(best examples and good practices) on household organic waste ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

5 incineration of most of bio-waste (including mixed waste containing biodegradable fractions). 1.1.6. Regulation laying down health rules concerning animal by-products not intended for human consumption 2002/1774/EC (The Animal Byproducts Regulation) This Regulation lays down detailed rules for the protection of public <strong>and</strong> animal health that apply to the use of animal by-products in biogas <strong>and</strong> composting plants. Category (1) <strong>and</strong> Category (2) animal by-products are either excluded from such use or may only be used under strict conditions <strong>and</strong> following processing. Pending the adoption of harmonized requirements for the processing of Category (3) classified catering waste; Member States may adopt risk mitigating national rules for the processing of such material which must be at least equivalent to the st<strong>and</strong>ards set by the Regulation for the processing of Category (3) material of the same nature. 1.1.7 The Directive on the promotion of cogeneration (COM 2004/8/EC) One of the <strong>best</strong> ways to use energy in an efficient way is by making use of cogeneration of electricity <strong>and</strong> heat (also known as combined heat <strong>and</strong> power or CHP), thus limiting waste heat. This is the objective of Directive 2004/8/EC., <strong>and</strong> it also applies to waste incineration. The heat developed in the incineration process can be used for district heating but also for industrial purposes, pretreatment of fuel <strong>and</strong> for biogas production. In order to calculate if the cogeneration process is highly efficient under Directive 2004/8/EC, harmonized reference values have to be used as defined in Commission Decision 2007/74/EC. The list there includes reference values for electricity <strong>and</strong> heat from solid biodegradable (municipal) waste, liquid biodegradable waste <strong>and</strong> biogas, in order to promote the use of high efficiency cogeneration with such fuels. A qualification as high efficiency cogeneration may lead to guarantees of origin for CHP electricity <strong>and</strong> to (extra) state aid for operators of such units. 1.1.8 The proposed RES Directive, repealing Directives 2001/77/EC <strong>and</strong> 2003/30/EC This proposal considers the use of biomass, i.e. the biodegradable fraction of products, wastes <strong>and</strong> residues from agriculture (including vegetal <strong>and</strong> animal substances), forestry <strong>and</strong> related industries, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial <strong>and</strong> municipal waste, to count towards the renewable energy targets, but leaves it up to Member States to decide how certain renewable energy resources are to be supported.
6 In the Commission's estimation, around half of the EU's overall 20% renewable energy target will be met from bio-energy. Furthermore the RES Directive sets sustainability criteria for the use of biofuels <strong>and</strong> bioliquids, while encouraging the use of bio-wastes, e.g. cooking oil or bio-methane, for developing so-called second-generation biofuels. The RES Directive also foresees reporting on a need for sustainability criteria for all other uses of biomass for energy purposes. 1.1.9. Waste transport Directive EEC/259/93 <strong>and</strong> 94/721/EEC The aim is to regulate imports <strong>and</strong> exports of waste inside <strong>and</strong> outside the EU. A reason for the transport directive is a conflict of principles. Based on the Extended Producer Liability <strong>and</strong> the Waste Hierarchy, the producer tries to recycle his waste in the cheapest way <strong>and</strong> tries to sell his recycled waste at the <strong>best</strong> price. However, this can form a conflict with the principle of Proximity <strong>and</strong> Self-sufficiency. The producer should recycle his waste as close as possible <strong>and</strong> sell it to the nearest producer. This is sound economic <strong>and</strong> environmental policy. However, this is in conflict with the principle of Proximity <strong>and</strong> Selfsufficiency. The transport directive divides the waste in three lists <strong>and</strong> sets priorities for each list: • Green List: Free transport (just notification to government) e.g.: sorted MSW • Orange List: Limited transport e.g.: unsorted MSW • Red List: Transport restricted strongly: e.g.: hazardous waste Products on the Green List can be traded freely. Products on the Orange <strong>and</strong> Red List are restricted <strong>and</strong> fall under the principles of Proximity <strong>and</strong> Selfsufficiency. Exports out of <strong>and</strong> imports into the EU are forbidden except for specific situations. 2. Household organic waste treatment methods This Section aims to provide a comprehensive description related to the household organic waste management <strong>and</strong> treatment methods existing in the European Union, consisted as part of the (EU) environmental policy on the management of this type of waste. At this section, the relevant methods <strong>and</strong> <strong>practices</strong> are described in detail whereas the effectiveness <strong>and</strong> negative impacts of each method are also presented. 2.1. Composting 2.1.1. Introduction Composting is a natural process which involves the aerobic biological decomposition of organic materials under controlled conditions. During composting organic matter from the biodegradable wastes is microbiologically
Page 1 and 2: National Technical University of At
Page 3 and 4: 3.3.4. Landfill sy
Page 5 and 6: 10.4.2.Susteren sewage treatment <s
Page 7 and 8: Figure 44.: Västerås concept ....
