(iii) Ujjain - Urban Administration & Development Department

City Development Plan
For
Ujjain
Submitted by
Ujjain Municipal Corporation
CMAMP INTACH CIC AHEMDABAD USAID FIRE -D

Executive Summary
Ujjain City’s vision tells us where we are supposed to go, but not how to get there. We all
need to agree on how and what specific objectives do we need to achieve our Vision? This
development Plan will help to focus all our energies on what is most important, and provide
direction to each citizen on how individual jobs contribute to the Vision. The city
development plan is an important first step in establishing a clear roadmap to accomplish our
Vision. Strategy is a result of a process that begins with an examination of organizational
Mission, Vision, Values and our community. It ends with the preparation of a development
Plan, a plan that translates our Vision and Mission into actions and our actions into results.
The holy city of Ujjain is a popular religious centre, well known for its temples. The City is
a major trading centre in agriculture produce and is the second largest city of "Indore Agro
Industrial Region".Tourism, Agricultural markets and trade are the main resources of
economy for Ujjain. There is no major industry in the city. The city of Ujjain is shaped by
geographical factors river Shipra, Mela ground etc. and has developed into two parts: old city
having Mahakaal temple and the newly developed area. The pressure on core area is high due
to several factors including high density of population and the violation of the bye-laws.
Importantly, in state like Madhya Pradesh where level of poverty is relatively high it
becomes important to analyse the reasons behind it. In Ujjain, nearly half of the population
lives below Poverty Line and a large slum population translate into miserable and unhealthy
living conditions, which affects the economic productivity and cumulatively that of the city
as a whole. The inefficient water distribution system, disposal of human waste and garbage
may be identified as the three most important factors that endanger the health and wellbeing
of people living in slums. Provision of these basic urban services has traditionally been a
municipal function. Hence, in this context, it is important for Municipal Corporation to
deliver quality services to its urban poor, effectively and efficiently. Infrastructure forms the
backbone of any economy and plays an important role in the development of a region.
Availability and adequacy of urban services are important indicators to assess the livability
principle of city. The analysis shows that Ujjain has potential in field of infrastructure but it
lacks management and optimum utilization of resources. Ujjain has adequate drinking water
stock for next 20 years and it can be perceived as a boon for any city. The major
environmental concern is the insufficient sanitation facilities and underground sewerage
system.
The strong religious and heritage image of the city has yet not been fully exploited .Ujjain
has got a very high tourism potential and the local economy can get a boost if proper
strategies are adopted.
In the context of Governance, inorder to enable the urban local bodies "to perform effectively
as vibrant democratic units of self government", the 74th Constitutional Amendment was
introduced in the Parliament and it became an Act in December 1992. This Act is a great
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eform act in the political context as well as in the administrative and financial aspects
concerning the urban local bodies in India. Madhya Pradesh has been the pioneer in
implementing this most concerted attempt at creating local institutions of self governance.
A review of the Government structure and governance suggests that, the link between urban
management and decentralisation has not yet been established in operational terms and has
not reached ward levels in Ujjain city although planning capacity, human resource
development, financial management is slowly getting boosted. Modernisation and upgrading
of systems and procedures in city management through equipment, skill-enhancement and
application, and updating of manuals and codes (e.g. GIS and MIS) are on the prime agenda
to meet the current and emerging challenges. The corporation believes that, functional
reorganisation and delegation of powers to the departments in the city is necessary to enable
them to perform better. Basic elements of improved financial management (e.g. asset register,
Double -Entry system in accounting, billing and collection, etc.) which has already been
initiated must start functioning.
JNNURM programme is seen as an opportunity by the Ujjain Municipal Corporation to
develop Ujjain into a vibrant heritage city. Ujjain Municipal Corporation and the supporting
authorities aims to develop Ujjain as knowledge and pilgrim centre -maintaining its great
religious, ancient and cultural image providing a better and sustainable environment to all its
citizens and visiting pilgrims.
Jawahar Lal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) is an occasion to provide
future to our past in such a way that it generates tourism, inculcates pride, brings in
livelihoods and alleviates poverty.
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Acknowledgements
Ujjain Municipal Corporation gratefully acknowledges all the stakeholders, authorities and
resource persons who have participated with enthusiasm in making this plan and have
assisted the Corporation with their valuable advice. The corporation is thankful to the City
Managers Association, Madhya Pradesh (CMAMP) and Indian National Trust for Art and
Cultural Heritage (INTACH) Regional Chapter Bhopal, for their technical support in
formulating and preparing of this Development Plan.
We wish to thank Mr. Malay Shrivastava, IAS (Commissioner,Urban Administration and
Development Department,GoMP) for the interest and guidance provided, Mr. Neeraj
Mandloi,IAS (Collector,Ujjain) for his interest and Mr. Ajit Kesari, IAS for providing us
with guidance on the role of Mela office.We also wish to thank Mr. Pankaj Rag, IAS (State
Archives,M.P) for his valuable suggestions.
We extend our sincere thanks to all the officials and concerned departments for providing us
with the information much needed for the preparation of this document, specially:
- Ujjain Development Authority
- Town and Country Planning Department, Ujjain
- P.H.E. department
We wish to thank Mr Narayan Vyas of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) & Mr.
Maheshwari of the State Archaeology Department for sharing their knowledge of the cultural
and historical Ujjain. We thank Mr Debasish Naik, Advisor Heritage Cell, Ahemedabad
Municipal Corporation and Mr Ajit Koujalgi, Conservation Architect and co Convenor
INTACH, Pondicherry for sharing their experience with us on heritage conservation.We also
wish to thank FIRE–D for its support in preparing the document. The contribution of the
people of Ujjain who attended the meetings to discuss and develop conceptual framework of
the CDP is held in high esteem and regards. The people’s representatives, the councillors and
the media have been extremely helpful and supportive. The representatives of various Trusts
such as Mahakal Trust, Bohra Trust etc., the religious heads and the academiea and the
enthusiasm with which all of them participated and vocalized their opinions is highly
appreciated.
Our special thanks to all the officials of Municipal Corporation for their kind support and
cooperation particularly Shri B.K Sharma (A.E.), Shri C.K. Shukla (Sub Engineer) and Shri
Harish Shrivastava for their continued involvement with the making of the CDP and data
sharing.
The support provided by Shri P.S. Kushwah (A.E.), Shri. Sumit Asthana (Sub Engineer), Shri
Sharad Kulshreshtha and other Staff personnel is also gratefully acknowledged.
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Project Team
City Manager’s Association, Madhya Pradesh
Project Manager
Urban Planner
Urban Planner
Consultant (HR & training)
Mr Ashish Agarwal
Mr Pravin Bhagwat
Mr Anubhav Shrivastava
Mrs Renu Handa
Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (Reg. Chapter Bhopal)
Conservation Architect,
Architect Historian, Convenor INTACH
Dr Meera I Dass
Heritage Lister Ujjain, Photographer, Designer Mr Huzoor Choudhry
Heritage Advisor, Consultant,
Convenor INTACH MP
Dr Ishwar Dass (Retd IAS)
Auto CAD and Maps
Mr Sadiq Khan
Heritage Lister Ujjain
Ms Sulakshana Choudhry
Coordinates Infrastructure Consulting
Financial Expert
Mr.Gautam Patel
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Contents
1 City as an Organic Entity .............................................................................................13
1.1 Importance of Heritage and Conservation and its relevant to Ujjain......................13
1.2 JNNURM Programme.............................................................................................13
1.3 Focus Areas.............................................................................................................14
1.4 Mission Objectives..................................................................................................14
1.5 Cities Selected Under the Mission ..........................................................................14
1.6 Selection of Ujjain City...........................................................................................15
1.7 City Development Plan for Ujjain ..........................................................................15
1.8 Aim, Objectives & Approach..................................................................................15
1.9 Vision......................................................................................................................16
1.10 Concept and Methodology ......................................................................................23
2 Ujjain: its landscape and people ..................................................................................25
2.1 Ancient religious landscape of canonical treatises..................................................26
2.2 Archaeological landscape .......................................................................................26
2.3 Historical landscape ................................................................................................28
2.4 Religious landscape.................................................................................................29
2.5 Landscape of Myths and Mythologies ....................................................................29
2.6 Location and regional settings ................................................................................29
2.7 Climate and Geology ..............................................................................................31
2.8 Demographic profile ...............................................................................................32
2.9 Work force profile...................................................................................................34
3 Heritage Significance of Ujjain ....................................................................................38
3.1 The Ancient Sacred Landscape of Avanti...............................................................38
3.2 Ujjain and the Spread of Buddhism, Jainism, Vaishnavism ...................................41
3.3 Ujjain A Centre Of Learning And The Arts............................................................43
3.4 Parmaras And Their Contribution To Art And Literature ......................................44
3.5 The Ghats Of Ujjain................................................................................................45
3.6 The Chhatris Of Ujjain............................................................................................46
3.7 Wood Architecture In Ujjain...................................................................................46
3.8 Bohra Bakhals And Wooden Architecture..............................................................47
3.9 Gateways of Ujjain..................................................................................................48
3.10 Ujjain – A Pluralistic and Multi Faith Landscape...................................................48
3.11 The Concept of Chaurasi Mahadevas .....................................................................49
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3.12 Yatras and The Savari.............................................................................................49
3.13 Natural Heritage Of Ujjain – The Saptasagaras......................................................50
3.14 Astronomical and Astrological Significance Of Ujjain ..........................................51
3.15 The Temples of Ujjain: The Parmaras And The Marathas .....................................52
4 Approach for Development ..........................................................................................55
4.1 Sacred Landscape Approach for Development of Ujjain City................................55
4.2 Features of the Kshetras..........................................................................................56
4.3 Inferences................................................................................................................85
5 Conservation and Development Proposals..................................................................86
5.1 About the heritage...................................................................................................86
5.2 Chourasi Mahadev ..................................................................................................87
5.3 Heritage Spots and Heritage Precincts....................................................................95
5.4 Shri Mahakal Mandir Parisar ................................................................................111
5.5 Gopal Mandir ........................................................................................................115
5.6 The Core Heritage Zone........................................................................................116
5.7 Sapta Sagar Sindhu ...............................................................................................118
5.8 Other Development Proposals ..............................................................................121
5.9 Pracheen Gyan Vishwavidyalaya. (Ancient Knowledge University) ...................126
5.10 Kaliadeh Resort.....................................................................................................128
5.11 Mill Kshetra - Flower mart ...................................................................................130
5.12 Myths and Mythologies ........................................................................................131
5.13 Religious Activities and Tourism .........................................................................133
6 Urban Planning and land Use Management.............................................................137
6.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................137
6.2 Growth pattern of the city .....................................................................................143
6.3 Urban Structure and Image ...................................................................................145
6.4 Challenges and Opportunities faced by the City Heritage....................................147
6.5 Key Issues .............................................................................................................152
6.6 Strategies...............................................................................................................153
7 Poverty and Slums.......................................................................................................155
7.1 Need ......................................................................................................................155
7.2 Status of Poverty in Ujjain ....................................................................................156
7.3 Slums in Ujjain......................................................................................................157
7.4 Issues.....................................................................................................................166
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7.5 Strategies...............................................................................................................166
8 City Infrastructure and Services Review ..................................................................168
8.1 Water Supply.........................................................................................................168
SWOT analysis: ...................................................................................................................174
8.2 Sewerage and Sanitation .......................................................................................176
8.3 Social infrastructure ..............................................................................................181
8.4 Issues and problems ..............................................................................................182
8.5 Storm water Drainage ...........................................................................................183
8.6 Issues Identified for City Drainage System ..........................................................184
8.7 Solid Waste Management .....................................................................................185
8.8 Issues.....................................................................................................................189
8.9 Strategies...............................................................................................................190
8.10 Street Lighting.......................................................................................................191
9 Roads & Transportation.............................................................................................193
9.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................193
9.2 Public Transport....................................................................................................195
9.3 Issues.....................................................................................................................200
SWOT analysis.....................................................................................................................201
9.4 Strategies...............................................................................................................201
10 City Environment........................................................................................................204
10.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................204
10.2 Climatic analysis...................................................................................................205
10.3 Land and physiography.........................................................................................207
10.4 Pollution Profile ....................................................................................................209
10.5 Urban greening......................................................................................................211
10.6 Issues.....................................................................................................................211
10.7 Strategies...............................................................................................................212
10.8 Ingenious attempts at improving water quality.....................................................213
11 Technical Review Municipal Finance........................................................................216
11.1 Overview...............................................................................................................216
11.2 Revenue Account ..................................................................................................219
11.3 Capital Account.....................................................................................................223
11.4 Key Financial Indicators .......................................................................................225
11.5 Key Issues and Conclusion ...................................................................................227
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12 Institutional Frame Work...........................................................................................229
