The heterogeneity of the Population in Greece (A spatial approach)

The heterogeneity of the Population in Greece
(A spatial approach)
Byron Kotzamanis [1], Anastasia Kostaki [2] ,
[1] Laboratory of Demographic and Social Analyses, Department of Planning and
Regional Development, University of Thessaly, Greece
email: bkotz@prd.uth.gr
[2] Department of Statistics, Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece ,
email: kostaki@aueb.gr
Laboratory of Demographic and Social Analyses
6 th International Conference on Population Geographies
Umeå, 14-17 June 2011
1

Backround
‣Τhe
intense flows of internal migration during the post war years in Greece, combined
with
‣selective
emigration and repatriation of Grεeks
living abroad,
and
‣the massive entry of foreigners since 1990,
have radically transformed the post war population map of the country.
These three phenomena led to a rapid urbanization and a substantial increase of the
population heterogeneity. The first of these consequences (urbanisation(
urbanisation) ) monopolized
the interest and has received numerous research works in the last t decades. In contrast,
the second effect is much less studied.
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2

Aim of the work
The aim of this work is, using data of the last census (2001) to attempt an assessment
of the heterogeneity of the population in Greece at the lowest possible spatial
level (municipality) and to highlight the spatial patterns of combining the "game"
of the three variables:
‣ internal migration,
‣ repatriation of Greeks living abroad
(economic emigrants, political refugees, co-ethnics)
‣ and immigration.
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3

Data
Population data for the 1034 municipalities of Greece from the 2001 census.
The data concern a total of 10,934 million residents, where
762.000 people were foreigners
10,172 million were Greek
(7% of the total population) and
Greek citizens (93%).
From those having Greek citizenship:
446.000 were born abroad (4.6% of Greeks and 4.3% of total population) and
9,705 million were born in Greece (95,4% of Greeks and 88,8% of total population).
40% of them
them (3,878 million) at
Among Greek citizens born in Greece:
at 2001 were living in another municipality than that of
birth.
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4

In order to highlight the various spatial patterns,
the municipalities are classified
using the following three classification criteria
‣ the % of foreigners in the total population of the municipality
‣ the % of Greeks born abroad to the total population of Greeks in the
municipality
‣ the % of Greeks residents, born in another municipality to the total
population of Greeks in the municipality
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5

Statistical Methodology
In order to reveal the optimal grouping of the municipalities into homogenous
groups, according to the three criteria considered, we use the procedure of
Two-step Cluster Analysis,
The analysis is implemented in the SPSS statistical package
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6

Results
Classification of the municipalities according to the % of foreigners
in their total population
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7

Map 1: Classification of the municipalities according
the % of foreigners in their total population
Figure 1: 95% confidence intervals for the means of the percentages of
foreigners to the total population in the municipality.
0,25
Table 1: Classification of municipalities according the proportion of foreign population
Cluster
% of
foreigners
in the municipalities
Number of
municipaliti
es
Cumulative number
of
municipaliti
es
Total population
0,20
0,15
0,10
0,05
0,00
1
Cumulative
Total population
2
Cluster
Reference Line is the Overall Mean = ,06
Number
of foreigners
3
Cumulative
number
of foreigners
1 16,7 - 43,9 36 36 966982 966982 171514 171514
2 10,0 - 16,6 131 167 814827 1781809 100486 272000
3 4,8 - 9,9 359 526 5597890 7379699 385897 657897
4 0,0 - 4,7 508 1034 3554398 10934097 103916 761813
Total 1034 10934097 761813
Cluster
% of
foreigners
in the municipalities
Percentages of
municipalities
Cumulative
percentages of
municipalities
Percentages of
population
Cumulative
percentages
of population
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Percentage of
foreigners
Cumulative
percentage of
foreigners
4
1 16,7 - 43,9 3,48 3,48 8,84 8,84 22,51 22,51
2 10,0 - 16,6 12,67 16,15 7,45 16,30 13,19 35,70
3 4,8 - 9,9 34,72 50,87 51,20 67,49 50,66 86,36
4 0,0 - 4,7 49,13 100,00 32,51 100,00 13,64 100,00
Total 100,00 100,00 100,00
8