Page 9 and 10: Picture 30.: The heat exchanger sys
Page 11 and 12: (Table 8.): The Ljungsjöverket pla
Page 13 and 14: 2 1. Bio-WASTE MANAGEMENT LEGISLATI
Page 15: 4 The Directive envisages the possi
Page 19 and 20: 8 of yard waste and</strong
Page 21 and 22: 10 conditions (i.e., as brief as a
Page 23 and 24: 12 Picture2.: View of machine used
Page 25 and 26: 14 In-Vessel Composting Systems In
Page 27 and 28: 16 The duration of the composting p
Page 29 and 30: 18 Figure 7.: Principal emissions f
Page 31 and 32: 20 2.2 Anaerobic Digestion (AD) 2.2
Page 33 and 34: 22 4. Finally, methanogenic organis
Page 35 and 36: 24 If the proper conditions cannot
Page 37 and 38: 26 Considerations such as the desig
Page 39 and 40: 28 to the viscosity of the feed, th
Page 41 and 42: 30 The Netherlands
Page 43 and 44: 32 Heavy metals in digestate usuall
Page 45 and 46: 34 3. Large scale biodegradable was
Page 47 and 48: 36 power and 1,200
Page 49 and 50: 38 filtration or electrostatic prec
Page 51 and 52: 40 acceptable range, but reduce the
Page 53 and 54: 42 Rotary kiln furnaces Rotary kiln
Page 55 and 56: 44 It has been processed an
Page 57 and 58: 46 Heavy metals can be grouped into
Page 59 and 60: 48 choices for a commercial plant w
Page 61 and 62: 50 Gasification (Figure.19) using o
Page 63 and 64: 52 AC plasma CO2 plasma arc Microwa
Page 65 and 66: 54 pulled through an induced draft
Page 67 and 68:
56 the non-biodegradables a
Page 69 and 70:
58 3.3.8. Bioreactor land</
Page 71 and 72:
60 4. Materials Sorting Processes 4
Page 73 and 74:
62 Plastics Plastics (Fiqure.32) po
Page 75 and 76:
64 separate containers. There are a
Page 77 and 78:
66 The sorting of recyclables may b
Page 79 and 80:
68 4.5. Mechanical and</str
Page 81 and 82:
70 glass breakage on the tipping fl
Page 83 and 84:
72 within solution under the influe
Page 85 and 86:
74 material, and t
Page 87 and 88:
76 changing pole configuration or w
Page 89 and 90:
78 4.7. Mechanical Biological Treat
Page 91 and 92:
80 Biological processing compartmen
Page 93 and 94:
82 equivalence considerations <stro
Page 95 and 96:
84 5.2. Waste streams considered in
Page 97 and 98:
86 Figure 27.: Percentage of munici
Page 99 and 100:
88 6.Italy The Italian strategy Ita
Page 101 and 102:
90 Italy also set targets for colle
Page 103 and 104:
92 (Figure 30.). The quality of com
Page 105 and 106:
94 a controlled environment with wa
Page 107 and 108:
96 Picture 11.: The Corteolona plan
Page 109 and 110:
98 The building in the foreground h
Page 111 and 112:
100 compost their garden waste. The
Page 113 and 114:
102 The total amount of waste produ
Page 115 and 116:
104 7. Germany 7.1. Waste managemen
Page 117 and 118:
106 has been specified only for som
Page 119 and 120:
108 7.3. Best practices</st
Page 121 and 122:
110 The installation has different
Page 123 and 124:
112 The sludge is placed into a lar
Page 125 and 126:
114 Picture 22.: Air mixing mechani
Page 127 and 128:
116 Finally the dried sludge is bee
Page 129 and 130:
118 process treats the wastes as co
Page 131 and 132:
120 consumption is about 0.7 x106 k
Page 133 and 134:
122 Picture 30.: The heat exchanger
Page 135 and 136:
124 used for the construction of l<
Page 137 and 138:
126 International’. In the Drum D
Page 139 and 140:
128 Picture 34.: Delivery crane in
Page 141 and 142:
130 industrial processes, where <st
Page 143 and 144:
132 industry, mixes the waste <stro