12.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................229
12.2 Institutions and Organisation ................................................................................230
12.3 Area of Fragmentation ..........................................................................................239
12.4 Overview on Ujjain Municipal Corporation .........................................................241
12.5 Key Observations and Issues ................................................................................248
12.6 Strategic Elements for Program Design................................................................250
12.7 Capacity Building .................................................................................................251
12.8 Ujjain Municipal Governance Overview ..............................................................256
12.9 Ujjain Municipal Governance Status ....................................................................262
12.10 Urban Governance Issues and Strategies..........................................................266
12.11 IT Solutions and Ward Level single window clearence ...................................268
12.12 Conclusion ........................................................................................................269
13 Heritage Management and Strategies .......................................................................270
13.1 Methodology and Data Sources ............................................................................270
13.2 Visitor Plan ...........................................................................................................270
13.3 Environment Plan..................................................................................................271
13.4 PPP programme.....................................................................................................279
14 Capital Investment Plan .............................................................................................282
14.1 Project Identification and Costing.........................................................................282
14.2 Sector-wise Project Identification and Costing.....................................................283
14.3 Total Capital Investment Requirement .................................................................296
14.4 Financing Plan.......................................................................................................298
15 Investment Sustenance Plan.......................................................................................299
15.1 Overview...............................................................................................................299
15.2 Key Assumptions ..................................................................................................300
15.3 Investment Phasing ...............................................................................................307
15.4 Results of FOP ......................................................................................................310
16 Project Impacts and Policy Interventions .................................................................311
16.1 Project Benefits and Impacts.................................................................................311
16.2 Policy Interventions ..............................................................................................313
17 Developing a Vision for the City ................................................................................314
17.1 Objectives..............................................................................................................314
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List of Figures
Figure 1-1 Stakeholders Consultation process ........................................................................17
Figure 2-7 Occupational break up ...........................................................................................34
Figure 6-1 Land use break-up and Proposed land use break up - 2021.................................141
Figure6-3 Overlap of Land Use map and Heritage Kshetras................................................144
Figure 7-4Map of Ujjain showing Location of Slums...........................................................164
Figure 10-4Potentiality (use-wise) index for various Ghats and landmarks .........................210
Figure 11-1 Revenue Account Income ..................................................................................215
Figure 11-2 Revenue Account – Expenditure Ujjain Municipal Corporation.......................222
Figure 12-1 Organisational Structure of Deliberative wing Executive Wing .......................244
Figure 12-2 Organisational Structure of Executive Wing of UMC.......................................245
Figure 14-1 Investment Composition Sector wise.................................................................296
List of Tables
Table 2-1 Climatic components...............................................................................................31
Table 2-2 Population Density Trend in UMC .........................................................................32
Table 2-3 Other demographic details of Ujjain city ................................................................33
Table 2-4 Occupational break up.............................................................................................34
Table 2-5 Economic base of the city Ujjain ............................................................................35
Table 5-1Important religious events and the expected population in Ujjain.........................134
Table 5-2Floating population in other fairs ...........................................................................135
Table 6-1 Components of the Ujjain Development Plan 1991..............................................139
Table 6-2 Components of Proposed Master plan Ujjain, 2021..............................................140
Table 6-3 Present And Proposed Land Use...........................................................................141
Table 6-4 Developed area under Municipal limits ................................................................142
Table 7-1 Number of Slums and population..........................................................................157
Table 7-2 Slum Infrastructure, water supply .........................................................................161
Table 7-3 Details of Sewerage and sanitation in Ujjain slums .............................................161
Table 7-4 Poorly facilitated Slums .......................................................................................161
Table 7-5 Slum Infrastructure, Roads....................................................................................161
Table 7-6 Slum Infrastructure, Electricity .............................................................................162
Table 7-7 Assess to basic services.........................................................................................162
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Table 7-8 ward wise information of slums in Ujjain............................................................163
Table 8-1 Water Resources Surface resources ......................................................................169
Table 8-2 Water connection Details ......................................................................................172
Table 8-3Annual Cost of O&M for WTP and Distribution System 2004-05........................173
Table 8-4 Water supply Service indicators............................................................................173
Table 8-5 Water Supply Service Cost and efficiency...........................................................174
Table 8-6Future Water Supply Requirements (2011 & 2021) ..............................................175
Table 8-7 Sanitation facilities................................................................................................179
Table 8-8 City Sewerage Infrastructure.................................................................................180
Table 8-9 Number of Schools in Ujjain City.........................................................................181
Table 8-10 Medical facilities in Ujjain city...........................................................................181
Table 8-11Fire services in Ujjain City...................................................................................181
Table 8-12 Major City level drains Inventory .......................................................................184
Table 8-13 solid waste details................................................................................................186
Table 8-14waste collection details in the Ujjain city.............................................................186
Table 8-15Solid Waste Management Staff at Ujjain.............................................................187
Table 8-16Physical Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste of Ujjain........................................187
Table 8-17 Details of Street lighting in Ujjain City...............................................................191
Table 9-1 Surface type and Road Stock ................................................................................194
Table 9-2 Types of Drain and Proportion..............................................................................195
Table 10-1 Temperature Monthly Averages..........................................................................206
Table 10-2 Mean Wind Speed (km/hr)..................................................................................207
Table 1Abstract for Municipal Fiscal Status of Ujjain Municipal Corporation ....................216
Table 2 Sectoral Contribution of different streams of receipts and expenditure under the
UMC ......................................................................................................................................217
Table 3 Revenue Accounts of UMC......................................................................................219
Table 4 Capital Account of UMC..........................................................................................223
Table 5 financial performance indicators for UMC...............................................................225
Table 6 financial performance indicators for UMC...............................................................227
Table 12-1: Agency responsibilities for City Services in Ujjain ...........................................241
Table 12-2Financial Powers ..................................................................................................247
Table 12-3 Urban Governance and Institutional Strengthening Strategies ...........................266
Table 14-1 Capital Investment Required for Ujjain water supply Project ............................283
Table 14-2: Capital Investment Requirement for Ujjain Sewerage & Sanitation .................284
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Table 14-3 Summary of component-wise investment for storm water drainage...................285
Table 14-4: Capital Investment Requirement for Solid Waste Management........................286
Table 14-5: Norms Adopted for Estimating Investment Requirement in Roads...................287
Table 14-6: Capital investment Requirement for Road Upgradation & Construction and
Transportation 15.6 ii) ...........................................................................................................288
Table 14-7: Norms Adopted for Estimating Investment Requirement in Street Lighting.....289
Table 14-8: Capital Investment Requirement for Street Lighting .........................................289
Table 14-9: Capital Investment Requirement for Fire Services ............................................290
Table 14-10 Summary of the investment required for city level facilities ............................291
Table 14-11 Summary of the investment required for City Religious Core area development
and Heritage conservation .....................................................................................................294
Table 14-12: Capital Investment Requirement for Basic Services to Urban Poor in UMC..295
Table 14-13: Summary of Sector-wise Capital Investment Requirement in UMC...............297
Table 14-14 Project Financing Options plan .........................................................................298
Table 15-1 Key Assumptions for Forecasting income from property tax .............................301
Table 15-2 Key assumptions for forecasting income from water charges.............................302
Table 15-3 Key assumptions for forecasting income from Drainage Charges......................304
Table 15-5 Key growth rate assumptions for forecasting revenue expenditure ....................305
Table 15-6: Basis for Additional Recurring Expenditure due to Envisaged CIP ..................306
Table 15-7 Ujjain Investing Phasing for Full capital investment ..........................................307
Table 15-8 Investment Phasing and cash Project cash flow..................................................308
Annexures
Annexure - 1: Twelfth Schedule - Constitution
Annexure -2: Obligatory and Discretionary Duties of the Municipal Corporation
Annexure - 3: Taxation Powers of Municipal Corporation
Annexure -4: Functions and Powers of Ward Committees
Annexure -5: Delegation of Powers by the Commissioner to the Zonal Officers
Annexure - 6: Departmental Functions of Central Office
Annexure -7: List of participants (CDS workshop Ujjain, on 07-01-06)
Annexure -8: Ujjain City Development Plan – Financial Operating Plan
Annexure -9: Ujjain City Development Plan FOP
Annexure -10: Ujjain City Development Plan– Schedules to FOP
Annexure -11: Growth Rate Assumptions for FOP
Annexure -12: Draft Heritage regulations
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ADB
ADP
ATR
BPL
BOT
CAA
CBO
CDP
CDS
CII
CMAMP
CPHEEO
DDP
DFID
DLB
DoE
DoHFW
EWS
GIS
GoI
GoMP
H&ED
HUDCO
INTACH
JNNURM
Kl
Km
LIC
Lpcd/lcd
LS
M 3
M&E
MIC
MIS
Mld
MoRTH
MP
MSW
NGO
NSDP
O & M
PHED
PPP
PRA
PWD
SADA
SH
SWM
TCPO
UMC
UDA
UADD
WRD
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
Asian Development Bank
Annual Development Plan
Action taken Report
Below Poverty Line
Built Operate Transfer
Constitutional Amendment Act
Community Based Organisations
City Development Plan
Community Development Society
Confederation of Indian Industries
City Manager’s Association Madhya Pradesh
Central Public Health and Environment Engineering Organisation
Draft Development Plan
Department of International Development
Directorate of Local Bodies
Department of Environment
Department of Health and Family Welfare
Economically Weaker Sections
Geographical Information System
Government of India
Government of Madhya Pradesh
Housing and Environment Department (GoMP)
Housing and Urban Development Corporation Ltd
Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage
Jawahar Lal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
Kilo liter/ Cubic meter
Kilo Meter
Life Insurance Corporation
Liters Per Capita Per Day
Lum Sum
Cubic Meter
Monitoring & Evaluation
Mayor in council
Municipal Information System
Million Liter Per Day
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
Madhya Pradesh
Municipal solid Waste
Non Government organisation
National Slum Development Policy
Operation & Maintenance
Public health Engineering Department
Public Private Partnership
Participatory Rapid Assessment
Public Work Department
Special area Development Authority
State Highway
Solid Waste Management
Town and Country Planning Organisation
Ujjain Municipal Corporation
Ujjain Development Authority
Urban Administration and Development Department
Water resource Department (GoMP)
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1 Ciitty ass an Organiic Enttiitty
All towns and urban centers strive to provide their citizens with basic needs: adequate shelter,
transport, work opportunities and a decent quality of life. Historic urban centers offer
ambience with a special capacity to enrich the lives of their residents. A well-maintained
historic urban center has many advantages for its citizens. It is intimate and human in scale
and often rich in diverse activities. An historic town is a multi-functional organism with
residential, social, political, cultural and economical activities.
Key to urban development in India today is the urban local bodies or municipal bodies
(ULBs) who are the tools of delivery. Local bodies play a critical role in the delivery of
social, economic and infrastructure services like public health, sanitation, primary education,
water supply, and maintenance of road networks. Further, the local bodies will require to play
an increasingly important role to conserve heritage. Till recently there were no proper
responsible Government authorities to look after the Heritage issues, but with the enactment
of the Seventy Fourth Constitution Amendment Act of the year 1992, municipal bodies have
been vested with more powers in this area too.
In a fast urbanising and globalising nation, it is still possible to have well managed cities and
a good quality of life if these tools of delivery are encouraged to acquire capability. The
capability can be in the areas of financial sustenance, organisational responsiveness and a
general more mature and serious awarness of its key role in management and delivery of this
vibrant human bowl of health, activity and energy that makes up a city.
1.1 Importance of Heritage and Conservation and its relevant to Ujjain
Conservation is a movement activated by the realization that the natural and the cultural
resources of this planet are limited and are being eroded at an alarming rate. Conservation has
resulted in better socially integrated individuals leading to lessening of crimes, riots and other
social ills. The generative forces in any historic town are cultural and the town is alive with
non-tangible cultural assets. Many of the Heritage cities in India have been poorly interpreted
and understood. Their antiquities are nowhere to be seen having been destroyed completely at
some point in history. Independent India has not made much attempt at bringing to the fore
this character of these cities; there is no system in place that would address this issue in
future either
Ujjain represents a city rich in both heritage and religion, bound together by a culture
drooped in history and tradition so rich that some of its elements are part the most popular
Indian legends and conciousness. The Jawahar Lal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
(JNNURM) offers the city an unique opporetunity to provide future to its past in such a way
that it generates tourism, inculcates pride, brings in livelihoods and alleviates poverty.
1.2 JNNURM Programme
Considering cities’ incompatibility with the country’s socio-economic objectives and India’s
growing role in the world economy, the Government of India has decided to launch, in the
current fiscal year, the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM).
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1.3 Focus Areas
• Urban Renewal i.e. Redevelopment of inner (old) city areas.
• Development of Heritage Areas
• Preservation of Water Bodies
• Water Supply and Sanitation
• Drainage, Sewerage and Solid Waste Management
• Construction and Improvement of Drains/ Storm Water Drains
• Urban Transport including roads, highways/ expressways
• Parking lots/ Spaces on Public-Private Partnership basis
•
1.4 Mission Objectives
The objective of the JNNURM is to ensure that the following are achieved in the urban
sector:
• Focussed attention to integrated development of infrastructure services in cities
covered under the Mission
• Establishment of linkages between asset-creation and asset-management through a
slew of reforms for long-term project sustainability
• Ensuring adequate funds to meet the deficiencies in urban infrastructural services
• Planned development of identified cities including peri-urban areas, outgrowths and
urban corridors leading to dispersed urbanisation
• Scale-up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on
universal access to the urban poor
• Special focus on urban renewal programmes for the old city areas to reduce
congestion
• Provision of basic services to the urban poor including security of tenure at
affordable prices, improved housing, water supply and sanitation, and ensuring
delivery of other existing universal services of the government for education, health
and social security.