Map 1: Classification of the municipalities according the % of foreigners in their total population
Laboratory of Demographic and Social Analyses
Map 1 reflects the differential distribution of foreigners in
Greece.
In almost half of municipalities (comprising only 1 / 3 of
the total population, Cluster 4) the % of foreigners are
extremely low and well below the national average (7%).
These municipalities, generally having small or medium
sized population containing only 13% of the foreigners,
while occupying the greater part of the country. These are
laced at most in mountainous and semi-mountainous areas.
In contrast, in two other groups of municipalities
(Clusters 1 and 2) the % of foreigners are well above the
national average (greater than 10%). These municipalities
contain 1/4 of the total population but 36% of all
foreigners. These are located in the most economically
developed areas of the country, i.e. in the major urban
centres of continental Greece, in the coastal zone of
Peloponnesus, and islands, which are agricultural and/or
touristy developed, as well as in areas neighbouring
Albania.
9

Results
Classification of the municipalities according the % of Greeks born abroad
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10

Map 2: Classification of the municipalities according the % of Greeks born abroad
Figure 2: 95% confidence intervals for the means of the percentages of
Greeks not born in Greece to the total Greek population in the municipality.
0,40
0,30
Table 2: Classification of municipalities according the percentages of Greeks not born in Greece to the total Greek population in the municipality
Cluster
% of Greeks not
born in Greece to
the total Greek
population
in the municipality
Number
of municipalities
Cumulative number
of municipalities
Total population
Cumulative
total population
Number
of
Greeks not
born in Greece
1 14,8 - 50,0 11 11 154465 154465 30892 30892
Cumulativ
e number
of Greek
not born
in Greece
2 7,3 - 13,2 73 84 1690247 1844712 166152 197044
3 2,9 - 7,2 252 336 4405730 6250442 206958 404002
4 0,0 - 2,8 698 1034 3921842 10172284 62612 466614
Total 1034 10172284 466614
Cluster
% of Greeks not born
in Greece to the total
Greek population
in the municipality
Percentages
of municipalities
Cumulative
percentages
of municipalities
0,20
0,10
0,00
Percentages of population
Cumulative
percentages
of
population
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1
2
Percentage of
Greeks not
born in
Greece
Cluster
Reference Line is the Overall Mean = ,03
3
Cumulative
percentage of
Greeks not born
in Greece
4
1 14,8 - 50,0 1,06 1,06 1,52 1,52 6,62 6,62
2 7,3 - 13,2 7,06 8,12 16,62 18,13 35,61 42,23
3 2,9 - 7,2 24,37 32,50 43,31 61,45 44,35 86,58
4 0,0 - 2,8 67,50 100,00 38,55 100,00 13,42 100,00
Total 100,00 100,00 100,00
11

Map 2: Classification of the municipalities according the % Greek citizens born abroad
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The spatial distribution of 466 thousand Greeks born
abroad differs markedly from that of foreigners
In the central and southern mainland Greece (as in almost
all of the island municipalities with rare exceptions) the %
of Greeks born abroad (as % of the population of Greek
inhabitants) are very low (Cluster 4).
On the other hand (Clusters 1 and 2), in an extremely
small number of areas the % of Greeks born abroad are
more than twice the national average. The municipalities
of Clusters 1 and 2 are concentrated in two continental
regions: Central -Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, with
rare exceptions (some municipalities of Athens and
Thessaloniki). The spatial concentration in these two
regions of Northern Greece is reasonable. From these
regions comes the vast majority of Greeks who left
Greece after the World war II and then, in around 1980,
repatriated together with their foreign born children. In
addition, a large part of co-ethnics returnees from the
former USSR, who obtained Greek citizenship were also
settled here (due to the latter group are the high % in the
eastern part of Thessaloniki as well as in some
municipalities of Athens agglomeration).
12

Results
Classification of the municipalities according the % of Greeks born in
another municipality to the Greek population of the municipality born
in Greece.
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13

