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51 ong>andong> particulates are produced along with trace metals or heavy metals, notably cadmium ong>andong> mercury. Gasification is widely considered as an energy efficient technique for reducing the volume of solid waste ong>andong> for recovering energy. Useable energy of some 500 to 600 kWh per ton of waste is generated by gasification. Gasification technologies have been operated for over a century for coal producing town gas ong>andong> have long been promoted as being a viable, cleaner alternative to incineration for residual municipal wastes. It is more widely used ong>andong> more developed than pyrolysis for several reasons. First, a highly efficient process produces a single gaseous product. Second, gasification does not have the heat transfer problems associated with pyrolysis. However, plants are known to have closed down due to waste variability ong>andong> material hong>andong>ling problems. Newer processes have been developed in order to overcome these problems through extensive pre-processing of the feedstock waste. 3.2.7. Plasma Technology Plasma is a mixture of electrons, ions ong>andong> neutral particles (atoms ong>andong> molecules). This high temperature, ionized, conductive gas can be created by the interaction of a gas with an electric or magnetic field. Plasmas are a source of reactive species, ong>andong> the high temperatures promote rapid chemical reactions. Plasma processes utilize high temperatures, resulting from the conversion of electrical energy to heat, to produce plasma. They involve passing a large electric current though an inert gas stream under these conditions, hazardous contaminants, such as PCBs, dioxins, furans, pesticides, etc., are broken into their atomic constituents, by injection into the plasma. The process is used to treat organics, metals, PCBs (including small-scale equipment) ong>andong> HCB. In many cases pre-treatment of wastes may be required. An off-gas treatment system depending on the type of wastes treated is required, ong>andong> the residue is a vitrified solid or ash. The destruction efficiencies for this technology are quite high,>99.99 %. Plasma is an established commercial technology, however the process can be very complex, expensive ong>andong> operator intensive. Different kinds of plasma technologies are: Argon plasma arc Inductively coupled radio frequency plasma (ICRF)
52 AC plasma CO2 plasma arc Microwave plasma Nitrogen plasma arc (Thermal methods of municipal waste treatment.,2009) A typical plasma gasification plant is presented in (Figure 20.) Figure 20.: A typical plasma gasification plant In the process shown in the above Figure, waste is fed into a plasma arc furnace from the top ong>andong> falls onto a layer of molten slag. A layer of untreated waste is maintained on top of the molten slag, where the gasification reactions occur. Air is introduced at that level. This layer of untreated waste, called a “cold top”, also acts as a filter to heavy metals ong>andong> reduces entrainment of waste from the furnace. Product gases exit through a pipe located in the upper section of the furnace. Gasification reactions are complex reactions, consisting of a combination of gas-solid ong>andong> gas phase reactions, as demonstrated in Tables 2 ong>andong> 3. (Moustakas et. al.,2003)
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National Technical University of At
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3.3.4. Landfill sy
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10.4.2.Susteren sewage treatment <s
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Figure 44.: Västerås concept ....