1.5 Cities Selected Under the Mission
The JNNURM proposes to give assistance for infrastructure development in the eligible
cities/ Urban Agglomerations (UAs) across States in the country. These cities/ UAs have
been selected based as per the following criteria:
Cities/ UAs with 4 million plus population as per 2001 census …………………………….07
Cities/ UAs with 1 million plus but less than 4 million population as per 2001 census……..28
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Selected Cities/ UAs (State Capitals and other cities/ UA of religious/ historic and tourist
importance) …………………………….……………………………………………………28
1.6 Selection of Ujjain City
Ujjain is one of the seven sacred cities of the Hindus with great religious and cultural
importance. Considering its significant religious and cultural image it has been included in
the list of selected cities under JNNURM scheme.
The primary objective underlying the City Development Plan of Ujjain is protection of urban
heritage, which includes its religious, sacred, historical character, and reshaping and reviving
the city through heritage preservation.
In view of this special aspect pertaining to Ujjain the information regarding the religious and
cultural heritage has to be specially factored into the model of the methodology given above.
1.7 City Development Plan for Ujjain
Ujjain CDP has been prepared by Ujjain Municipal Corporation (UMC) in consultation with
the people of Ujjain, experts and all those who have an intrinsic interest in the welfare of
Ujjain. The working team consisted of engineers of UMC, City Manager’s Association
Madhya Pradesh (CMA-MP) and Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage
(INTACH Regional Chapter Bhopal).
There are 10 cities under the JNNURM that have status of the special city. Ujjain is one of
the 10 cities chosen for its ‘religious’ nature. The supplement to the Toolkit issued is meant
to serve two purposes:
To suggest that the main focus of the City Development Plan (CDP) for heritage cities should
be on the heritage component- there will not be any justification to support such cities under
JNNURM if their CDPs do not have this orientation or focus; and
To provide a methodology that is to be followed to bring the heritage component into the
framework of urban renewal. The objective of urban renewal of heritage cities is to leverage
the conservation of urban heritage and to reshape and revive these cities.
1.8 Aim, Objectives & Approach
The City Development Plan prepared for Ujjain City aims to:
• Establish an overall vision for the long-term future of Ujjain which will be widely
accepted
• Explore opportunities for positive management with landowners, farmers,
craftspersons, traders and all other agencies, such as will enhance the landscape
character of Ujjain whilst respecting economic interest.
• Provide guidance and attract widespread support that will lead to increased
understanding, respect and care for this exceptional cultural landscape.
•
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1.9 Vision
• “To make Ujjain a knowledge and pilgrim centre – maintaining its great religious
and cultural image and providing a better and sustainable environment to all walks
of life”
• The contents of the City Development Plan flow out of this vision and so do the
strategies and the projects that follow to achieve the vision. In accordance with the
Mission Guidelines and the Toolkit the time horizon for its achievement is the year
2011. However, in the case of Ujjain the defining event is the Simhasta that takes
place every 12 years. The next Simhasta will be in the year 2016 and, therefore,
besides the annual and the five-yearly monitoring and reviews, a comprehensive
review of the achievement of the goals and objectives of the strategies and projects
ought to be taken up in 2011 in the context of the 2016 Simhasta.
1.9.1 The Contents of City Development Plan
The process of developing the plan has involved a great deal of research, survey and
consultation. As part of this consultation process (meetings held on 7 th ,9 th and 10 th January,
2006 conducted by UMC with CMAMP and for the revised CDP based on Heritage
Guidelines meetings were held on 31 st May, 23 August and 26 th of August 2006) , studies
conducted by UMC, Mela Office, INTACH, Town & Country Planning Department (T &
CP),Ujjain Development Authority and several other studies conducted by individuals and
institutes and views as obtained from different stakeholders have been incorporated to
develop a comprehensive database of a large number of cultural and environmental assets of
Ujjain. It however needs to be held through Geographic Information System that should form
the main building blocks of the City Development Plan (CDP).
The Plan comprises a statement of the objectives necessary for the long-term preservation of
Ujjain, and its landscape setting, aiming to balance the interests of conservation, public
access, pilgrims and the interests of those who live and work in the city. The objectives are
based on the values of the city, key management issues, and a need to improve the life of the
people living in the city and the visitors by providing environment for improving the
economic opportunities.
The Development Plan has been specifically designed and formatted to foster its use as a
working document that can be updated on a regular basis.
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Figure 1-1 Stakeholders Consultation process
1.9.2 Ujjain a religious, historic and heritage city:
The aim of this section of the CDP is to define Ujjain’s historic, religious character with
significant areas within so that the following could be formulated:-
• Policies that give the cultural and natural heritage a function in the life of the
community and to integrate the protection of that heritage into comprehensive
planning programmes;
• To develop scientific and technical studies and research and to work out such
operating methods as will make the State capable of counteracting the dangers that
threaten its cultural or natural heritage;
• To take the appropriate legal, scientific, technical, administrative and financial
measures necessary for identification, protection, conservation, presentation and
rehabilitation of this heritage; and
• To foster the establishment or development of national or regional centers for
training in the protection, management, operation and maintenance of the
conservation of the cultural and natural heritage and to encourage scientific research
in the field.
1.9.3 Goals and objectives of development of the identified areas
All towns and urban centres strive to provide their citizens with basic needs: adequate shelter,
transport, work opportunities and a decent quality of life. Historic urban centres offer
ambience with a special capacity to enrich the lives of their residents. The unique features of
any historic towns can be recognized under the following principles
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• The historic town consists of a complex interdependent network of crafts and skills
that provides livelihoods in multiple ways and is difficult to replicate in any new
development. Therefore these areas should be viewed as Economic Opportunity and
not a liability. Conservation of inner cities and historic areas has (from the examples
of countries that have adopted conservation as a deliberate policy) resulted in
economic revival. In terms of Ujjain the bullion trade, handicrafts (textile printing,
metal work etc.) are centred in city core area. An in-depth survey is required to
identify area specific skills and strengths and development/conservation plans need
to address their needs and growth.
• The historic towns are Socially and Culturally more alive and have provided
civilization quality to India that is unique and exclusive giving it unity in its diversity.
Having evolved over centuries it has resolved to a large extent the differences in
religious, political, economic and cultural beliefs of the people. Conservation has
resulted in better socially integrated individuals leading to lessening of crimes, riots
and other social ills. The generative forces in any historic towns are cultural and the
town is alive with non-tangible cultural assets. Ujjain like other historical towns has
distinct social and cultural manifestations in the matter of food, dress, recreation etc.
that form the non-tangible and living heritage of the place. Non-tangible by its very
nature is fragile and is dependent on both patronage and built/open spaces; hence,
any insensitive development causes irreparable damage to them and therefore needs
to be addressed in the development plan. Building controls favouring conservation,
based on detailed studies and a blueprint for action is an urgent need and should
form part of the planning proposal.
• Since the historic towns consist of Historic Layering it gives a sense of rootedness to
people resulting in a more committed citizenry. It also dispels anxiety in individuals
leading to better recognition of differences and is less hegemonic. Integrating historic
areas into the development plan is a well worked out process where UNESCO has
laid down several guidelines. Since India is a signatory to the UNESCO as well as
other Charters for the protection of its Heritage, it would be in order to know the
guidelines and to implement them.
• Historic towns have greater sustainability than a new development because it was
based on evolutionary processes and was in tune with the micro-environment of the
region of its location. Low on energy consumption, the planning assured comfortable
living conditions. Several studies show that older buildings have better air
circulation; insulation, water preservation and its compact planning provided
sustainability even in terms of conservation of human energy. Any intervention to
the existing infrastructure should precede proper documentation of the existing as
the existing contains knowledge system that is still not completely known to us.
Proper documentation and research of sewage systems, water system, and town
planning of the historic architecture and town is of high importance and should be
an integral part of planning process. Salvage Archaeology (archaeological
assessment of construction excavations in identified historical areas and zones) is a
norm in several countries and there is every reason to follow the example in Indian
situation.
• One of the biggest regressive trends since independence has been in the field of our
town and country planning. Today our towns and cities are overcrowded, polluted,
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chaotic, unplanned centres that are hostile to women, children, the old and the
handicapped. They are anaesthetic and unappealing, visually marked with either
undesirable slums or harsh concrete jungles. Historic towns on the other hand are
aesthetically and environmentally appealing and pleasing leading to the Tourism
Potential of a place. A good Conservation plan brings tourism benefits automatically
as has been shown in several towns of Rajasthan, Goa and Kerala. Regulations can
be put in place for preserving the historic character of the built heritage and
conservation of its architecture, policy on traffic, transport, road surface, electric
wiring, sewage, surface drainage, solid wasted disposal, baodies, wells, open spaces
and parking in the historic area of the city. Regulations for new constructions, open
spaces, plantation, pedestrian facilities, streetscapes, street furniture etc. is another
area to be included in the planning process.
1.9.4 Comprehensive Study approach
While preparing the CDP the following components have been specifically identified,
examined and recommended to be studied in depth before implementation of the Detailed
Project Reports (DPRs):
• Study and Documentation of the Historical/Heritage resulting in an inventory
(Listing) that should be published and marked in map of the area, complete with its
location, ward no., ownership, status, photographs, description, historical and
heritage significance, age etc.
• Buildings of heritage/historic value
• Drainage and Water systems such as fountains, tanks, wells etc.
• Streetscapes and culturally homogenous areas
• Crafts, skills and craftsmen of traditional crafts
• Open spaces and gardens including type of existing trees and plants
The CDP specifically recommends looking into the legal issues for providing Legal Back-up
with Regulations and Byelaws to the identified buildings and precincts after dividing them
into:
• Heritage Zones
• Heritage Areas
• Heritage Group of Buildings
• Heritage Sites
• Heritage Precincts
• Heritage Monuments/Buildings
Specific Projects need to be formulated for the Conservation, Restoration, Preservation,
Reconstruction of the identified Areas, Zones etc. with a view to revitalize the City centers.
Demolition of historical/heritage building or buildings should be permitted only under special
conditions and law. Encroachments should be dealt with firmly. This should be done with
extensive and intensive consultation with the people and peoples’ groups including technical,
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political groups etc. giving space for people to participate in more ways than one. Industrial
houses, funding organizations, interested individuals (including Non-Resident Indians)
should be approached for providing part funding for the projects.
The care and maintenance of heritage must be entrusted to the local community, for which
Public Awareness programs, Heritage Walks, Workshops, Educational programs must find
place in the Heritage Management Plan. A nodal agency that acts as an interface between the
people, Municipal Corporation, government and technical and financial matter should be
identified to implement the Management Plan.
Signage, public notices, road furniture, display boards, billboards, etc. should be designed to
supplement the ambience of the historic/heritage area.
Promotion of traditional cultural expressions and art should be given importance and special
spaces, programs and facilities should be provided for the growth of such activities.
It was considered that the CDP should focus on the conservation of the following:
• Public and Historic spaces
• Streets with heritage character
• Renewal of inner city areas and heritage precincts
• Natural heritage sites
• Adaptive reuse of heritage buildings
• Projects enhancing tourism
1.9.4.1 Critical Process
Restoration and conservation should be based on a clear definition of the heritage resource
and its relationship to its setting. This process has four distinct steps:
Survey: Methodical inspection, survey and documentation of the resource, its historical
setting and its physical environment;
Definition: Critical historical definition and assessment of the object and its setting so giving
it its significance;
Analysis: Scientific analysis and diagnosis of the material substance and associated structural
system with a view towards its conservation; and
Strategy: Long term and short term programs for conservation and management of change,
including regular inspections, cyclic maintenance and environmental control.
The aim of conservation is to safeguard the quality and values of the resource, protect its
material substance and ensure its integrity for future generations.
Every historic area and its surroundings should be considered in their totality as a coherent
whole whose balance and specific nature depend on the fusion of the parts of which it is
composed and which includes human activities as much as the buildings, the spatial
organization and the surroundings. All valid elements, including human activities, however
modest, thus have significance in relation to the whole that must not be disregarded.
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The whole of the historic areas should thus not be considered only in relation to an
architectural framework; it should also include human values related to its social and
economic context. Of particular importance is also the question of historic parks and
landscapes.
Since a heritage resource is unique in relation to historical time it is non-renewable.
1.9.4.2 Cultural Values
The recognition of outstanding universal significance in Heritage sites and their resultant
treatment should be defined on the basis of these assessments with respect to historical
substance and archaeological potential.
Cultural values can be classified in a number of ways.
Identify value (based on recognition):
Values: This group of values is related to the emotional ties of society to specific
objects or sites. It can include the following features: age, tradition, continuity, memorial,
legendary; wonder, sentiment, religious and symbolic, political, patriotic and nationalistic.
Impact: Consisting often of emotional perceptions, this group of values have a
strong impact on the safeguarding, conservation and restoration of the resource. While these
values could strengthen the treatment of the resource they could also cause over-restoration.
At the same time, the lack of this identity could lead to neglect and destruction. These values
can be promoted by creating awareness through education and training.
Relative artistic or technical value (based on research):
Values: This group of values is based on scientific and critical historical evaluations and
assessments of the importance of the design of the heritage resource, and the significance of
its technical, structural and functional concept and workmanship.
Impact: These values result from search carried out by professionals, with the intention of
demonstrating the relative significance of the resource in relation to its own time, to other
periods, and to the present. They provide a basis for classification and listing, as well as
strategy for treatment.
