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87 The Member States with the highest recycling rates for municipal waste were Germany (46%), Belgium (39%), Sweden (37%), Estonia <strong>and</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong> (both 34%). (EEA Report No 7/2009) Composting of municipal waste was most common in Austria (38%), Italy (33%), Luxembourg <strong>and</strong> the Netherl<strong>and</strong>s (both 28%), <strong>and</strong> not done at all in Bulgaria, Cyprus <strong>and</strong> Romania. Composting <strong>and</strong> recycling accounted for over 50% of municipal waste treated in Germany (64%), Belgium (62%), the Netherl<strong>and</strong>s (60%) <strong>and</strong> Austria (59%).(EEA Report No 7/.,2009)
88 6.Italy The Italian strategy Italy uses two methods for MSW treatment: L<strong>and</strong>filling <strong>and</strong> separate collection of waste. This strategy has made Italy’s regions to define instruments with which the mixed waste stream will be diverted from L<strong>and</strong>filling which is considered to be the worst scenario for waste management nowadays. Separate collection, especially of biodegradable fractions of municipal waste but also of packaging waste, plays the most important role. Though there are differences in waste management strategies between different regions in Italy. For example the northern regions focus more on composting <strong>and</strong> incineration while the southern regions use more mechanical biological treatment (MBT process). A national target is set for every region (which has to be achieved) <strong>and</strong> refers to the quantity of waste that has been diverted from l<strong>and</strong>filling. These targets have been defined in kilograms per inhabitant in order to improve monitoring at the local level. Italy has reached a target of (50% diversion from l<strong>and</strong>filling in 2006) something that keeps evolving. There is, however, a considerable difference between the performance of the northern regions <strong>and</strong> the southern <strong>and</strong> central regions a fact that has to do with the plan that each region follows, Socioeconomic parameters, etc. (EEA Report No 7/.,2009) 6.1. Waste management situation Italy has traditionally l<strong>and</strong>filled most of its waste, although schemes for recovering materials such as wood <strong>and</strong> paper have been rooted in society, Italy still l<strong>and</strong>filled 82 % of its BMW in 1995. Although Italy could have got a derogation period from the L<strong>and</strong>fill Directive's targets on l<strong>and</strong>filling BMW it decided not to do so. BMW generation increased by 20 % until 2005, which makes it more difficult to meet the L<strong>and</strong>fill Directive targets, as they are based on the reference year 1995. The increase may partly result from economic growth <strong>and</strong> improved waste statistics. (EEA Report No 7/.,2009)
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National Technical University of At
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3.3.4. Landfill sy
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10.4.2.Susteren sewage treatment <s
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Figure 44.: Västerås concept ....
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Picture 30.: The heat exchanger sys
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(Table 8.): The Ljungsjöverket pla
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2 1. Bio-WASTE MANAGEMENT LEGISLATI
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4 The Directive envisages the possi
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6 In the Commission's estimation, a
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8 of yard waste and</strong
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10 conditions (i.e., as brief as a
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12 Picture2.: View of machine used
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14 In-Vessel Composting Systems In
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16 The duration of the composting p
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18 Figure 7.: Principal emissions f
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20 2.2 Anaerobic Digestion (AD) 2.2
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22 4. Finally, methanogenic organis
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24 If the proper conditions cannot
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26 Considerations such as the desig
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28 to the viscosity of the feed, th
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30 The Netherlands
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32 Heavy metals in digestate usuall
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34 3. Large scale biodegradable was
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Page 49 and 50: 38 filtration or electrostatic prec
Page 51 and 52: 40 acceptable range, but reduce the
Page 53 and 54: 42 Rotary kiln furnaces Rotary kiln
Page 55 and 56: 44 It has been processed an
Page 57 and 58: 46 Heavy metals can be grouped into
Page 59 and 60: 48 choices for a commercial plant w
Page 61 and 62: 50 Gasification (Figure.19) using o
Page 63 and 64: 52 AC plasma CO2 plasma arc Microwa
Page 65 and 66: 54 pulled through an induced draft
Page 67 and 68: 56 the non-biodegradables a
Page 69 and 70: 58 3.3.8. Bioreactor land</
Page 71 and 72: 60 4. Materials Sorting Processes 4
Page 73 and 74: 62 Plastics Plastics (Fiqure.32) po
Page 75 and 76: 64 separate containers. There are a
Page 77 and 78: 66 The sorting of recyclables may b
Page 79 and 80: 68 4.5. Mechanical and</str
Page 81 and 82: 70 glass breakage on the tipping fl
Page 83 and 84: 72 within solution under the influe
Page 85 and 86: 74 material, and t
Page 87 and 88: 76 changing pole configuration or w
Page 89 and 90: 78 4.7. Mechanical Biological Treat
Page 91 and 92: 80 Biological processing compartmen
Page 93 and 94: 82 equivalence considerations <stro
Page 95 and 96: 84 5.2. Waste streams considered in
Page 97: 86 Figure 27.: Percentage of munici
Page 101 and 102: 90 Italy also set targets for colle
Page 103 and 104: 92 (Figure 30.). The quality of com
Page 105 and 106: 94 a controlled environment with wa