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2 1. Bio-WASTE MANAGEMENT LEGISLATI
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4 The Directive envisages the possi
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6 In the Commission's estimation, a
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8 of yard waste and</strong
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10 conditions (i.e., as brief as a
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12 Picture2.: View of machine used
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14 In-Vessel Composting Systems In
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16 The duration of the composting p
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18 Figure 7.: Principal emissions f
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20 2.2 Anaerobic Digestion (AD) 2.2
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22 4. Finally, methanogenic organis
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24 If the proper conditions cannot
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26 Considerations such as the desig
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28 to the viscosity of the feed, th
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30 The Netherlands
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32 Heavy metals in digestate usuall
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34 3. Large scale biodegradable was
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36 power and 1,200
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38 filtration or electrostatic prec
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40 acceptable range, but reduce the
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42 Rotary kiln furnaces Rotary kiln
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44 It has been processed an
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46 Heavy metals can be grouped into
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48 choices for a commercial plant w
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50 Gasification (Figure.19) using o
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54 pulled through an induced draft
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56 the non-biodegradables a
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58 3.3.8. Bioreactor land</
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60 4. Materials Sorting Processes 4
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62 Plastics Plastics (Fiqure.32) po
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64 separate containers. There are a
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66 The sorting of recyclables may b
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68 4.5. Mechanical and</str
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70 glass breakage on the tipping fl
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72 within solution under the influe
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74 material, and t
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76 changing pole configuration or w
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78 4.7. Mechanical Biological Treat
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80 Biological processing compartmen
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82 equivalence considerations <stro
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84 5.2. Waste streams considered in
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86 Figure 27.: Percentage of munici
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88 6.Italy The Italian strategy Ita
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90 Italy also set targets for colle
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92 (Figure 30.). The quality of com
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94 a controlled environment with wa
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96 Picture 11.: The Corteolona plan
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98 The building in the foreground h
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100 compost their garden waste. The
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102 The total amount of waste produ
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104 7. Germany 7.1. Waste managemen
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106 has been specified only for som
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108 7.3. Best practices</st
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110 The installation has different
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112 The sludge is placed into a lar
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114 Picture 22.: Air mixing mechani
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116 Finally the dried sludge is bee
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118 process treats the wastes as co
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120 consumption is about 0.7 x106 k
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122 Picture 30.: The heat exchanger
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124 used for the construction of l<
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126 International’. In the Drum D
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128 Picture 34.: Delivery crane in
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130 industrial processes, where <st
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132 industry, mixes the waste <stro
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134 8. Sweden The Swedish strategy
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136 joint committee or local govern
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138 upon the number of collected fr
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140 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Hazard
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142 Anaerobic digestion also produc
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144 Hässleholm 12,300 10,120 Karls
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146 distributed either through gas
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148 mentioned in earlier. (Chemical
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150 Picture 39.: Public fuelling st
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152 The pumpable organic waste is b
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154 purchased by AGA and</s
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156 Picture 43.: Paper bag with hou
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158 (Table 8.): The Ljungsjöverket
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160 Figure 46.: Schematic operation
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162 9. United Kingdom The British S
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164 9.2. Waste quantities 2008 The
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166 9.3. Best practices</st
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168 The partners collect around 840
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170 Figure 51.: Quantity of waste c
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172 The company recycles wood, meta
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174 (26,650) of all households acro
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176 Recycling Bins which are emptie
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178 distance path. Since 1981, the
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180 The scheme in operation in Wye
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182 The method of composting the ga
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184 such as: Waste, Management (of
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186 heterogeneous in composition <s
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188 2000 2004 2005 2006 Total 63,24
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190 All domestic waste/recycling co
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192 The end product is made into a
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194 10.4.4. The Moerdijk incinerati
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196 11. Greece The Greeks Strategy
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198 The encouragement of rational o
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200 Picture 55.: Panoramic View of
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202 Four (4) ballistic separators
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204 Picture 58.: View of Composting
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206 Picture 59.: Refinery Unit at A
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208 Unit for Treatment of Air Emiss
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210 Picture 60.: Chania MBT plant (
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212 A biological stabilization is t
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214 Picture 66.: Prototype composti
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216 Picture 69.: Psitallia sewage s
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218 Figure 56.: Process description
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220 Since ARTI-TZ started dissemina
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222 Picture 74.: Construction of AD
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224 biodegradables be isolated <str
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226 Picture 77.: The physical separ
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228 solution are fermented (e.g., s
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230 Picture 78.: Transportation of
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232 Picture 80.: Loofen company’s
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234 The interior parts of both the
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236 Figure 61.: Coway high capacity
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238 13.3.1. Coway model (WM05-A) In
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240 13.3.3. Coway model (WM03) The
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242 13.5. DUO Enterprise Ltd Food g
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244 References: Beyea, J., J. Cook,
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246 Flaga A., 2003 Sludge Drying, I
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248 Peigne, J., Girardin, P., 2004.
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250 Internet sources: ACM Waste Man
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252 Hellenic Statistical Authority.
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254 Warwick District Council., 2010
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