Rarity value (based on statistics):
Values: This group of values relates the resource to other constructions of the same type,
style, builder, period, region or some combinations of these; they define the resource’s rarity,
representative character or uniqueness.
Impact: This group of values is related to the two previous value groups and influences the
level of protection to be accorded to the resource. A high rarity may reinforce the
significance of the qualities that have outstanding universal value, and therefore strengthen
the possibility of listing as a World Heritage Site.
1.9.4.3 Contemporary socio-economic values
Use values are related to present–day society and its socio-economic and political
infrastructures. The following categories have been identified:
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Economic Value:
Values: Since economics encourages the best allocation of resources to fit a wide range of
needs, the economic value may not be restricted to a financial value. In terms of cultural
heritage, economic value may be understood as a value generated by the heritage resource or
by conservation action.
Impact: Economic values have four potential sources of revenue: Tourism, Commerce, Use
and Amenities. The mismanagement of any of these sources could lead to the undesirable
development, or even the destruction of the heritage resource; this is often the case when
profit value is erroneously measured instead of using a more collective cost-benefit approach.
Functional value:
Values : Functional value is related to economic value, as it involves the continuity of the
original type of function or the initiation of a compatible use of a building or an area. In a
ruined structure, the original functional value is lost, but a new one has been found in serving
programmatic requirements for resource interpretation, or as a venue for activities such as the
visual and performing arts.
Impact: Continuity of traditional functions reinforces the meaning of sites in a manner that
can never be accomplished by interpretative exhibits. An appropriate use will favour
conservation; an inappropriate or ill-conceived adaptive use may cause degradation,
undesirable changes or demolition.
Educational value:
Values: The educational value of a heritage resource includes its potential for cultural
tourism, and the awareness of the culture and history that it promotes as a means of
integrating historic resources in present-day life.
Impact: The appropriate integration of World Heritage Sites into educational programmes is
essential. Emphasis on tourism, however, could lead to unjustified reconstructions or the
destruction of original fabric, causing a loss of non-renewable archaeological evidence.
Social value:
Values: The social value of a heritage resource is related to traditional social activities and to
compatible present-day use. It involves contemporary social interaction in the community,
and plays a role in establishing social and cultural identity.
Impact: Social values can generate the concern for the local environment that leads to
maintenance and repair of the fabric of a heritage resource; a lack of this social coherence
and appreciation can handicap conservation. Such grassroots interest has been the driving
force behind the Civic Amenity movements.
Political Value:
Values: Political value is often related to specific events in the history of the heritage
resources with respect to its region or country. The present-day significance of the resource
could be influenced by these events insofar as they coincide with intentions of contemporary
political priorities.
Impact: The political significance of a monument or site may assist in raising funds and
drawing the attention of the general public to safeguarding and protection. On the other hand,
ill-advised action may lead to undesired development and destruction of authenticity.
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The City Development Plan envisages the establishment of a Heritage Cell as a
distinct department within the Ujjain Municipal Corporation with the needed technical and
other staff and budget, to be regulated and advised by a Heritage Conservation Committee so
as to ensure that the above mentioned criteria and unique heritage characteristics of Ujjain are
preserved and, in fact, enhanced, through the suggested strategies and projects.
1.10 Concept and Methodology
A City Development Plan is both a planning process and a product which promotes
partnership among the various stakeholders in a city (the city government, the private
business sector, civil society, academe and national government agencies) to jointly analyze
growth issues, develop a vision for the future, formulate development strategies, design
programmes, prioritise projects, mobilize resources, implement, monitor and evaluate
implementation.
The preparation of a City Development Plan can be understood as a consultative process
where the municipality and parastatal agencies responsible for provision of services and
overall development of the city will play a pivotal role. The firms and institutions will be
required to work in partnership and close collaboration with municipal and other related
institutions such as the Water Supply and Sewerage Boards, Development Authorities,
together with other key stakeholders, civil society groups, and non-governmental
organisations.
The CDP will be anchored on the following principals of a sustainable city:
• Liveability - what can be done to ensure a healthy and dignified standard of living for
the city's residents?
• Competitiveness - how can the cities be more competitive in the global economy?
• Bankability - how can the cities be more sustainable?
• Good Governance-how can a city’s management be improved? How can
accountability, integrity, and transparency be made an integral part of city's
management?
Bankability
Livability
Sustainable City
Competitiveness
Managability
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Obbj jeecct tivveess oof f Cityy Deevveel looppmeennt t PPl laann
a) Develop a consensus building process to establish the city's priorities, strategies and
actions
b) Formulate strategies that deal specifically with issues affecting the urban poor
c) Assist local authorities outline their financing and investment strategies
d) Build local capacity for more effective urban management
e) The goals of a city development plan include a collective city vision and action plan
aimed at improving the infrastructure, urban governance and management and
systematic and sustained reductions in urban poverty. Ultimately, it is expected that
the CDP will result in strategic platform that facilitates development, decisionmaking,
investment programming, the efficient allocation of resources and in city
ownership of their own economic and social development processes.
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2 Ujjjjaiin:: iittss llandsscape and peoplle
Ujjain (also known as Ujjaini, Avanti) is an ancient city of central India, in the Malwa region
of Madhya Pradesh. Situated on the eastern bank of the Kshipra River, the city was called
Ujjayini in ancient times and is referred to as Ozene by Ptolemy. It is one of the seven sacred
cities of the Hindus, and the Kumbh Mela religious festival is held here every twelve years. It
is also home to one of the twelve Jyotirlinga shrines to the god Shiva. Ujjain, the city of
Mahakal has been a seat of learning where all disciplines of knowledge have flourished since
time immemorial. Great poets like Vedavyasa and Kalidasa have eulogized the city.
Vikramaditya, the legendary emperor, ruled the city with his famous Navratnas (nine jewels)
including Kalidasa.
Figure 2-1 Location of Ujjain
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2.1 Ancient religious landscape of canonical treatises
The Pali Sutta Pitaka mentions sixteen great states in India, the Mahajanapadas in
Jambudvipa, Avanti being one of them. Although never visited by the Buddha, many theras
(elders) and theris (female elders) were either born or lived there. Mahakaccayana was born
at Ujjayani in the family of the Chaplain of king Candaprajjota. Mahakaccayana became the
arihanta and was present whenever the Buddha delivered any sermon on Dhamma. Pali text
of Deepvansh and Buddhvansh mentions his spread of the message of Buddhism from
Ujjayani right up to Mathura. Mahakaccayana converted the king Candprajjota of Avanti to
the Buddhist faith. Candpajjota’s mother Gopal Mata is said to have got the stupa at
Kanchanvan (Kanipura) constructed under the influence of Mahakaccayana. This site is
known today as Vaishya Tekri. In 1936 the Archaeology Department of the Gwalior State
carried out excavations at this site and discovered remains of the stupa.
Old texts mention that Mahavira, the great propounder of the Jain faith, performed some of
his penances in the country of Avanti. He also visited the capital of Avanti, Ujjayani, where
he did penance in a cemetery when Rudra and his wife tried in vain to interrupt him. The
Jains always associate the city with the split of their community between the Digambara and
the Shvetambara sects. About 53 B.C. Ujjayani came under the grip of a great famine that is
believed to have lasted for 12 years. A Jain pontiff of Bhadalpur or Vidisha emigrated from
Ujjayani. That perhaps sparked off the division.
The Brahminical texts of Mahabharat, Shrimad Bhagvat, Brahmpurana, Agnipurana and
Brahmvaivartpurana and many other Puranas mention the Ankpat Kshetra (located inbetween
Mangalnath and Ram Janardan Mandir) where existed the Sandipani Ashram where
the sage Sandipani gave instructions to Krishna and Balaram. The Avanti Mahatmya of the
Skanda Purana records a description of a majestic Surya Mandir at Avanti (Ujjain). One of
the sacred places of the Lingayat sect is situated at Ujjayani, which is frequently visited by
the Lingayat itinerant ascetics. Reference has already been made to the visit of Saint
Vallabhacharya to Sandipani Ashram and its significance to the Vallabh Sampradaya.
2.2 Archaeological landscape
Another source that confirms the ancient character of Ujjain is the coinage. During
excavations carried out near the Bharthrihari Caves a kunda yielded coins dating to the pre-
Mauryan period. Punch-marked and cast coins are found here dating from the 3 rd century
B.C. to the 1 st century A.D. Square copper Mughal coins were struck in the city up to the
time of Shahjehan. In fact, right from the time of Akbar Ujjain was one of the four places
with a mint to strike silver coinage for the Mughal Empire. In the excavations in and around
Ujjain clay medals and seals have also been found dating from the second century B.C.
Inscriptions are yet another source that confirm the ancient character of Ujjayani. A seal of
terracotta bearing inscription “Nagabhudisa Pavajitasa” and “Asadevasa” in Brahmi
characters of 1 st century A.D. turned up during excavations at Ujjain. The Nasik Cave
Inscription of Vasisthiputra Pulumayi identifies Avanti as Akaravanti with its capital as
Ujjayani whereas the Junagarh Inscription of Rudradaman I refers to two Akaravantis,
namely, Purva (eastern) with capital at Ujjayani and Apara (western) with its capital at
Mahismati (Maheshwar?). The first separate Rock Edict of Asoka refers to Ujjayani
wherefrom the Mahamatras were sent by the royal prince (kumara). Inscriptions of Bhoja,
Udaditya, Naravarman, Devapaldeo and Vijayasinghadeva have been discovered at Ujjain
and testify to the rule of the Parmaras at Ujjain.
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The ancient city of Ujjayani is said to have existed about 6 km. to the north of today’s Ujjain.
Garhkalika as it is known today was perhaps destroyed by earthquakes and the frequent
floods in the Kshipra river. The ancient mounds in this area still yield ancient artefacts and
remains. The excavations have exposed the mud fortifications of a citadel, datable from Circa
700 – 500 B.C. To save the city from destruction by floods in the Kshipra the inhabitants of
this period erected a massive wall of compact whitish clay near the ramparts of the citadel
In the pre independence era Ujjain witnessed the scenes of socio cultural rejuvenation,
industrial and commercial growth on modern pattern and the struggle for the freedom. In
1948 the Shinde regime came to an end as the Gwalior state merged into the newly formed
Madhya Bharat. Presently, Ujjain is a Commissionaire and district headquarters in the state
of Madhya Pradesh.
Figure 2-2 Panoramic view of Ram Ghat
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2.3 Historical landscape
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2.4 Religious landscape
Ujjain has accommodated many Shaivite sects like Pasupata, Kapalika, Kalamukha, Bhairava
and Natha. The famous Shaiva Vedantist Adi Shankaracharya and the propounder of the
Natha sect Gorakhanatha also visited Ujjain. King Bhathrihari is known to have adopted the
Natha cult as a disciple of Gorakhanatha and he practiced asceticism staying away from
worldly affairs. During the medieval period famous yogis like Jadarupa hailed from Ujjain.
Temples and Mathas of these sects were constructed in large numbers, particularly during the
Parmara period.Later, in the 16 th century AD Saint Vallabhacharya of the Vaishnava
Sampradaya delivered his sermon under a peepal tree nearby within the Sandipani Ashram
Parisar and established the 73 rd of the 84 baithaks of the Vallabh Sampradaya here.
The Bohras migrated to Ujjain as traders from Gujarat during the late Mughal period and
brought their unique customs along with. The Roza at Ujjain is highly revered place of the
Bohras and an yearly congregation is held here which is attended by people from across the
world.
2.5 Landscape of Myths and Mythologies
One to whom the God of creation, out of fear of this world, bows;
One who stays happily in the hearts of the mahatmas who are calm, meditative and who
have a tranquil soul;
One who wears the art of the moon, skin of snake and marked skulls;
Mahakalvan where Shri Mahakal sits burning like fire the sins, even as deplorable as the
killing of a Brahmin. This is the favourite shamshana (cremation ground) of Shri Mahakal
who plays here.
It is this shamshana from where Vikram carries his Betal, to loose him every time he is
forced to answers the questions posed by Betal. The narrative traditions (both oral and visual)
that India is so proud of can be seen here at Ujjain in its Myths and Mythologies. The
wisdom of King Vikramaditya, the poetry of Kalidasa and the celestial calculations of
Varahamihira are kept alive in the landscape of Myths and Mythologies.
2.6 Location and regional settings
Figure 2-3 Location of Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh
Ujjain is situated on a unique geographical
location from where tropic of cancer passes. It is
the 'Greenwich Mean Time' of India for
Panchang. The tilting of earth at angle of 23½ ◦
on its axis and geographical line of tropic of
cancer has special cosmic influence making it fit
for absolute time location. Situated on the bank
of river Kshipra, the only river that travels
straight from South to North, Ujjain reflects
distinct character of socio-religious cultural
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ethos.
Distance of Ujjain from major cities
Cities
Bhopal
Indore
Ahemdabad
Mumbai
Distance
183 kms
50 kms
402 kms
655 kms
A broad delineation of Ujjain region would include the seven districts of Indore, Ujjain,
Dewas, Mandsaur,
Along with Indore and Dewas, Ujjain is among the three most important centres in this
region. Bhopal Ratlam broad gauge railway line passes through it and the NH3 is only 35 km,
away. Besides these national connections, there are many state level highways linking it to
the major regional and state centres.
