(best examples and good practices) on household organic waste ...

1.Bio-WASTE MANAGEMENT LEGISLATION FRAMEWORK ........................................................................ 2
1.1 GREEN PAPER (Brussels, 3.12.2008 COM (2008) 811 final) {SEC (2008) 2936} ................................................ 2
1.1.2Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament <strong>and</strong> of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste <strong>and</strong> repealing
certain Directives
...................................................................................................................................................................2
1.1.3.Directive 1999/31/EC on the l<strong>and</strong>fill of waste (L<strong>and</strong>fill Directive) ..................................................................................4
1.1.4 Directive 1996/61/EC on integrated pollution prevention <strong>and</strong> control (IPPC Directive) .................................................4
1.1.5 Waste Incineration Directive 2000/76/EC ......................................................................................................................4
1.1.6. Regulation laying down health rules concerning animal by-products not intended for human consumption
2002/1774/EC (The Animal By-products Regulation)..............................................................................................................5
1.1.7 The Directive on the promotion of cogeneration (COM 2004/8/EC) ..............................................................................5
1.1.8 The proposed RES Directive, repealing Directives 2001/77/EC <strong>and</strong> 2003/30/EC ............................................................5
1.1.9. Waste transport Δirective EEC/259/93 <strong>and</strong> 94/721/EEC ...............................................................................................6
2. Household organic waste treatment methods ...................................................................................... 6
2.1. Composting ............................................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.1.Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................6
2.1.2 Compost Phases ............................................................................................................................................................8
2.1.3. Composting Technologies...........................................................................................................................................10
2.1.4.Compost stability/maturity determination ..................................................................................................................16
2.1.5.Composting process cost.............................................................................................................................................17
2.1.6.Environmental <strong>and</strong> health impacts ..............................................................................................................................17
2.2 Anaerobic Digestion (AD) .......................................................................................................................... 20
2.2.1.Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................20
2.2.2 The applications of the AD process in the Society........................................................................................................20
2.2.3. Digestion Process Description ....................................................................................................................................21
2.2.5. AD stages ...................................................................................................................................................................24
2.2.6. Categories of Engineered AD Systems ........................................................................................................................26
2.2.7. Environmental Aspects of Anaerobic Digestion ..........................................................................................................30
2.2.8. The main aspects of Quality Management of AD Residues .........................................................................................31
3.Large scale biodegradable waste treatment methods ......................................................................... 34
3.1 Thermal treatment ................................................................................................................................... 34
Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................................34
3.2. Incineration ............................................................................................................................................. 35
3.2.1. Key features of a waste incinerator ............................................................................................................................36
3.2.2.. Mass-burn incineration .............................................................................................................................................37
3.2.3. Types of incinerators ..................................................................................................................................................40
3.2.4. Environmental Aspects of Incineration .......................................................................................................................44
3.2.5. Pyrolysis .....................................................................................................................................................................47
3.2.6. Gasification ................................................................................................................................................................49
3.2.7. Plasma Technology.....................................................................................................................................................51
3.3. L<strong>and</strong>filling................................................................................................................................................ 54
3.3..1. Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................................54
3.3.2. Configurations of sanitary l<strong>and</strong>filling ..........................................................................................................................55
3.3.3. Mechanical Biological treatment ................................................................................................................................55