Map 3:Classification of the municipalities according the % of Greek citizens born in
Greece but living in 2001 in another municipality than the municipality of their birth
Figure 3: 95% confidence intervals for the means of the percentages of Greeks
born in another municipality to the total born in Greece-Greeks in the
municipality.
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Table 3: Classification of municipalities according the percentages of Greeks born in another municipality in Greece to the
total population of Greeks born in Greece in the municipality.
Cluster
% of Greeks
born in another
municipality in
Greece to the
total population
of Greeks born in
Greece in the
municipality
Number
of
municipalities
Cumulative
number of
municipalities
Total
population
Cumulative
total population
Number of
Greeks born in another
municipality
in Greece to the total
population of Greeks
born in Greece
Cumulativnumber
of Greeks born
in another
municipality in Greece
to the
total population
of Greeks born
in Greece
1 57,2 – 100,0 91 91 2326069 2326069 814615 814615
2 41,9 – 57,0 83 174 2592123 4918192 1287843 2102458
3 26,8 -40,8 172 346 1992645 6910837 1308583 3411041
4 13,3 – 26,7 437 783 878640 7789477 85382 3496423
5 0,0 – 13,4 251 1034 1916193 9705670 380393 3876816
Total 1034 9705670 3876816
Cluster
% of Greeks
born in another
municipality
in Greece
to the total
population of
Greeks
born in Greece
in the
municipality
Percentages
of
municipalities
Cumulative
percentages
of
municipalities
Percentages
of population
Cumulative
percentages
of population
Percentage of
Greeks born
in another municipality
in Greece
to the total population
of Greeks
born in
Greece
Cumulative percentage
Number of Greeks
born in
another municipality
in Greece to the
total population
of Greeks born
in Greece
1 57,2 – 100,0 8,80 8,80 23,97 23,97 21,01 21,01
2 41,9 – 57,0 8,03 16,83 26,71 50,67 33,22 54,23
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3 26,8 -40,8 16,63 33,46 20,53 71,20 33,75 87,99
4 13,3 – 26,7 42,26 75,73 9,05 100,00 2,20 90,19
5 0,0 – 13,4 24,27 100,00 19,74 100,00 9,81 100,00
Total 100,00 100,00 100,00
15

Map 3:Classification of the municipalities according the % of Greek citizens born in
Greece but living in 2001 in another municipality than the municipality of their birth
Laboratory of Demographic and Social Analyses
Among the total population of 10.934 million 10.172
million (93%) were Greek citizens and of these, 9.705
million were born in Greece (95.4% and 88.8% of the
total population respectively).
Of these, a very high percentage, (40% -3.878 million)
were living in 2001 in another municipality than that of
birth.
But what is the weight of this group to the total
population of the Greek inhabitants in the
municipalities concerned?
In the first two groups (Clusters 1 and 2) more than 42
out of 100 Greek residents in 2011 were born in another
municipality.
The units of this group are: i) relatively large sized and ii)
located at most in the metropolitan areas of Athens and
Thessaloniki, which also retained their native population
and attracted the vast majority of internal migrants in the
post war period.
16

Map 3:Classification of the municipalities according the % of Greek citizens born
in Greece but living in 2001 in another municipality than the municipality of their
birth
Laboratory of Demographic and Social Analyses
In contrast in the units of Clusters 4 and 5 the
proportion of Greeks born in another municipality than
the residence one in 2001 is very low (less than 27%).
These municipalities, usually contain small populations
as they have special geo-morphological features (mostly
mountainous or semi mountainous, with intense
agricultural activity in the past) with no dynamic urban
centers. In addition, they became the main feeders of the
successive waves of intense internal migration in the first
post war period (1940 -1980).
Finally, in a third, relatively small group of
municipalities (Cluster 3), the % of non native residents
are below the national average, ranging from 27% to
41%.
In the vast majority of these municipalities, there is a
small or medium city center (usually the capital of the
county) and, in contrast to the municipalities of clusters 1
and 2 (which maintained a large proportion of their
natives and at the same time they received the largest part
of the post war rural exodus from the rest of Greece) the
municipalities of cluster 3 were both poles of ins and outs
since their urban centers attracted a part of the exodus
from their immediate inland.
17