Figure 2-4 Ujjain City linkages
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2.7 Climate and Geology
2.7.1 Climate
The city of Ujjain comes under Malwa region that is famous for its climate, which permits
normal activities all the year round. The following table gives the overall climatic picture of
the city:
Table 2-1 Climatic components
Geographical location 23°-11 Northern
Latitude
75°-45 Eastern
Longitude
Unique geographical location from where
tropic of cancer passes
☼Maximum temperature 39◦ The hottest months are April to June
☻Minimum temperature 5◦ Coolest months are from December to
February
Average annual rainfall
900 mm
Shallow ground water(pre
monsoon)
Shallow ground
water(post monsoon)
20 mts
8 mts
2.7.2 Topography and soil
The city of Ujjain is divided into Pedeplain (shallow, deep & moderate), Denudational hill;
Residual hill, Valley fills, Flood plain etc, out of which geomorphic features like pedeplain
(deep) & valley fills have good ground water
Decadal growth
potentials. Low drainage density in the
pedeplain deep and flood plains indicates that 70
59.74
these geomorphic features are good recharge 60
zones. On the other hand pedeplain shallow, 50
44.7
denudational hill and residual hill indicates 40
35.31
28.5
poor recharge conditions due to hard and 30
18.69
compact lithology.
20
11
10
Geologically the city is, by and large,
0
monotonous. Deccan traps, which lie over the
1,29,817 1,44,161 2,08,561 2,82,207 3,62,633 4,30,427
older formations, consist of massive, zeolitic
1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
and vesicular basaltic flows of varying
thickness. Generally, the hard massive trap is Figure 2-5 Ujjain Decadal growth
underlain by zeolitic and vesicular trap.
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Various flows are at times inter bedded with inter trappean. The common sedimentary rock
of thin inter trappean is limestone which is generally siliceous. At places alluvium has also
been noticed in the valley of the rivers Khan and Shipra. The geological formations
underlying the Ujjain area are largely sandstone.
Soils of the region are of mixed type and there is no distinct boundary between any two types
of soil. Tonal variation in the satellite data indicates the difference in soil texture, intensity of
weathering and mineral composition of soil. Deep black soil, lateritic soil and alluvial soil are
the three different types of soils identified in the study area. Deep black soil, which is fertile
in nature, occupies major part of the district. Black cotton soil is generally found with depth
of 1to 3mts.
2.8 Demographic profile
The city of Ujjain has seen an average growth rate of 31.8% in the last four decades. The
growth rate decreased from 44.7% (1971-1981) to 18.69%(1991-2001).The major reason
behind this has been the economic stagnancy, closing down of industries and decreased birth
rate.
The current census (2001) population of UMC is 4.3 lakhs and the total number of wards is
54. The city has experienced relatively moderate growth rates in population during the last
two decades- 1981-91 & 1991-2001 (28.50 and 18.69 per cent, respectively)
The reduced growth rates in population during the last two decades are attributed to the slowdown
in the local economy, especially between 1991 and 2001. This is evident from the fact
that the total workforce participation rate (main workers and marginal workers as a
percentage of the total population) was stagnant at 27 per cent during 1991 and 2001. The
next decadal growth rate of the city shall get increased as a result of financial boost up in the
economy due to Sinhastha.
2.8.1 Population Density
Population density is an important demographic index, particularly from the point of view of
exploitation of the resources of the area. The density has increased three-fold from 2192
persons/ sq. km in 1961 to 4644 persons/ sq. km in 2001. Area under UMC has been constant
and the density has risen by 8% in the last decade. Table 2-3 displays the change in
population density trends in UMC area.
Table 2-2 Population Density Trend in UMC
Year Population
in Lakhs
Area in
Sq. Km
Population
Density
1971 246433 n.a 2050
1981 282203 n.a. 2940
1991 362633 92.68 3913
2001 430669 92.68 4644
Source:UMC
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Year Madhya
Pradesh
Ujjain City Decadal
growth
1951 1,86,14,931 1,29,817 59.74
1961 2,32,17,910 1,44,161 11
1971 3,00,16,625 2,08,561 44.7
1981 3,81,68,507 2,82,207 35.31
1991 4,85,66,242 3,62,633 28.5
2001 6,03,85,118 4,30,427 18.69
2006 4,78000(estim
ated)
2011 5,03000(estim
ated)
2021 6,88000(estim
ated)
Figure 2-6 Projected population for the Ujjain city
Source:UMC
Table 2-3 Other demographic details of Ujjain city
Census 2001details
Nos.
Population below 7 years age 55,619
SC Population 75,946.00
ST Population 8,316.00
Male Population 223,745
Female Population 206,188
Male Literates 173,508
Female Literates 134,248
No. of Census Houses 77,099
No. of Occupied Houses 75,548
Source:UMC
The above table shows that Ujjain has nearly 20 percent of SC population. The sex ratio can
be said to be satisfactory. The male literacy level is quite high, that is 77% in comparison to
female literacy rate of 65%.
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2.9 Work force profile
Ujjain which is a regional and tourist centre and has good linkages by way of road and
railway has grown to become a trading and tourist centre in the region. The industrial
character has been waning during the last two decades.
Ujjain houses the offices of the headquarters of several district and regional level government
offices. A considerable proportion of the city’s workforce is engaged in these establishments,
whereas a large proportion of population is involved in trade and commerce. This is clearly
evident from the workforce participation structure of the city, discussed in subsequent
sections of this note. The primary drivers of the economy of Ujjain are the primary sector,
service sector (mainly public sector establishments) and trade and commerce. Manufacturing
and processing industries, especially household and small-scale engineering industries, also
contribute to the city’s economy, though marginally. Among the poor households, the core
poor had the highest proportion of main income earners in informal employment. The mean
household income for the city has been recorded to be at Rs.4102 and expenditure at
Rs.3501. the table given below shows the major occupational structure of the city.
Table 2-4 Occupational break up
Occupation category No.of workers in lakh % Total
Primary sector 0.24 17
Household industry 0.2 14
Manufacturing 0.15 11
Electricity, gas and water supply 0.03 2
Construction 0.05 4
Transport, storage and communication 0.08 6
Banking and insurance 0.01 1
Trade and business 0.49 34
Services 0.15 11
Total 1.4 100
Source: Municipal Corporation of Ujjain, 2001
Figure 2-7 Occupational break up
Trade and business
34%
Services
11%
Banking and insurance
1%
Transport,storage and
communication
6%
Primary sector
17%
Construction
4%
Household industry
14%
Manufacturing
11%
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Table 2-5 Economic base of the city Ujjain
Economic base
Years
2001 2005 (estimated)
Manufacturing 1800 2227
Employment 12500 15270
Production 700 870
Source:UMC
2.9.1 Trade and Commerce
A large proportion of the city’s population thrives on wholesale and retail trade and
commerce. The city serves as a regional wholesale market for food grains and other
commodities. It also serves as a market centre for agricultural produce such as soybean,
wheat, flowers, rice, pulses, oilseeds, maize, etc., which are cultivated in the rural hinterland.
Ujjain’s hinterland has rich soils that are most suited to the cultivation of food grains, oil
seeds, horticulture and floriculture, strengths that could be exploited to develop trade and
commerce. Ujjain also functions as a distributing centre for agriculture implements,
fertilizers, drugs and medicines, iron and steel, cement and minerals, petroleum products and
forest produce such as timber, etc. and ready made garments and textiles.
The commercial activities have diffused along most of the main roads of the city, although
the character of these activities is not similar throughout the city. Ujjain functions as the most
important centre for trade and commerce in the district. In 1991, 21.5% of the main work
force was engaged in trade and commerce activities (District Census Handbook, Ujjain,
1991).
In 1975, the land utilization rate for commercial use was 0.19 hectares per 1000 persons,
which is inadequate. In terms of workers in trade and commerce, commercial area is 3.8
hectares per 1000 workers. It was estimated that Ujjain required nearly 7.5 hectares per 1000
workers. This would satisfy the floating population visiting the city during religious festivals.
The commercial activities nearly double during the Kumbh mela. (Ujjain Development Plan,
1975). The present land utilization rate has been discussed later in the chapter on land use
and management.
Markets for specific commodities have flourished in groups along certain roads. General
shopping is however; spread all along the main roads; wholesale and retail transactions in
various commodities take place in these areas. Except Freeganj market, no market seems to
be well-planned .All the other markets have come up due to organic growth of the town in a
ribbon development fashion. Most of the markets are located on both sides of the roads
leading to temples. There are no exclusively specialized markets. Shopping is mainly in the
form of bazaars. In 1971, Ujjain housed nearly 5000 establishments classified as shops and
other business establishments, which increased to 7649 in 1985.
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2.9.2 An overview on Ujjain city economy
Ujjain, once the seat of the ancient kingdom of Vikramaditya is an important religious,
educational and cultural centre and a destination for millions of Hindu pilgrims. As well as
regular visitors, (about 200,000-300,000 per year), once every 12 years, there is a flood of
devotees to the city (5 million in 2004).
About an hour by road (56km) from Indore, the city, once important for cotton manufacture
has suffered considerable decline. All four of the cotton mills closed over ten years ago and
there is little alternative for the 7,000 strong retrenched workforce. Religious tourism,
services for the local population and some small-scale industries including power and
handlooms and packaging are the mainstays of the city's economy.
The industrial areas within the city are Maksi Road and Dewas Road. Numbers of businesses
are reported to be 458 in Maksi road but of those only 200 are actually operating. This would
indicate that more than 50% had either closed down or were sick.
About 200 are reported at Dewas Road. It is not known how many of these are actually in
operation. Power supply and skill level of the workforce are just some of the problems that
exist. Outside the city, some small industrial areas with less than 10 units include Bandka
Tehsil, Ghatiya, Padya Kalan and Birlagram and another semi urban area at Mahidpur with
around 40. Industrial products/sectors include cotton cloth, incense sticks, tiles, chemicals,
packaging, yarn manufacture and food processing. Proximity to Indore and the industrial
estates nearby with better infrastructure means that Ujjain is not and is even less likely to
become a favoured destination for manufacturing units.
Private and public services registered are reported by CII (Confederation of Indian Industries)
as Banking and insurance (122 establishments), hotels and restaurants (1890); hospitals and
clinics (50); educational establishments (970) and shops (18,100). Government run health
institutions are reported to be struggling in comparison to privately run hospitals and nursing
homes that are performing reasonably well. Informal sector activities include cloth printing
that is reported to employ over 1,700 persons.
2.9.3 Pilgrims
Ujjain, the summer capital of yesteryears is a popular
tourist destination today. Although permanent population
of Ujjain is low it receives large number of tourists.
During peak days, on an average 3000 tourists visit the
place. Apart from this, on the occasion of religious fairs
held on Nagpanchmi and Mahashivratri nearly 3 to 5
lakhs pilgrims come to Ujjain. Study of past data
indicates that the number of foreign tourists and secular
tourists visiting Ujjain is negligible. The average number
of such tourists is nearly 100 per annum.
Figure 2-8 Pilgrim gathering during Sinhastha
The tourism potential of Ujjain has not been exploited to its fullest. There are many
interesting tourist attractions in and around Ujjain, which if properly planned and developed,
could give boost to the local economy by attracting not only pilgrims but also secular tourists
and visitors, both domestic and foreign. It is hoped that this CDP will lead to the making of
an Ujjain-specific Tourism Development Plan with a similar time horizon (2011 for the
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JNNURM and 2016 for the next Simhasta) that would exploit the heritage and cultural assets
identified in the CDP.
The following chapter spells out the heritage significance and lists the heritage assets of
Ujjain whose proper conservation and development should help give a boost to the economy
of Ujjain.
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3 Heriittage Siigniiffiicance off Ujjjjaiin
3.1 The Ancient Sacred Landscape of Avanti
Ujjain is known all over as an ancient city that has its origins as a sacred landscape in the
remotest historical past of India. However, much of it is based on the ancient texts such as the
Vedic literature, Brahmanas, Upanishads, Dharmasutras and Dharmasastras. The epics and
the Puranas are recognized as a rich source of historical and geographical information about
ancient India. The Markendeya Purana contains a description of Jambudvipa and mentions
the forests, lakes and mountains around Meru. It mentions the nine divisions of Bharata, the
seven mountain ranges in India and twenty-two separate hills. It describes the course of the
Ganges and refers to the famous rivers in India, grouping them according to the mountain
ranges of the country. The extensive Mahatmyas literature that contains portions from the
Puranas or Samhitas, deals with the topography of the various tirthas or holy places. The Pali
Buddhist literature is important as it provides glimpses of the scene in India in Buddha’s
time. The Pali Pitaka, especially the Vinaya and the Sutta, contains incidental references to
cities and places connected with the gradual spread of Buddhism. They supply us with
information concerning the Madhyadesa or the Middle country and the localities bordering it.
Madhyadesa was one of the five traditional divisions of India, according to the early Indian
texts. They correspond to the East (Pracya), the West (Aparanta), North (Uttarpatha), the
South (Dakshinapatha) and Central (Madhyadesa). The Pali Sutta Pitaka mentions sixteen
great states in India, the Mahajanapadas in Jambudvipa, Avanti being one of them. As many
as fourteen of these great states are said to have been included in the Madhyadesa, the
remaining two, viz., Gandhara and Kamboja being in Uttarapatha or Northern Division.