Page 107 and 108: 96 Picture 11.: The Corteolona plan
Page 109 and 110: 98 The building in the foreground h
Page 111 and 112: 100 compost their garden waste. The
Page 113 and 114: 102 The total amount of waste produ
Page 115 and 116: 104 7. Germany 7.1. Waste managemen
Page 117 and 118: 106 has been specified only for som
Page 119 and 120: 108 7.3. Best practices</st
Page 121 and 122: 110 The installation has different
Page 123 and 124: 112 The sludge is placed into a lar
Page 125 and 126: 114 Picture 22.: Air mixing mechani
Page 127 and 128: 116 Finally the dried sludge is bee
Page 129 and 130: 118 process treats the wastes as co
Page 131 and 132: 120 consumption is about 0.7 x106 k
Page 133 and 134: 122 Picture 30.: The heat exchanger
Page 135 and 136: 124 used for the construction of l<
Page 137 and 138: 126 International’. In the Drum D
Page 139 and 140: 128 Picture 34.: Delivery crane in
Page 141 and 142: 130 industrial processes, where <st
Page 143 and 144: 132 industry, mixes the waste <stro
Page 145 and 146: 134 8. Sweden The Swedish strategy
Page 147 and 148: 136 joint committee or local govern
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138 upon the number of collected fr
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140 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Hazard
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142 Anaerobic digestion also produc
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144 Hässleholm 12,300 10,120 Karls
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146 distributed either through gas
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148 mentioned in earlier. (Chemical
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150 Picture 39.: Public fuelling st
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152 The pumpable organic waste is b
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154 purchased by AGA and</s
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156 Picture 43.: Paper bag with hou
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158 (Table 8.): The Ljungsjöverket
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160 Figure 46.: Schematic operation
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162 9. United Kingdom The British S
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164 9.2. Waste quantities 2008 The
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166 9.3. Best practices</st
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168 The partners collect around 840
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170 Figure 51.: Quantity of waste c
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172 The company recycles wood, meta
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174 (26,650) of all households acro
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176 Recycling Bins which are emptie
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178 distance path. Since 1981, the
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180 The scheme in operation in Wye
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182 The method of composting the ga
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184 such as: Waste, Management (of
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186 heterogeneous in composition <s
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188 2000 2004 2005 2006 Total 63,24
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190 All domestic waste/recycling co
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192 The end product is made into a
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194 10.4.4. The Moerdijk incinerati
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196 11. Greece The Greeks Strategy
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198 The encouragement of rational o
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200 Picture 55.: Panoramic View of
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202 Four (4) ballistic separators
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204 Picture 58.: View of Composting
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206 Picture 59.: Refinery Unit at A
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208 Unit for Treatment of Air Emiss
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210 Picture 60.: Chania MBT plant (
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212 A biological stabilization is t
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214 Picture 66.: Prototype composti
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216 Picture 69.: Psitallia sewage s
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218 Figure 56.: Process description
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220 Since ARTI-TZ started dissemina
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222 Picture 74.: Construction of AD
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224 biodegradables be isolated <str
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226 Picture 77.: The physical separ
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228 solution are fermented (e.g., s
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230 Picture 78.: Transportation of
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232 Picture 80.: Loofen company’s
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234 The interior parts of both the
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236 Figure 61.: Coway high capacity
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238 13.3.1. Coway model (WM05-A) In
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240 13.3.3. Coway model (WM03) The
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242 13.5. DUO Enterprise Ltd Food g
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244 References: Beyea, J., J. Cook,
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246 Flaga A., 2003 Sludge Drying, I
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248 Peigne, J., Girardin, P., 2004.
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250 Internet sources: ACM Waste Man
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252 Hellenic Statistical Authority.
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254 Warwick District Council., 2010
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