Results
Classification of the municipalities according the synthesis of their
population based on all three criteria considered
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Map 4: The municipality profiles according to the synthesis of their population
in 2001 census
Figure 4.1: 95%
confidence intervals for
the means of the
percentages of foreigners
in each municipality to
the total population in
the municipality (three
criteria clustering).
Figure 4.2: 95%
confidence intervals for
the means of the
percentages of Greeks
not born in Greece in
each municipality, to the
total Greek population in
the municipality (three
criteria clustering).
Figure 4.3 : 95%
confidence intervals for
the means of the
percentages of Greeks
born in another
municipality, to the
total born in Greece-
Greeks in the
municipality (three
criteria clustering).
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Foreigners Greek citizens Greeks citizens born in
Greece
Greeks citizens born
abroad
Greek citizens born in
Greece and living in a
different municipality
than the municipality of
their birth
Greeks citizens born in
Greece and living in the
same municipality than the
municipality of their birth
C
l
u
s
t
e
r
s
Numbe
r
of
munici
palitie
Total
populati
on
(.000)
% % of
the
total
popu
latio
n
(.000) % of
the
total
popu
latio
n
(.000) % of
the
total
populat
ion
% of
Gree
k
citize
ns
(.000) %
of
the
tota
l
pop
ulat
ion
% of
Gree
k
citize
ns
(.000) % of
the
total
pop
ulati
on
% of
the
popu
latio
n of
Gree
ks
citize
ns
born
in
Gree
ce
(.000) % of
the
total
popu
latio
n
1 117,0 3917,0 35,8 358,3 9,2 3558,7 90,9 3364,5 85,9 94,5 194,2 5,0 5,5 1981,6 50,6 58,9 1382,9 35,3 41,1
2 54,0 1042,1 9,5 62,9 6,0 979,1 94,0 855,4 82,1 87,4 123,8 11,9 12,7 407,5 39,1 47,6 447,8 43,0 52,4
3 224,0 1537,5 14,1 164,8 10,7 1372,8 89,3 1339,1 87,1 97,6 33,7 2,2 2,5 387,3 25,2 28,9 951,8 61,9 71,1
4 189,0 2680,5 24,5 109,9 4,1 2570,5 95,9 2476,9 92,4 96,4 93,6 3,5 3,6 860,8 32,1 34,8 1616,2 60,3 65,3
5 450,0 1757,1 16,1 65,9 3,8 1691,2 96,3 1669,9 95,0 98,7 21,0 1,2 1,3 239,7 13,6 14,4 1430,2 81,4 85,7
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% of
the
popu
latio
n of
Gree
ks
citize
ns
born
in
Gree
ce
T
o
1034,0 10934,1 100,0 761,8 7,0 10172,3 93,0 9705,7 88,8 95,4 466,6 4,3 4,6 3876,8 35,5 39,9 5828,9 53,3 60,1
20

Map 4: The municipality profiles according to the synthesis of
their population in the 2001 census
The statistical analysis allowed us to classify the sections
examined in five major groups (Map 4).
The first group (Cluster 1) is extremely heterogeneous. It gathers
11% of the municipalities inhabited by 36% of the total population
but where only 35 out of 100 residents in 2001 are natives. This
group consists mainly of the majority of municipalities of the two
largest metropolitan areas of Greece (Athens and Thessaloniki)
which have experienced an explosive post war population growth,
and secondarily by a small number of municipalities, dispersed all
over Greece (but mostly in northern -western part of continental and
coastal Crete).
The 54 municipalities that constitute the second group (Cluster 2)
are also heterogeneous, but in a lesser extend than those of Cluster 1.
They are characterized by a particularly high % of Greeks born
abroad and a relatively low proportion of natives, while the
proportion of foreign residents is just below the national average.
This group consists mainly of medium-sized municipalities in central
- eastern Macedonia and Thrace, which experienced a strong
emigration, a less intense rural exodus and a limited attraction for
foreigners after 1990 (6% of total population to 2001). The huge %
of Greek inhabitants born abroad (12%) can be attributed to the
installation of a large part of natives repatriated who came together
with their family members born abroad. In addition, the relative high
proportion of persons born in another municipality (43% of the
Greek population) can be attributed to the fact that these
municipalities were attractive to people from their rural hinterland.
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Map 4: The municipality profiles according to the synthesis of their
population in the 2001 census
The third group exhibit a peculiarity. The municipalities of this
group (38% of the total) comprise a very small percentage of
the population of Greece (just 14%) but 1 out of 9 residents in
average is foreigner. In addition, the percentage of Greek
residents born abroad is minimal, while people born in these
municipalities represent 70% of the total population. The units
that make up this group are mainly concentrated in central and
southern Greece and the islands (Ionian, Cyclades, Crete) and
secondarily near the border with Albania (Epirus and western
Macedonia).
With the exception of areas bordering Albania, the majority of
municipalities of this group are lowland or coastal usually
characterized by either modern agricultural activities
(especially Thessaly, Crete, southern and eastern Peloponnese)
or by a strong tourism specialization (Cyclades, Ionian, Greece,
Macedonia) or even by a high concentration of employment in
the secondary sector (municipalities around the Athens
agglomeration). Those units had not experienced strongly
emigration, while restrained -due to the above qualifications- a
big part of the native population (see the low percentages of
both Greeks born abroad as well as residents born in another
municipality).
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Map 4: The municipality profiles according to the synthesis of their population
in the 2001 census
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The municipalities of the fourth group (20% of the total)
which account the ¼ of the total population (Cluster 4)
are relatively homogeneous.
The % of foreigners are very low and more than 96 out of
100 residents are Greeks (almost all of them born in
Greece), while the percentage of Greek natives are
relatively high (63%). These units are placed at most in
northern Greece (Macedonia and Thrace). They have
some common features with the municipalities of the
second group (high emigration and a less intense rural
exodus). However they differ from them as: a) they have
a lower proportion of foreigners (4% of total population)
and b) they are less attractive to the population of their
rural hinterlands as well to the repatriated people
originated from them.
23