From about the time of the Buddha to about the time of Ashoka the great literature of the
early Buddhists is certainly the main source of the historical and geographical information of
ancient India, supplemented by Jaina and Brahaminical sources here and there. For later
periods we have epigraphical, numismatic and archaeological sources and literary sources as
well as the accounts of the Chinese pilgrims. It is worthy of note that the exploration of
practically the whole of India had been completed in or about the 4th century B.C. and the
people felt the necessity of a comprehensive term for the territory extending from the
Himalayas in the north to the sea in the south. The term was Jambudvipa that was then used.
In Sanskrit Buddhist texts we have references to Jambudvipa. The Minor Rock Edict No. 1 of
Ashoka mentions Jambudvipa that denotes the vast country ruled by the great emperor. By
the 6th and 7th centuries of the Christian era the whole of the Indian continent with its major
divisions and sub-divisions, cities, countries, provinces, rivers, mountains, etc., had become
too widely known to its people. In fact, Claudius Ptolemy’s “Geographica” written in the 2nd
century A.D. gives detailed information about towns, rivers and mountains of India and their
coordinates that in many respects is surprisingly accurate. Since the Greek and Macedonian
visitors saw little of the country for themselves, this information must have come from local
inhabitants who knew their country well.
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3.1.1 Ramayana
Avanti is mentioned in the Kishkandha Kand of the epic, Ramayana. Ujjayani is mentioned
in the Mahabharata. The capital of Avanti that was one of the sixteen great janapadas, was
Ujjayini which, according to Dipavamsa, was built by Accutagami. Avanti roughly
corresponds to modern Malwa, Nimar and the adjoining areas. Ancient Avanti was divided
into two parts: the northern part had its capital at Ujjayani and the southern part called Avanti
Dakshinapatha had its capital at Mahismati or Mahissati (corresponding to Mandhata or
Omkareshvar or Maheshwar, most probably the latter?). The Avantis were one of the most
powerful of the Kshatrya clans in ancient India. According to the Matsya Purana the Avantis
originated from the Haihaya dynasty of which Karttaviryarjuna was the most glorious ruler.
There were marital relations between the royal families of the Avantis and the ruling dynasty
of the Yadus. The Avantis occupied the territory that lay north of the Vindhya mountains.
They were one of the four chief monarchies in India when Buddhism arose and were later
absorbed into the Mauryan Empire. They were an ancient people as the Mahabharata points
out. Their dual monarchs, Vinda and Aavinda, led Duryodhana’s army in the battle of
Kurukshetra, and really speaking the Avantis made up one-fifth of the entire Kuru host. They
fought bravely in the field until they laid down their lives at the hands of Arjuna and Bhima.
3.1.2 The Skanda Purana
The Skanda Purana mentions that Ujjain was known by six different names in different
kalpas; those were (1) Sarvasringa, (2) Kushasthali, (3) Avantika, (4) Amaravati, (5)
Chudamani, and (6) Padmavati. According to Somadeva (of Katha Sarit Sagara) Ujjayani’s
different names were Padmavati, Bhogavati and Hiranyavati. Other variations of the name
were Kumudvati, Kanaksharanga, Nawateri Nagar, Pratikalpa, Sivapurhi and Vishala. The
name Nawateri appears to have been given to the place probably for its supposed dimension
of 9 x 13 kos. It is interesting to note here that there was a tradition that believed that
Ujjayani is coeval with the existence of the world. In historical period, however, Kalidas
knew it as Vishala. The name Avanti for Ujjain was current till the second century A.D. as is
referred to in the inscriptions of Kshatrapa Rudradaman.
The Avanti Mahatmya of the Skanda Purana records a description of a majestic Surya Mandir
at Avanti (Ujjain). It also refers to two tanks, the Surya Kunda and the Brahma Kunda.
People from nearby villages have a ritual dip in the Surya Kunda even today. Remains
(fragments) of the old temple are found scattered all over the area.
The Mahabharat, Shrimad Bhagvat, Brahmpurana, Agnipurana and Brahmvaivartpurana
Puranas mention the Ankpat Kshetra (located in between Mangalnath and Ram Janardan
Mandir) where existed the Sandipani Ashram where the sage Sandipani gave instructions to
Krishna and Balaram. The Puranas mention that the Ashram met its water needs from the
Gaumati Kund nearby. Painted Grey Ware (PGW) pottery and pre-Mauryan sculptural
fragments were discovered here during excavations dating the region to the sixth-seventh
century BC. This should make this area along with Garhkalika as the most ancient in Ujjain.
Later, in the 16th century AD Saint Vallabhacharya of the Vaishnava Sampradaya delivered
his sermon under a peepal tree nearby within the Sandipani Ashram Parisar and established
the 73rd of the 84 baithaks of the Vallabh Sampradaya here.
Avanti was one of the most flourishing kingdoms of ancient India and produced abundance
of food and the people were wealthy and prosperous. Extensive excavations of Ujjain have
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proved that the period between 500 B.C. and 200 B.C. was of great prosperity. Terracotta
ring wells were very common in this period. The ancient Garhkalika area was densely
populated and was a center of trade and commerce. Ujjain thus became a great commercial
center. Here met three routes, from the western coast with its seaports Surparaka (Sopara)
and Bhargukaccha (Bhroach), from the Deccan and from Sravasti in Kosasla (Oudh). The
trade route from Rajgriha to Pratishthan had Saket, Ayodhya, Kaushambi, Vidisha, Ujjayani,
and Mahishmati as the main trading centers. There were large water wells or kundas
constructed on the route to meet the needs of the traders. One such large well dating to the
Maurya Shung period was discovered at village Satkhedi near Ujjain in Shajapur district.
This water source was renovated in the 1st-2nd century A.D. A second route led to Bhroach.
The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea by an anonymous Greek merchant is a guidebook that was
written in the last quarter of the 1st century A.D. and it contains an account of trade and
commerce that was carried on from the Red Sea and the coast of Africa to the East Indies
(Indonesia). The Periplus points out that from Ozene (Ujjain) was brought down to Barygaza
(Bhroach) commodities for local consumption or export to other parts of India and outside,
e.g., onyx stones, porcelain, fine muslins, mallow-tinted cotton, etc. The early Buddhist texts
mention a trade route from Paithana (Patan) in the Deccan to Srivasthi, the route passing
through Ujjain and Vidisha. Sher Shah (1540-54) opened the Agra-Burhanpur route, planting
the roadside with trees and building sarais. In Mughal period two great routes lay through
Central India. One from Bijapur to Ujjain, passed through Bhikangaon , Diktan and
Fatehabad to Ujjain, where it turned east and met the main route at Doraha (Sehore district).
3.1.3 Coinage & The Ancient Character Of Ujjain
Another source that confirms the ancient character of Ujjain is the coinage. During
excavations carried out near the Bharthrihari Caves a kunda yielded coins dating to the pre-
Mauryan period. The Ujjain coin has a distinct place of its own among the ancient Indian
copper coins. Punch-marked and cast coins are found here dating from the 3rd century B.C.
to the 1st century A.D. The coins that were current in Ujjain have a special mark. On some of
the rare coins the word Ujeniya is incised in Brahmi characters of the 2nd century B.C.
Generally on one side is found a man with a symbol of the sun and on the other is seen the
sign of Ujjain. On some coins a ball within a fence or the Bodhi tree or the Sumeru hill or the
figure of the Goddess of Fortune is seen on the other side. Some coins of Ujjain are
quadrangular while others are round. Square copper Mughal coins were struck in the city up
to the time of Shahjehan. In fact, right from the time of Akbar Ujjain was one of the four
places with a mint to strike silver coinage for the Mughal Empire. The class of round coins
found at Ujjain display a special symbol, the cross and balls known as the Ujjain symbol. In
the excavations in and around Ujjain clay medals and seals have also been found dating from
the second century B.C. A stone casket has also been discovered dating to cir. 2nd century
B.C.
3.1.4 Inscriptions of The Ancient Times
Inscriptions are yet another source that confirms the ancient character of Ujjayani. A seal of
terracotta bearing inscription “Nagabhudisa Pavajitasa” and “Asadevasa” in Brahmi
characters of 1st century A.D. turned up during excavations at Ujjain. The Nasik Cave
Inscription of Vasisthiputra Pulumayi identifies Avanti as Akaravanti with its capital as
Ujjayani whereas the Junagarh Inscription of Rudradaman I refers to two Akaravantis,
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namely, Purva (eastern) with capital at Ujjayani and Apara (western) with its capital at
Mahismati (Maheshwar?). The first separate Rock Edict of Asoka refers to Ujjayani where
from the Mahamatras were sent by the royal prince (kumara). Inscriptions of Bhoja, Udatitya,
Naravarman, Devapaldeo and Vijayasinghadeva have been discovered at Ujjain and testify to
the rule of the Parmaras at Ujjain.
3.1.5 The Ancient Settlement of Garhkalika
The ancient city of Ujjayani is said to have existed about 6 km. to the north of today’s Ujjain.
Garhkalika as it is known today was perhaps destroyed by earthquakes and the frequent
floods in the Kshipra river. The ancient mounds in this area still yield ancient artifacts and
remains. The excavations have exposed the mud fortifications of a citadel, datable from Circa
700 – 500 B.C. The people of the period lived in mud houses and used iron in the form of
spear and narrow heads and knives. Terracotta beads and figurines, bone styluses and diverse
pottery characterized their cultural equipment. A type of red ware dish was akin to its
counterparts from Ahichchatra and Kausambi. To save the city from destruction by floods in
the Kshipra the inhabitants of this period erected a massive wall of compact whitish clay near
the ramparts of the citadel.
3.2 Ujjain and the Spread of Buddhism, Jainism, Vaishnavism
During the lifetime of Buddha itself Avanti became an important center of Buddhism. Many
theras (elders) and theris (female elders) were either born or lived there. Mahakaccayana was
born at Ujjayani in the family of the Chaplain of king Candaprajjota. He went to the Buddha
who taught him the Norm with such effect that, at the end of the lesson, he with the
attendants was established in arhantship with thorough grasp of letter and meaning.
Mahakaccayana used to be present whenever the Buddha delivered any sermon on Dhamma.
Being himself a native of Avanti Mahakaccayana worked with zeal for the diffusion of the
new faith amongst his countrymen. According to the narration in the Pali text of Deepvansh
and Buddhvansh he spread the message from Ujjayani right up to Mathura. Residents of
Ujjayani made donations for the construction of the stupa at Sanchi as is evidenced by the
donor plates there. Mahakaccayana converted the king Candprajjota of Avanti to the
Buddhist faith. Candpajjota’s mother Gopal Mata is said to have got the stupa at Kanchanvan
(Kanipura) constructed under the influence of Mahakaccayana. This site is known today as
Vaishya Tekri. In 1936 the Archaeology Department of the Gwalior State carried out
excavations at this site and discovered remains of the stupa. This stupa is said to have a
diameter of 110 meters and a height of 32 meters. The excavation showed that this stupa was
cladded with bricks during the Mauryan period by Vaishyaputri Devi, the wife of Asoka as
evidenced by the discovery of Mauryan bricks. Alongside is said to have been the site of a
Buddhist monastery called Dakshinagiri that sheltered hundreds of Bhikshus. Ashokan pillar
capitals with elephants and lions have been gathered from places near Ujjain and kept in
Vikram Kirti Mandir Museum of the Vikram University.
Old texts mention that Mahavira, the great propounder of the Jain faith, performed some of
his penances in the country of Avanti. He also visited the capital of Avanti, Ujjayani, where
he did penance in a cemetery when Rudra and his wife tried in vain to interrupt him. The
Jains always associate the city with the split of their community between the Digambara and
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the Shvetambara sects. About 53 B.C. Ujjayani came under the grip of a great famine that is
believed to have lasted for 12 years. A Jain pontiff of Bhadalpur or Vidisha emigrated from
Ujjayani. That perhaps sparked off the division.
One of the sacred places of the Lingayat sect is situated at Ujjayani which is frequently
visited by the Lingayat itinerant ascetics. Reference has already been made to the visit of
Saint Vallabhacharya to Sandipani Ashram and its significance to the Vallabh Sampradaya.
The city was visited by the Chinese pilgrim, Yuan Chwang, in the 7th century A.D.
According to him, Ujjayani was about 6,000 li in circuit. It was a populous city. There were
several convents but they were mostly in ruins. There were many priests. The king belonged
to the Brahmin caste. Yuang Chwang mentions in his chronicler that not far from the city
there was a stupa.
