11.11.2014
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45 incinerators. Nowadays the main sources of these emissions are still the waste incinerators with the difference that those emissions have been decreased in volume substantially. National differences between countries still remain mainly due to the existence of older installations. (Bontoux.,1999) There are 3 types of dioxins ong>andong> furans emitted in the atmosphere ong>andong> they come from different sources. First, they can be present in the waste which escaped destruction due to insufficient incineration temperatures (
46 Heavy metals can be grouped into various classes, each with its specific issues. Metals such as cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg) or lead (Pb) can be highly toxic. However, while Cd ong>andong> Cr recovery can be interesting in metallurgy, uses for Hg ong>andong> Pb are decreasing fast. For Hg, uses in thermometers ong>andong> batteries are disappearing ong>andong> will hopefully result in lower concentrations in waste in the long-term. For Pb, uses in pipes ong>andong> gasoline are ending while use in accumulators is likely to decrease dramatically in the next few years thanks to emerging battery technologies. Copper (Cu) ong>andong> nickel (Ni) tend to be less toxic than Cd, Hg or Pb, but they are potent catalysts ong>andong> contribute to a complex organic chemistry in the flue gases of combustion plants. In particular, they can contribute to the postformation of dioxins in the flue gases. In terms of recovery, Cu is undesirable in steel making but, along with Ni, it is potentially worth being recovered for use in the non-ferrous metals industry. Iron (Fe) ong>andong> aluminum (Al) are less toxic ong>andong> can also act as catalysts. However, they are essential elements for cement making ong>andong> get captured in the clinker, contributing as raw material. In general, studies have shown that leaching of metals from cement mortar is very limited ong>andong> does not appear to be a cause of concern during service life, but some controversy goes on. This list is far from being exhaustive but illustrates the diversity of issues raised by the various metals present in wastes (ong>andong> other materials such as coal, minerals, etc) ong>andong> the possibilities to match specific wastes with certain combustion facilities for an optimum result (e.g. high Ni waste to blast furnaces, high Fe ong>andong> Al to cement kilns,…). Metals are present in relatively high concentrations in ashes ong>andong> slags, but this is insufficient to make them attractive for metal recovery because they are often in undesirable chemical forms ong>andong> because they are mixed. (Bontoux.,1999) CO2 emissions ong>andong> global warming The incineration of waste generates CO2. This gas is one of the most important greenhouse gases but the contribution of incineration to this phenomenon is something to be discussed in the future. One thing is for sure that these emissions should be controlled in the future in order not to cause the phenomena which only untreated waste can cause such as global warming NOx, SOx, other emissions ong>andong> emission control It has been observed during all these years this technology operates in the field of waste treatment, that combustion conditions influence the type of emissions
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National Technical University of At
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3.3.4. Landfill sy
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10.4.2.Susteren sewage treatment <s
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Figure 44.: Västerås concept ....