Map 4: The municipality profiles according to the synthesis of their population
in the 2001 census
Laboratory of Demographic and Social Analyses
The fifth and largest group (43% of municipalities, but
comprising only 16% of the total population) is the most
homogenous as more than 96% of their population are
Greeks, 95 out of 100 residents are born in Greece, and
from them the vast majority (86%) are natives.
This group consists of small municipalities in mainland
mountainous and semi-mountainous central and southern
Greece, and then of insular municipalities (Ionian Islands,
Aegean islands) and municipalities in central and southern
Crete. The units of this group are out of the main axis of
country development.
These rural municipalities experienced significant post war
rural exodus and at the same time they were not attractive
(low % of Greeks and foreigners born abroad, a limited
number of people who settled in them but were born
elsewhere in Greece).
24

Concluding remarks I
The municipalities in Greece, beyond the fact that they have different population sizes and
characteristics (mountains-lowland, urban-suburban-rural), they also exhibit differences in
their population syntheses due to differentiated weights of the three main population groups
examined.
‣Internal migrants
‣Foreigners
‣Greeks born abroad
These groups have different demographic, educational, economic and cultural
characteristics.
This work aims to assess the differences of population syntheses at municipality level using
data of the last census (2001). Utilizing statistical classification techniques it highlights
patterns of profiles and thus allow the creation of typologies, which can be interpreted based
on demographic, socio-political and economic developments in recent decades.
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Concluding remarks II
We conclude from the findings of the analysis that most heterogeneous populations are,
as expected, those in almost all municipalities of the greatest Agglomeration of Athens
and Thessaloniki which experienced a huge population increase during the post war
years.
In a lesser degree, heterogeneous are also populations
a) of a part of Macedonia and Thrace (where 1 out of 2 Greek citizens and residents was
born in another municipality while 1 out of 8 was born abroad) and
b) of a large group of municipalities (38% of all) consisting of relatively small units of
lowland or/ and coastal areas concentrated in central and southern Greece (as well as
near Albania). In these units, , the % of foreigners are extremely high (10%), but Greeks
born abroad are few, while natives form the huge majority of their residents (almost
70% of total population).
In contrast, most of small-sized municipalities, placed in mainland highland areas of
upland central and southern Greece (and secondarily in the islands), are the most
homogenous since their populations almost entirely consist of natives.
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Further research
Of particular interest is a further analysis based on some additional criteria of those
municipalities with less homogeneous population syntheses since equally high
percentages of anyone of the three population categories considered, may hide clearly
differing patterns. In particular, it will be interesting to take into consideration;
a) Sex and age of the various population groups
b) The foreigners’ country of birth by grouping them into 4 groups (more developed,
Balkans, ex-socialist and less developed countries),
c) The origin of Greeks born abroad separating those born in developed western
countries from those born in the former socialist countries (political refugees and coethnics),
d) The origin of Greeks born in Greece and living in an other municipality than the
municipality of their birth, distinguishing those who were born in another
municipality of the same agglomeration (intra city mobility) from the rest.
Finally, it should be interesting to compare data of 2001 census with those of 2011,
taking into consideration some additional criteria as the distinction of foreigners
depending on country of birth (since in the last decade about 20% of births in Greece
were from foreign mothers), as well as the distinction of those having the Greek
citizenship according to whether they acquired it through naturalization or from birth.
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28
Thank you!
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