Page 145 and 146:
134 8. Sweden The Swedish strategy
Page 147 and 148:
136 joint committee or local govern
Page 149 and 150:
138 upon the number of collected fr
Page 151 and 152:
140 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Hazard
Page 153 and 154:
142 Anaerobic digestion also produc
Page 155 and 156:
144 Hässleholm 12,300 10,120 Karls
Page 157 and 158:
146 distributed either through gas
Page 159 and 160:
148 mentioned in earlier. (Chemical
Page 161 and 162:
150 Picture 39.: Public fuelling st
Page 163 and 164:
152 The pumpable organic waste is b
Page 165 and 166:
154 purchased by AGA and</s
Page 167 and 168:
156 Picture 43.: Paper bag with hou
Page 169 and 170:
158 (Table 8.): The Ljungsjöverket
Page 171 and 172:
160 Figure 46.: Schematic operation
Page 173 and 174:
162 9. United Kingdom The British S
Page 175 and 176:
164 9.2. Waste quantities 2008 The
Page 177 and 178:
166 9.3. Best practices</st
Page 179 and 180:
168 The partners collect around 840
Page 181 and 182:
170 Figure 51.: Quantity of waste c
Page 183 and 184:
172 The company recycles wood, meta
Page 185 and 186:
174 (26,650) of all households acro
Page 187 and 188:
176 Recycling Bins which are emptie
Page 189 and 190:
178 distance path. Since 1981, the
Page 191 and 192:
180 The scheme in operation in Wye
Page 193 and 194:
182 The method of composting the ga
Page 195 and 196:
184 such as: Waste, Management (of
Page 197 and 198:
186 heterogeneous in composition <s
Page 199 and 200:
188 2000 2004 2005 2006 Total 63,24
Page 201 and 202:
190 All domestic waste/recycling co
Page 203 and 204:
192 The end product is made into a
Page 205 and 206:
194 10.4.4. The Moerdijk incinerati
Page 207 and 208:
196 11. Greece The Greeks Strategy
Page 209 and 210:
198 The encouragement of rational o
Page 211 and 212:
200 Picture 55.: Panoramic View of
Page 213 and 214:
202 Four (4) ballistic separators
Page 215 and 216:
204 Picture 58.: View of Composting
Page 217 and 218:
206 Picture 59.: Refinery Unit at A
Page 219 and 220:
208 Unit for Treatment of Air Emiss
Page 221 and 222:
210 Picture 60.: Chania MBT plant (
Page 223 and 224:
212 A biological stabilization is t
Page 225 and 226:
214 Picture 66.: Prototype composti
Page 227 and 228:
216 Picture 69.: Psitallia sewage s
Page 229 and 230:
218 Figure 56.: Process description
Page 231 and 232:
220 Since ARTI-TZ started dissemina
Page 233 and 234:
222 Picture 74.: Construction of AD
Page 235 and 236:
224 biodegradables be isolated <str
Page 237 and 238:
226 Picture 77.: The physical separ
Page 239 and 240:
228 solution are fermented (e.g., s
Page 241 and 242:
230 Picture 78.: Transportation of
Page 243 and 244:
232 Picture 80.: Loofen company’s
Page 245 and 246:
234 The interior parts of both the
Page 247 and 248:
236 Figure 61.: Coway high capacity
Page 249 and 250:
238 13.3.1. Coway model (WM05-A) In
Page 251 and 252:
240 13.3.3. Coway model (WM03) The
Page 253 and 254:
242 13.5. DUO Enterprise Ltd Food g
Page 255 and 256:
244 References: Beyea, J., J. Cook,
Page 257 and 258:
246 Flaga A., 2003 Sludge Drying, I
Page 259 and 260:
248 Peigne, J., Girardin, P., 2004.
Page 261 and 262:
250 Internet sources: ACM Waste Man
Page 263 and 264:
252 Hellenic Statistical Authority.
Page 265 and 266:
254 Warwick District Council., 2010
show all

(best examples and good practices) on household organic waste ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?