3.2.1 The Mahakal Van
The Kot or fort area of Ujjain in the north of the city was known by the general term Mahakal
Van that is the forest of Mahakal. Mahakal predates the Shunga period as is evidenced by the
discovery of a Shung period brick wall and architectural fragments and remains of the period
found during excavation carried out in 1980. One of the residential areas of the Mahakal Van
is known even today as the Kot Mohalla. The gateway, Chaubis Khamba is at the northern
end of the Kot. The royal seat was shifted from Garh to Mahakal Van by the first Parmara
king, Siyak in 9th century A.D. and a wall around the area was built in the very first stage of
the Parmara rule. A royal palace is also said to have been constructed there although there are
no archaeological evidences available today. Mahakal Van is densely populated today but
extended over a large area with four gateways. The gateway in the north of the Mahakal Van
is called Chaubis Khamba for its 24 supporting pillars, made of beautifully carved black
stone. In fact, Chaubis Khamba is the only ancient structure that survived the sack of
Iltutmish and exists even today. During the Parmara rule Mahakal Temple served as a seat of
Sanskrit learning. The Parmaras king, Raja Bhoja of Dhar made many extensions to the
original temple in the eleventh century. However, that temple was completely destroyed by
Altutmish in 1235. The modern shrine on the same site near the older temple was built by the
Prabhu Kayastha, Ram Chandra, Dewan of the Peshwa in 1745. According to Ferishta
Iltutmish carried the Shiva Linga of Mahakaleshvar with him to Delhi and broke it there into
several pieces. However, the belief amongst the people is that the idol was thrown into the
adjoining reservoir and it remained there till the new temple was constructed on the same site
and the deity was enshrined.
Near the Mahakal Temple and in front of the Rudra Sagara is situated the temple of
Harsiddhi Mata, who is probably none other than Annapurna, flanked by Mahalaxmi and
Mahasaraswati. On a niche in the temple there is a stone slab with the words “Sree Yantra”
engraved on it. Annapurna is said to have been the tutelary deity of the Parmara rulers. It is
also reputed to have been the Kuladevi of King Vikramaditya. A wall that has four gates
surrounds the temple complex. It also has the temple dedicated to Mahadev that was the main
site of the Nagvanshi Bharshivas as is evidenced by an inscription. The complex at its center
has the image of Mahamaya. The pillars and many of the images within the complex indicate
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that the temple was embellished during the rule of the Parmaras. The complex has a Baodi
that has an inscription dating it to 1447 A.D.
An undated painting (see copy of print enclosed) at the National Museum, New Delhi shows
the Ujjain Town at its center within the folds of the sinuous river Kshipra. At the left is the
Mahakal temple while Mangalnath temple can be seen at the bottom right. Steps are also
shown. Other temples are also shown in the painting. The seven water tanks (the Sapta
Sagaras) in the groves around the city are clearly marked. Stylised people and trees can be
seen in the intervening areas. Maps are sometimes found in miniature paintings, the one
referred to here being one such. Similar paintings of Hindu pilgrimage sites are also
frequently found. The rich pilgrims could order maps to be specially prepared for them while
the poorer ones bought smaller pictures that had been painted in bulk. One of their uses could
also be the need to establish the coordinates of the birthplace for travelers who wished to
have their horoscopes drawn. It is known that geographical religious charts (somewhat like
maps) were in use by travelers who visited sacred places during the course of their
pilgrimages. There is no record when such charts and paintings were first used. They are in
the form of a square with Ujjain, one of the most sacred cities for Hindus, in the center and
on all four sides divided by step-like rulers, are named the places as they occur in order from
the center, with the eight points of the compass named. Figures are given beside each name,
but it is not known to what they refer. It is well known that Ujjain was marked as the first
meridian by early Indian geographers though this was later moved to Varanasi and then
Kurukshetra.
3.3 Ujjain A Centre Of Learning And The Arts
Ujjayani has been also a great center of learning and the arts right from the ancient times. The
celebrated grammarian Panini refers to Avanti in one of his sutras. Patanjali’s Mahabhasya
also refers to it. The Bhagvata Purana mentions Ujjayani as a city. . The Skanda Purana refers
to it as a holy city. The Avanti Khanda of Skanda Purana states about nine Durgas, twentyfour
Divine Mothers (Matrikas), twelve Adityas, six Vinayakas, four Hanumans, eleven
Rudras and six Bhairavs in ancient Ujjain. None of these are extant in their original form
today and the concerned images have often come to light only in fragmentary conditions.
Only the Chaurasi Mahadev concept has come to stay where four of these viz., Pingleshwara,
Kayavarohaneshwara, Vilveshwara and Dardureshwara are regarded as the deities of
Avantika Kshetra. The Yoginitantra also mentions Ujjayani as an ancient city. Ujjain
accommodated many Shaivite sects like Pasupata, Kapalika, Kalamukha, Bhairava and
Natha. The famous Shaiva Vedantist Adi Shankaracharya and the propounder of the Natha
sect Gorakhanatha had also visited Ujjain. King Bhathrihari is known to have adopted the
Natha cult as a disciple of Gorakhanatha and he practiced ascetism staying away from
worldly affairs. During the medieval period famous yogis like Jadarupa hailed from Ujjain.
Temples and Mathas of these sects were constructed in large numbers, particularly during the
Parmara period. Iltutmish demolished most of these structures during the invasion in the 13th
century. The only remains are the Chaubis Khamba and the Bharthrihari Cave.
The earlier period of the first millennium AD was a golden period for the renaissance of the
arts and literature and Ujjain was very much at the center of this revival. The dramas of
Kalidasa were performed on the occasion of the Spring Festival before the Viceregal Court c.
400 A.D. Nine famous persons known as the Nava-Ratna (nine gems) adorned the court of
Vikramaditya, king of Ujjayani, usually identified with Chandragupta II (circa 375 A.D.)
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who is said to have expelled the Scythians and established his power over the greater part of
India. Popular literature of India of comparatively modern age is full of stories relating to
King Vikramaditya of Ujjayani. The tradition on the whole, suggests that Ujjayani became a
great center of Sanskrit learning under his liberal royal patronage. The nine gems of
Vikramaditya’s court are said to have been Kalidas, (the author of Meghadutam,
Raghuvansham, Shakuntalam), Varahamira (the author of the astronomical and astrological
treatises, Brihatsamhita and Brihat Jatak), Amar Singh (the author of the Sanskrit lexicon, the
Amar Kosha), Dhanwantri (the author of the medical text, the Sushrat Samhita), Ksharpanak,
the logician, the historian, Betal Bhatta, the grammarian, Vararuchi, the great scholar,
Shanku, and the rhetorician, Ghatakpar.
The names of Kalidasa and Ujjayani are inextricably linked together in the Indian traditions.
It is in Meghdoot, a poem of a little over hundred verses, describing the anguish of a yaksha,
separated from his beloved by a curse, sending a message to her in the city of Alka through a
rain cloud from his exile in Ramagiri (now identified as Ramtek near Nagpur) that Kalidasa’s
love of Ujjayani finds full expression. The poet describes the imaginary passage of the cloud
over Ujjayani, and it is almost as if he is loath to move on, for in 12 verses (27-38) there is a
lyrical description of the city and the people which conjures up a vivid picture of a civilized
attractive society, a leisured class, intensely practical and yet imbued with deeply religious
and philosophical preoccupations.
3.4 Parmaras And Their Contribution To Art And Literature
The second revival (the first could be considered to be the period of Chanragupta II who also
assumed the title of Vikramaditya) of the arts and literature took place during the rule of the
Parmaras. Parmara rulers of extraordinary political, literary and creative caliber including
Munja, Bhoja and Udayaditya ruled the region either from Ujjain or Dharanagari. Ujjain as a
settlement is an ancient city but its built-form does not reflect that antiquity. The early history
of the city undoubtedly had a major role in structuring its development and, may be, detailed
archaeological investigations may reveal some of the basic principles of the present town
form, but the data being limited, the observations tend to become conjectural. Undoubtedly
the remains of the stupa at Vaishya Tekri and the mud walls of Garhkalika do indicate the
ancient character of the city. A definite picture of Ujjain, however, emerges only from the
Parmara period onwards. The activity zones and movement lines of the riverine part (on
Gandhavati and the Kshipra) were formed during this period and stone being the principal
material of construction many of their structures have survived to date. Chaubis Khamba,
stepwells, Chaurasi Mahadevs and parts of temples like Chintamani Ganesh, Kal Bhairav,
Mahakal, Harsiddhi, etc. stand as testimony to the Parmara rule. In fact, although Altutmish
destroyed most of the structures which remained as such throughout the rule of the Sultans
yet the Hindu Subedars (like Maharaja Jai Singh of Jaipur) of the Malwa during the Mughal
rule and most prominently the Marathas in the 18th century could rehabilitate and reconstruct
the temples and other structures that had been destroyed by Iltutmish. In fact, the Maratha
rule could be reckoned as the third Hindu revival in the history of Ujjain. Nearly all the
temple complexes, Ghats and Chaurasi Mahadevs bear their stamp. Embellishments in the
use of timber in houses and streetscapes owe much to their patronage. Even today this is a
characteristic feature of the urban landscape of Ujjain.
Though blessed with the waters of Kshipra Ujjain nurtured the concept of tanks and wells for
both daily needs and sacred attributions. Seven natural reservoirs have been institutionalized
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in the name of Sapta Sagaras that find mention in the Avanti Khanda of the Skanda Purana.
There are many stepwells in temple complexes and elsewhere some of which are being used
to date. Due to the higher ground water levels these wells are not as deep and intricate as
those of other regions but have their own typicality in negotiating the levels and treating the
surfaces. Tanks traditionally known as Munjasagara after the famous Parmara king Munja
(970-1000 A.D.) exist at Dhar, Mandu and Ujjain which were the most important cities under
the Parmara rulers. The Gandhawari copper plate of Munja dated to 974 A.D. also refers to a
Shiva Tarag (tank) at Ujjain. The kundas within the Mahakala Parisar and nearabout are
similar to the kundas (wells) of the Parmara period. Kotitirtha is a small reservoir (in fact a
large kunda) within the courtyard of Mahakaleshwara Temple that was renovated by the
Parmaras and later by the Marathas.
3.5 The Ghats Of Ujjain
Ujjain began as a riverine city but the present pucca ghats date from the Maratha times. The
natural heritage in the form of river Kshipra and Rudrasagar has dictated much of built
heritage and qualify amongst the most important heritage elements of Ujjain. Much of the
image of Ujjain is read through the Ghats, the water – city interface. Some of the ghats are
small yet quite picturesque. Narsingh Ghat on the east bank, the Pishacha-Mukteshwar Ghat
with its temple of Pishacha, Mukteshwar Mahadev, the Sangameshwar Ghat, the Ram Ghat,
the Chhatri Ghat connecting Kshipra with the Chhatri of Ranoji Scindia, Maulana Ghat with
the tomb of Maulana Mungis-ud-din, Udasi ghat with an akhada of Udasis, Gandharva Ghat,
Sonar Ghat, Dashashvemedha Ghat, Ganga Ghat and Mangleshwar Ghat with the temple of
Mangaleshwar or Angarakeshwar. Mention should also be made of the Siddha Vat Ghat on
the Kshipra at Bhairogarh, 9 km away from Ujjain. It has a Vata tree (Ficus Bengalensis) that
is reputed to be more than a thousand years old. The Siddha Vat ghat is just below this tree
and is of similar sanctity.
Most of the ghats in their present design were built by the Marathas on pre-existed
consolidated river bank. These ghats are low lying with a leisurely ambience and are known
by the names Ramghat in the southern half and Gandharva Ghat in the northern half. The
level of the river being shallow there are not many steps, yet they incorporate small madhis,
platforms and shrines giving the ghats their sculptural appearance. The built-form along the
ghats has imposing scale at places like Ramghat and intimate scale at the northern Gandharva
Ghat. As an ensemble of temples, steps, dharamshalas and large platforms the ghats of Ujjain
are an indivisible element of the city’s heritage. Steps, landing strips, projecting platforms
and temples present themselves in various combinations to create a changing scenario along
the length of the ghats. However, the growth directions during the last hundred years have
taken the spread of the city away from the river. Such unidirectional growth of the city meant
that the ghats lost their prominent position in the city and the old city got increasingly
cornered within the total town. The densely populated north along the Kshipra has the holy
places but it is the south that has the modern facilities and the open spaces. The resulting
seclusion of the historic precincts has on one hand preserved their ambience but on the other
kept them at bay for the busy visitor. It is the drive of pilgrimage that keeps these precincts
frequently visited and perhaps improved, especially at the period preceding the periodic
twelve year cycle of the Simhasta.
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3.6 The Chhatris Of Ujjain
Right from the time of Akbar Ujjain was the headquarters of a Sarkar of the same name. In
1658 Aurangzeb and Murad defeated Jaswant Singh of Jodhpur who fought the Battle of
Ujjain at Dharmatpura near Ujjain on behalf of prince Dara Shikoh. Aurangzeb named the
place of the battle as Fatehabad. One of the beautiful monuments of Ujjain that has a link
with Jodhpur is the Chhatri of Vir Durga Das who belonged to the ruling Rathor family of
Jodhpur. He spent the last years of his life on the banks of Kshipra at Ujjain and on his death
he was cremated there. The Jodhpur rulers constructed a beautiful Chhatri in the Rajput style
on the cremation site and installed a statue of his likeness at its center. The Chhatri is
embellished with floral and vegetative patterns, horses, elephants, etc. and scenes from the
life of Lord Krishna. A festival and fair is held every year on this site on the day of the
Vasant Panchami.
The Chhatri of Ranoji Scindia (1720-45) who acquired a footing in Malwa for the Marathas
and fixed his headquarters at Ujjain, is built near the Chhatri Ghat at the Kshipra.
