratified water bodies and frontal systems. 1.10.2.2 Seascapes of the Baltic Sea Classified maps representing benthic seascapes (also referred to as benthic marine landscapes) were developed to increase the cost-efficiency of data collection and integration in the Baltic Sea and to identify essential fish habitats and other important conservation areas for the implementation of the EU Habitats Directive (Reijonen et al. 2008). Seascapes were classified using: 1.) physiographic marine features of the coast (7 classes); 2.) topographic features of the seabed (18 classes) (Figure 3), and 3.) 60 ecologically relevant benthic seascapes based on integrated data on salinity, sediments and photic depth (see Al-Hamdani and Reker 2007). These maps have provided a basemap on habitat and seascape patterns to support implementation of ecosystem-based management in the region. At the sub-regional level the maps are expected to provide a useful tool in developing integrated solutions for nature conservation and sustainable fisheries, coastal development, transport and other uses. Several regional authorities are using the maps in fisheries restoration and management plans and in the design and zonation of MPAs. To further characterize the complexity of the environment, a classified map of habitat heterogeneity (1 x 1 km 2 grid cells) was quantified from summed classes derived from variability in depth, wave exposure and shoreline complexity to provide a surrogate for biodiversity and classes were validated with in situ biological datasets (Figure 4). Although the initial efforts were focused on characterizing benthic structure, the development of pelagic seascapes similar to those developed for the Scotian Shelf are also being examined. 18
1.10.2.3 Australian Coastal Classifications OzCoasts which developed from OzEstuaries was initiated by the Australian National Land and Water Resources Audit (NLWRA) from the recognized need for a more strategic data collection to ensure that information and data were accessible, collated and provided to all levels of government and the community. Consequently, the first national classification schemes pertaining to the condition and geomorphology of estuaries were created (Harris et al. 2002). Australian estuaries were classified into six sub-classes based on the wave-, tide-, and river power that shaped them: wave- and tide-dominated deltas, wave- and tide-dominated estuaries, strand plains and tidal creeks (Dalrymple et al. 1992, Harris and Heap 2003). The data indicated that tidal flats were the most common coastal depositional environment in Australia (n = 273), followed by wave-dominated estuaries (n = 145), tide-dominated estuaries (n = 99), wavedominated deltas (n = 81), tide-dominated deltas (n = 69), strand plains (n = 43), and lagoons (n = 11). The spatial distribution of these environments around the coast exhibited a distinct zonation, such that five major coastal regions were identified: 1.) southeast coast; 2.) southwest coast; 3.) northwest coast; 4.) Gulf of Carpentaria coast; 5.) and northeast coast (Harris et al. 2002). The condition and geomorphic classification schemes are a widely used source of contextual information on estuaries. Two additional classifications developed for the Australian coastal classification effort include the National Intertidal/Sub-tidal Benthic (NISB) Habitat Classification scheme (Mount et al., 2008), and a National Coastal Landform and Stability map in segmented line format (Sharples et al. 2009). The NISB Classification Scheme was developed as part of a collaborative project between the NLWRA (phase II; 2002-08) and the Federal 19
Page 1 and 2: 1.10 Application of estuarine and c
Page 3 and 4: SYNOPSIS Coastal and marine classif
Page 5 and 6: government and non-governmental man
Page 7 and 8: paucity of species and habitat data
Page 9 and 10: and many sub-catastrophic disturban
Page 11 and 12: conservation practitioners, industr
Page 13 and 14: levels of the hierarchy are defined
Page 15 and 16: distributions, both within and surr
Page 17: In a hierarchical framework for the
Page 21 and 22: Ecological theory predicts that the
Page 23 and 24: outbreaks in the late 1970s (Green
Page 25 and 26: intertidal zones, and shallow coast
Page 27 and 28: 1.10.3.1 Identifying Priority Conse
Page 29 and 30: y the Massachusetts Oceans Act (200
Page 31 and 32: eight color coded zones to provide
Page 33 and 34: appropriate place to investigate fe
Page 35 and 36: 1.10.4.3 Massachusetts Ocean Plan T
Page 37 and 38: One of the foundational concepts un
Page 39 and 40: ecosystems has shown that considera
Page 41 and 42: In May 2004, Germany was the first
Page 43 and 44: improve the design and interpretati
Page 45 and 46: NOAA’s CoastWatch Change Analysis
Page 47 and 48: ground resolution of 30 m. Each cla
Page 49 and 50: also be used to assess the role of
Page 51 and 52: States (Gundlach and Hayes 1978). T
Page 53 and 54: information at the species level. I
Page 55 and 56: 1.10.8.4 Classifying and Mapping Hu
Page 57 and 58: map of the entire Australian shorel
Page 59 and 60: within 11 regions, leading to an ov
Page 61 and 62: enhancement of certain functions in
Page 63 and 64: achieved by identifying barriers to
Page 65 and 66: ecosystem service values extracted
Page 67 and 68: 1.10.12 FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND PRIOR
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1.10.12.1 Linking Patterns and Proc
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approach. New classifications will
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Arundel, H. and Mount, R. 2007. Nat
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Connell, J. H. 1978. Diversity in t
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Duke. N.C., Meynecke, J.O., Dittman
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Green, A.L., C.E. Birkeland, R.H. R
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Hiddink, J. G., Jennings, S., Kaise
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Kostylev, V., Todd, B.J., Fader, G.
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Maxwell, D.L., Stelzenmüller, V.,
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Spatial and temporal patterns in fi
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Sharples, C. 2006. Indicative Mappi
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Wells, S., Ravilous, C., Corcoran,
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FIGURE LEGENDS Figure 1. A) Classes
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Figure 10. Ecological evaluation in
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Figure 21. Combining 'intolerance'
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selected planning units in gray ins
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Box 2. Classifications as thematic
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Figure 1. 1
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Figure 3. 3
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Figure 5. 5
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Figure 7. 7
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Figure 9. 9
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Figure 11. 11
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Figure 13. 13
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Figure 15. Fishing effort (hrs/day)
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Figure 17. 17
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Figure 19. 100% Conversion. 80% 60%
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Figure 21. 21
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Figure 23. 23
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Figure 25. 25
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Figure 27. 27
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Figure 29. 29
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Figure 31. 31
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Figure 33. 33
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