(best examples and good practices) on household organic waste ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

23 Figure 9.: Anaerobic digestion biochemical conversion pathways (University of Iowa., 2009) In order for Methanogenesis to occur, anaerobic conditions need to take place. The reactors used for the process has to be well sealed, something which will allow the biogas collection for converting it to energy <strong>and</strong> will eliminate methane emissions during the AD process. Except to methane <strong>and</strong> carbon dioxide production, other less harmful contaminants such as hydrogen sulfide <strong>and</strong> ammonia are produced, though they are produced in much smaller amounts (
24 If the proper conditions cannot be maintained, imbalances among the different types of microorganisms in the process will occur. One of the most common problems is the buildup of organic acids which kills the methanogenic organisms <strong>and</strong> gives even more acidity to the process environment. Produced acid can be controlled in a natural way by using inherent chemical buffers <strong>and</strong> by the methanogens themselves as they consume acids to produce methane. These controls cannot confront the difficulties if too much feed is added <strong>and</strong> organic acids are produced faster than they are consumed, if inhibitory compounds accumulate, or if the feed stream lacks natural pH buffers such as carbonate <strong>and</strong> ammonium. (EPA.,2008) Solids concentration higher than about 40% TS can also result in process inhibition, likely due to the reduced contact area available to the AD microorganisms. The content of TS in the MSW typically ranges from (30-60) %, this is the reason why water needs to be added each time this problem occurs. Process water can be used, but this may also result in the buildup of inhibitory compounds. Thus, low-solids digesters require the addition of fresh water. In higher temperatures which occur to smaller reactors a given waste stream is needed to be processed. However, the micro-organisms themselves are adapted to relatively narrow temperature ranges. Mesophilic <strong>and</strong> thermophilic microbes are adapted to roughly 30-40°C <strong>and</strong> 50-60°C respectively. (EPA., 2008) 2.2.5. AD stages Generally the overall AD process (Figure 10.) can be divided into four stages: Pretreatment, waste digestion , gas recovery <strong>and</strong> residue treatment. Most digestion s y s t em s require pretreatment of waste to obtain homogeneous feedstock. The preprocessing involves separation of nondigestible materials <strong>and</strong> shredding. The waste received by AD digester is usually source separated or mechanically sorted. The separation ensures removal of undesirable or recyclable materials such as glass, metals, stones etc. In source separation, recyclables are removed from the organic wastes at the source. If source separation cannot be achieved, mechanical separation could occur even though the final product hasn’t got the same quality because it is not as clean as in source seperation.The waste is shredded before it is fed into the digester. Inside the digester, the feed is diluted to achieve desired solids content <strong>and</strong> remains in the digester for a designated retention time. (Verma.,2002)
Page 1 and 2: National Technical University of At
Page 3 and 4: 3.3.4. Landfill sy
Page 5 and 6: 10.4.2.Susteren sewage treatment <s
Page 7 and 8: Figure 44.: Västerås concept ....
Page 9 and 10: Picture 30.: The heat exchanger sys
Page 11 and 12: (Table 8.): The Ljungsjöverket pla
Page 13 and 14: 2 1. Bio-WASTE MANAGEMENT LEGISLATI
Page 15 and 16: 4 The Directive envisages the possi
Page 17 and 18: 6 In the Commission's estimation, a
Page 19 and 20: 8 of yard waste and</strong
Page 21 and 22: 10 conditions (i.e., as brief as a
Page 23 and 24: 12 Picture2.: View of machine used
Page 25 and 26: 14 In-Vessel Composting Systems In
Page 27 and 28: 16 The duration of the composting p
Page 29 and 30: 18 Figure 7.: Principal emissions f
Page 31 and 32: 20 2.2 Anaerobic Digestion (AD) 2.2
Page 33: 22 4. Finally, methanogenic organis
Page 37 and 38: 26 Considerations such as the desig
Page 39 and 40: 28 to the viscosity of the feed, th
Page 41 and 42: 30 The Netherlands
Page 43 and 44: 32 Heavy metals in digestate usuall
Page 45 and 46: 34 3. Large scale biodegradable was
Page 47 and 48: 36 power and 1,200
Page 49 and 50: 38 filtration or electrostatic prec
Page 51 and 52: 40 acceptable range, but reduce the
Page 53 and 54: 42 Rotary kiln furnaces Rotary kiln
Page 55 and 56: 44 It has been processed an
Page 57 and 58: 46 Heavy metals can be grouped into
Page 59 and 60: 48 choices for a commercial plant w
Page 61 and 62: 50 Gasification (Figure.19) using o
Page 63 and 64: 52 AC plasma CO2 plasma arc Microwa
Page 65 and 66: 54 pulled through an induced draft
Page 67 and 68: 56 the non-biodegradables a
Page 69 and 70: 58 3.3.8. Bioreactor land</
Page 71 and 72: 60 4. Materials Sorting Processes 4
Page 73 and 74: 62 Plastics Plastics (Fiqure.32) po
Page 75 and 76: 64 separate containers. There are a