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Picture 30.: The heat exchanger sys
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(Table 8.): The Ljungsjöverket pla
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2 1. Bio-WASTE MANAGEMENT LEGISLATI
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4 The Directive envisages the possi
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6 In the Commission's estimation, a
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8 of yard waste and</strong
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10 conditions (i.e., as brief as a
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12 Picture2.: View of machine used
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14 In-Vessel Composting Systems In
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16 The duration of the composting p
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18 Figure 7.: Principal emissions f
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20 2.2 Anaerobic Digestion (AD) 2.2
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22 4. Finally, methanogenic organis
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24 If the proper conditions cannot
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26 Considerations such as the desig
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28 to the viscosity of the feed, th
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30 The Netherlands
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32 Heavy metals in digestate usuall
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34 3. Large scale biodegradable was
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36 power and 1,200
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38 filtration or electrostatic prec
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40 acceptable range, but reduce the
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42 Rotary kiln furnaces Rotary kiln
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44 It has been processed an
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48 choices for a commercial plant w
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50 Gasification (Figure.19) using o
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52 AC plasma CO2 plasma arc Microwa
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54 pulled through an induced draft
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56 the non-biodegradables a
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58 3.3.8. Bioreactor land</
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60 4. Materials Sorting Processes 4
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62 Plastics Plastics (Fiqure.32) po
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64 separate containers. There are a
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66 The sorting of recyclables may b
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68 4.5. Mechanical and</str
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70 glass breakage on the tipping fl
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72 within solution under the influe
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74 material, and t
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76 changing pole configuration or w
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78 4.7. Mechanical Biological Treat
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80 Biological processing compartmen
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82 equivalence considerations <stro
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84 5.2. Waste streams considered in
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86 Figure 27.: Percentage of munici
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88 6.Italy The Italian strategy Ita
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90 Italy also set targets for colle
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92 (Figure 30.). The quality of com
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94 a controlled environment with wa
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96 Picture 11.: The Corteolona plan
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98 The building in the foreground h
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100 compost their garden waste. The
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102 The total amount of waste produ
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104 7. Germany 7.1. Waste managemen
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106 has been specified only for som
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108 7.3. Best practices</st
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110 The installation has different
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112 The sludge is placed into a lar
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114 Picture 22.: Air mixing mechani
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116 Finally the dried sludge is bee
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118 process treats the wastes as co
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120 consumption is about 0.7 x106 k
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122 Picture 30.: The heat exchanger
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124 used for the construction of l<
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126 International’. In the Drum D
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128 Picture 34.: Delivery crane in
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130 industrial processes, where <st
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132 industry, mixes the waste <stro
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134 8. Sweden The Swedish strategy
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136 joint committee or local govern
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138 upon the number of collected fr
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140 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Hazard
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142 Anaerobic digestion also produc
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144 Hässleholm 12,300 10,120 Karls
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146 distributed either through gas
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148 mentioned in earlier. (Chemical
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150 Picture 39.: Public fuelling st
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152 The pumpable organic waste is b
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154 purchased by AGA and</s
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156 Picture 43.: Paper bag with hou
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158 (Table 8.): The Ljungsjöverket
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160 Figure 46.: Schematic operation
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162 9. United Kingdom The British S
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164 9.2. Waste quantities 2008 The
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166 9.3. Best practices</st
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168 The partners collect around 840
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170 Figure 51.: Quantity of waste c
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172 The company recycles wood, meta
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174 (26,650) of all households acro
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176 Recycling Bins which are emptie
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178 distance path. Since 1981, the
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180 The scheme in operation in Wye
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182 The method of composting the ga
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184 such as: Waste, Management (of
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186 heterogeneous in composition <s
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188 2000 2004 2005 2006 Total 63,24
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190 All domestic waste/recycling co
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192 The end product is made into a
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194 10.4.4. The Moerdijk incinerati
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196 11. Greece The Greeks Strategy
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198 The encouragement of rational o
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200 Picture 55.: Panoramic View of
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202 Four (4) ballistic separators
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204 Picture 58.: View of Composting
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206 Picture 59.: Refinery Unit at A
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208 Unit for Treatment of Air Emiss
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210 Picture 60.: Chania MBT plant (
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212 A biological stabilization is t
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214 Picture 66.: Prototype composti
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216 Picture 69.: Psitallia sewage s
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218 Figure 56.: Process description
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220 Since ARTI-TZ started dissemina
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222 Picture 74.: Construction of AD
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224 biodegradables be isolated <str
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226 Picture 77.: The physical separ
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228 solution are fermented (e.g., s
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230 Picture 78.: Transportation of
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232 Picture 80.: Loofen company’s
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234 The interior parts of both the
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236 Figure 61.: Coway high capacity
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238 13.3.1. Coway model (WM05-A) In
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240 13.3.3. Coway model (WM03) The
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242 13.5. DUO Enterprise Ltd Food g
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244 References: Beyea, J., J. Cook,
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246 Flaga A., 2003 Sludge Drying, I
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248 Peigne, J., Girardin, P., 2004.
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250 Internet sources: ACM Waste Man
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252 Hellenic Statistical Authority.
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254 Warwick District Council., 2010
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