Page 77 and 78: 66 The sorting of recyclables may b
Page 79 and 80: 68 4.5. Mechanical and</str
Page 81 and 82: 70 glass breakage on the tipping fl
Page 83 and 84: 72 within solution under the influe
Page 85 and 86:
74 material, and t
Page 87 and 88:
76 changing pole configuration or w
Page 89 and 90:
78 4.7. Mechanical Biological Treat
Page 91 and 92:
80 Biological processing compartmen
Page 93 and 94:
82 equivalence considerations <stro
Page 95 and 96:
84 5.2. Waste streams considered in
Page 97 and 98:
86 Figure 27.: Percentage of munici
Page 99 and 100:
88 6.Italy The Italian strategy Ita
Page 101 and 102:
90 Italy also set targets for colle
Page 103 and 104:
92 (Figure 30.). The quality of com
Page 105 and 106:
94 a controlled environment with wa
Page 107 and 108:
96 Picture 11.: The Corteolona plan
Page 109 and 110:
98 The building in the foreground h
Page 111 and 112:
100 compost their garden waste. The
Page 113 and 114:
102 The total amount of waste produ
Page 115 and 116:
104 7. Germany 7.1. Waste managemen
Page 117 and 118:
106 has been specified only for som
Page 119 and 120:
108 7.3. Best practices</st
Page 121 and 122:
110 The installation has different
Page 123 and 124:
112 The sludge is placed into a lar
Page 125 and 126:
114 Picture 22.: Air mixing mechani
Page 127 and 128:
116 Finally the dried sludge is bee
Page 129 and 130:
118 process treats the wastes as co
Page 131 and 132:
120 consumption is about 0.7 x106 k
Page 133 and 134:
122 Picture 30.: The heat exchanger
Page 135 and 136:
124 used for the construction of l<
Page 137 and 138:
126 International’. In the Drum D
Page 139 and 140:
128 Picture 34.: Delivery crane in
Page 141 and 142:
130 industrial processes, where <st
Page 143 and 144:
132 industry, mixes the waste <stro
Page 145 and 146:
134 8. Sweden The Swedish strategy
Page 147 and 148:
136 joint committee or local govern
Page 149 and 150:
138 upon the number of collected fr
Page 151 and 152:
140 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Hazard
Page 153 and 154:
142 Anaerobic digestion also produc
Page 155 and 156:
144 Hässleholm 12,300 10,120 Karls
Page 157 and 158:
146 distributed either through gas
Page 159 and 160:
148 mentioned in earlier. (Chemical
Page 161 and 162:
150 Picture 39.: Public fuelling st
Page 163 and 164:
152 The pumpable organic waste is b
Page 165 and 166:
154 purchased by AGA and</s
Page 167 and 168:
156 Picture 43.: Paper bag with hou
Page 169 and 170:
158 (Table 8.): The Ljungsjöverket
Page 171 and 172:
160 Figure 46.: Schematic operation
Page 173 and 174:
162 9. United Kingdom The British S
Page 175 and 176:
164 9.2. Waste quantities 2008 The
Page 177 and 178:
166 9.3. Best practices</st
Page 179 and 180:
168 The partners collect around 840
Page 181 and 182:
170 Figure 51.: Quantity of waste c
Page 183 and 184:
172 The company recycles wood, meta
Page 185 and 186:
174 (26,650) of all households acro
Page 187 and 188:
176 Recycling Bins which are emptie
Page 189 and 190:
178 distance path. Since 1981, the
Page 191 and 192:
180 The scheme in operation in Wye
Page 193 and 194:
182 The method of composting the ga
Page 195 and 196:
184 such as: Waste, Management (of
Page 197 and 198:
186 heterogeneous in composition <s
Page 199 and 200:
188 2000 2004 2005 2006 Total 63,24
Page 201 and 202:
190 All domestic waste/recycling co
Page 203 and 204:
192 The end product is made into a
Page 205 and 206:
194 10.4.4. The Moerdijk incinerati
Page 207 and 208:
196 11. Greece The Greeks Strategy
Page 209 and 210:
198 The encouragement of rational o
Page 211 and 212:
200 Picture 55.: Panoramic View of
Page 213 and 214:
202 Four (4) ballistic separators
Page 215 and 216:
204 Picture 58.: View of Composting
Page 217 and 218:
206 Picture 59.: Refinery Unit at A
Page 219 and 220:
208 Unit for Treatment of Air Emiss
Page 221 and 222:
210 Picture 60.: Chania MBT plant (
Page 223 and 224:
212 A biological stabilization is t
Page 225 and 226:
214 Picture 66.: Prototype composti
Page 227 and 228:
216 Picture 69.: Psitallia sewage s
Page 229 and 230:
218 Figure 56.: Process description
Page 231 and 232:
220 Since ARTI-TZ started dissemina
Page 233 and 234:
222 Picture 74.: Construction of AD
Page 235 and 236:
224 biodegradables be isolated <str
Page 237 and 238:
226 Picture 77.: The physical separ
Page 239 and 240:
228 solution are fermented (e.g., s
Page 241 and 242:
230 Picture 78.: Transportation of
Page 243 and 244:
232 Picture 80.: Loofen company’s
Page 245 and 246:
234 The interior parts of both the
Page 247 and 248:
236 Figure 61.: Coway high capacity
Page 249 and 250:
238 13.3.1. Coway model (WM05-A) In
Page 251 and 252:
240 13.3.3. Coway model (WM03) The
Page 253 and 254:
242 13.5. DUO Enterprise Ltd Food g
Page 255 and 256:
244 References: Beyea, J., J. Cook,
Page 257 and 258:
246 Flaga A., 2003 Sludge Drying, I
Page 259 and 260:
248 Peigne, J., Girardin, P., 2004.
Page 261 and 262:
250 Internet sources: ACM Waste Man
Page 263 and 264:
252 Hellenic Statistical Authority.
Page 265 and 266:
254 Warwick District Council., 2010
show all

(best examples and good practices) on household organic waste ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?