3.7 Wood Architecture In Ujjain
Religion and pilgrimage are among the strongest assets of Ujjain and it derives an identity
from them. Accordingly, major temple precincts and smaller shrines are geographically
spread around like a recurring theme for the city. Timber buildings, representing the best of
residential architecture is another such recurring element that dot all over the old part. Areas
like the Bohra Bakhals, Kartik Chowk, Khara Kuan, etc. have a concentration of wooden
houses contributing to the historic character of the city. Coupled with religious and the
attendant commercial activities, the old part exudes an ambience missing in other city parts.
However, the manner in which these historic properties are being maintained ought to be a
cause for concern. Most of them did get renovated in the past, especially during the Maratha
period. However, the later additions are unsympathetic to the original finishes. An extreme
case in point is Sandipani Ashram Parisar, which is both the most ancient as per mythology
and the most modern as per its today’s architecture. No wonder many pilgrims feel
disappointed at its present image. Reinstating the authenticity of the ancient precincts and
structures and their finishes is necessary to preserve their authenticity.
Islamic rule in-between the Parmara period and the rule of the Marathas made its own
characteristic contribution to the built heritage of Ujjain and its environs. Muslim influences
on Ujjain led to the development of typical provincial building styles which can be seen at
Kaliadeh Palace, the Hammam near Mahakal, Bina Neev ki Masjid, Begum ka Maqbara and
Begampura masjid. The Turks, Sultans of Malwa and Mughals all contributed in diverse
manners including architecture, decorations, music and painting. The stepwell near Pushkar
Sagar area of Begumpura had good paintings on the façade wall; there are geometric designs
in the Begumpura gateway and Mahakal Hammam entrances. The pavilions of Kaliadeh have
plaster stucco finishes and the Begum ka Maqbara has a beautiful stone screen wall.
The name Kaliadeh or Kalidah is not mentioned in the Avanti Khanda of the Skanda Purana,
which mentions the earlier name Brahma Kunda. The Avanti Khanda refers to a temple
which once stood here, a statement that is supported by the numerous carved stones in the
masonry work and the remains of old foundations near the ‘water palace’ that was
constructed by the Malwa Sultans by bridging the narrow left branch of Kshipra by a massive
bed of masonry on which chambers, capable of being kept cool during the hot weather, were
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erected. These chambers or Tahekhana form a gallery that runs along the western side. These
chambers were cooled by means of damp khas grasss mats kept moist by water led over them
through conduits connected with the river. The water after flowing over the chambers along
the masonry bed fell in a cascade into the Kaliadeh or the Brahma Kunda, a pool at the
northern end of the structure. The water palace stood in the midst of fine groves and gardens,
the garden within the enclosure being called the Firoz Bagh. The kiosques constructed on the
stone basement are later Mughal additions that are faced with sandstone while the rest of the
structure is of basalt. There might have been some tank or ghat in the pre-Islamic period that
may have been exploited with advantage in constructing the edifice. The Avanti Mahatmya
of the Skanda Purana mentions, besides the Brahma Kunda, also the Surya Kunda and a large
Surya Mandir at this site. Madho Rao Scindia ( 1886- ) reconstructed the temple
which was later converted into the existing Surya Mandir by Vijaya Raje Scindia.
3.8 Bohra Bakhals And Wooden Architecture
Bohra colonies like Ibrahimpura deserve special mention due to the sheer exuberance of their
residential architecture. The Bohras migrated to Ujjain as traders from Gujarat during the late
Mughal period and brought their unique customs along with. Besides religion and festivities
architecture too is a part of their typical customs. All houses have internal courtyards and
exquisite timber façade where timber is used for both decoration and structural purposes. The
Bohra Mohalla is a socially and physically knit entity with each Mohalla clearly demarcated
with 2-3 entry gates. It is in the invaluable wooden architecture that Bohras have greatly
contributed to the built heritage of Ujjain. Using seasoned teak wood expert craftsmen have
carved beautiful images with strong quality of surface relief. Structural members like
columns and brackets are also finished with carved parts and delicate surface textures.
Residents used to apply oil on a periodic basis to maintain them. Bohra Bakhals like
Nayapura, Bahadurpura, Ibrahimpura and Roza complex have exquisite wooden houses,
mosques and Jamatkhanas. The marble Roza is a structure of splendid proportions and was
built before the headquarters established by the Bohras at the time of their migration was
shifted from Ujjain. Using carved and costly wood in their dwelling has been a part of the
Bohra way of life. As a tradition loving and well knit society with collective community
living as its hallmark the Bohras maintain their traditional and comfortable drawing and
sitting rooms and costly interiors and, in some cases, the wooden elevation as well although
some of them have replaced the wooden elevation due to preservation costs. Theirs is an
important attitude towards preservation of physical heritage that is so much part of the built
heritage of Ujjain.
The tradition of having wooden houses with beautifully carved facades and interiors
continued during the Maratha period. Areas like Kartik Chowk, Pan Dariba, Singpuri, Dani
Gate, Khara Kuan, Namak Mandi, etc. are not resided by Bohras but have streetscapes of
beautiful houses. It is interesting to note that in Malwa the houses are of brick or of stone. A
plinth of basalt is first laid upon which a framework of wood is placed. The roofs are either
tiled or thatched or, as in bigger houses, of cement concrete. In Ujjain the façade of the
upper storey is ornamented by picturesque carved wooden balconies and projecting windows
(jharokas). It is unfortunate that some of the earlier magnificent buildings in Ujjain like
Maina Bai’s Palace at Chhatri Chowk and Maratha Palace at Maharajwada area have not
survived the ravages of time.
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3.9 Gateways of Ujjain
Gateways are a characteristic feature of the built-form of any old city. Ujjain is no exception.
As an urban center, Ujjain is endowed with proportional gateways, active spaces and
memorial Chhatris that structure the city in their own way. The oldest is Chaubis Khamba
Darwaza and the rest are from medieval times. Akbar put an end to Baz Bahadur’s hegemony
over Malwa and had a city wall constructed with gateways for controlling the entry and for
the defence of Ujjain. While Sati Darwaza and Dani Darwaza remind us of past personalities,
Nadi Gate, Kaliadeh Darwaza, Dewas Darwaza, and Indore Darwaza highlight directions of
approach. The twin spaces of Gopal Mandir Chowk and Chhatri Chowk are among the
prominent urban spaces in Ujjain. Clock Tower of Freeganj has a well-organized space
around it while the forecourt of Mahakal, though not organized, symbolizes organic
principles of space. Worth noting are the Chhatri at Chhatri Chowk, Veer Durgadas ki
Chhatri and Scindia Chhatris that have an amalgamation of Rajput and Maratha styles.
Like the other princely states, the Scindia rule also came under European, especially British,
influences in art and architecture from the close of the nineteenth century onwards. Ujjain
was no exception to this. Madhavnagar planning draws heavily from foreign principles and
Kothi Palace is an amalgamation of Rajput and Gothic styles with an entrance influenced by
Buckingham Palace. The Clock Tower in Freeganj is an impressive urban space contained
within by buildings of mixed styles. The Chhatri Chowk while being Indian in its space
planning is European in its architectural undercurrents.
3.10 Ujjain – A Pluralistic and Multi Faith Landscape
Thus the multiplicity of contributions and their accommodation in the spatial structure of the
city have played a decisive role in shaping the built heritage of Ujjain. Ujjain has had a multifaith
history with Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism co-existing peacefully for a long time.
Islam has made its own contribution and Ujjain is one of the revered pilgrimage centers of
the Bohras in the country. However, the dominant presence at Ujjain is of a city dedicated to
Shiva with Shri Mahakaleshwar at its center. In fact an interesting stone tablet can be seen in
the Shri Dharmaraja Mandir in Ramghat that depicts all the 80 Mahadevs inside Ujjain, 4
Mahadevs as the corner points and Mahakal as the pivotal center. Ujjain has truly been a
sacred landscape revered and visited by pilgrims from all parts of the sub-continent for
centuries. However, the temples and the religious buildings and institutions that constituted
this sacred landscape for centuries were effectively and completely destroyed by Iltutmish
who invaded Central India in 1235 A.D., A narration of this has been given by his chronicler,
Ferishta who accompanied him in these campaigns. According to Ferishta, Iltutmish carried
the Shiva Lingam of Mahakaleshwar to Delhi where he broke it into many pieces. By and
large the picture of desolation continued all through the rule of the Delhi and the Gujarat
Sultans. During the Mughal rule after Aurangzeb the Hindu Subedar of Malwa, Maharaja Jai
Singh of Jaipur did construct Janardana Temple but much of the revival of Ujjain took place
only during the rule of the Marathas in the late seventeenth century onwards. For Bohras, a
sect of the Shia faith amongst Muslims with a unique way of life, Ujjain is a place of
pilgrimage.
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3.11 The Concept of Chaurasi Mahadevas
This listing of the built heritage of Ujjain and its environs provides information about
individual heritage properties and precincts. However, there are certain built complexes and
features that deserve special mention here. One such is the concept of the Chaurasi
Mahadeva. Most of the religious centers of India are attributed with mythological
associations and some are believed to be physical manifestations of Puranic principles. Ujjain
is among the few places that fully embody this spirit through the concepts of Mahakal Van
and Chaurasi Mahadev. To state simply, Chaurasi Mahadev are 84 sacred Shivalingas spread
in and around Ujjain that are to be visited along a defined route. Symbolically they are
representations of the Puranic concept of Time (Kala).as stated in the Skanda Purana. The life
of Universe is divided into 4 Yugas and 84 Kalpas, and Chaurasi Mahadev represents these
84 Kalpas. The Yugas end with Pralayas when everything in the universe dissolves but these
Mahadevs do not get dissolved and are believed to be ‘Achala’, the immobile and permanent.
Accordingly, the value attributions on these Shivalingas relate to all the Yugas of Indian
temporal calendar. The main source for mythological references is Avanti Khanda of Skanda
Purana. There are detailed descriptions for each Mahadev covering the sequential numbering
of the Mahadev, the origin of names, special capacities of the Linga and how to worship
Him. The pilgrim route is also specified and this pilgrimage has been stressed as a necessity
even after visiting Varanasi. The ‘Adhik Mas’ of the lunar calendar is the most auspicious
period for undertaking this yatra, but individual Mahadev can be worshiped at any time. The
84 Mahadevs are spread throughout Ujjain and cover almost all of it. Those located within
residential areas have arrangements for daily worship with regular priests while some of them
are considered as the deity of the mohalla.
Historically, most of these temples (Mahadevs) were built in Parmara period (9th to 13th
century A.D.), possible on predated sacred sites. Post-Parmara period saw the decline of
religious focus on Ujjain and these temples also must have suffered heavily. The credit of
rejuvenating them goes mainly to the Maratha rulers from the 17th century onwards and
accordingly most structures are built by Marathas on Parmara platforms. An interesting stone
tablet can be seen in the Shri Dharmaraja Mandir in Ramghat that depicts all these 80
Mahadevs inside Ujjain, 4 Mahadevs as the corner points and Mahakal as the pivotal center.
At the extreme ends there are four Mahadevs in four Panchkroshi night halt stations. All the
major temple precincts like Mangalnath, Siddhnath, Mahakal, Ramjanardan, etc invariably
have one or many Mahadevs located within. As an area of concentration the identified
‘Heritage Zone’ has the majority of them spread all over the residential areas. Few Mahadevs
are in the outskirts of the city and, as such, have been left uncared for. Some of them have no
proper access today while at least three known Mahadevs have lost their original location.
Majority of the Mahadevs are in good structural condition although some of them where the
priest has his residence as well, have suffered encroachments and unsympathetic changes and
additions. Presently these Mahadevs are not maintained on a regular basis and get attention
only during the Simhasta which comes once in twelve years.
An analyis of all the 84 Mahadevs has already been done at the beginning of this chapter.
3.12 Yatras and The Savari
As an ancient city with a sacred landscape symbology has been instrumental in
defining many traditional religious practices of Ujjain. The Mahakal is the abode of Shiva
and is one of the twelve jyotirlingas of India. Not only that, it is one of the four places (the
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others being Haridwar, Nasik and Allahabad) where a kumbh is held every twelve years by
rotation of three years because the holy nectar that resulted from the churning of the mythical
milky ocean (Khshir Sagara) by the devas and the asuras fell at these four places and hence
immortalized them. The Chaurasi Mahadevs are the representation of the 84 Kalpas. All of
these are geographically located within Chardwaras at four extreme corners such that Ujjain
Kshetra has a circumference of Panchkroishi. Sacred tanks and temples are spatially
distributed in accordance with concepts like Ashtatirthi and Sapta Sagaras (see
accompanying map). Most of these symbolic images get an orientation by the sacred river
Kshipra along which are located all the major temple precincts of Ujjain (also see copy of
painting referred to above).The manifestation of these symbolisms can be seen in the yatras
that are such a characteristic feature of the ancient sacred landscapes in India, such as in
Vrindavana, Varanasi and many other sacred landscapes. Ujjain is a hallowed sacred
landscape and the yatras (that are, in fact, Parikramas or circumambulatory walks) are a very
significant feature of its calendar. The most significant event of Ujjain is the Simhasta that is
held once in twelve years on the banks of the Kshipra. Chaurasi Mahadev Yatra covers all the
84 Shiva temples. The idol of Shri Mahakaleshwara is taken out in procession called
Mahakal Savari during the month of Shravana (July – August).
Panchkroshi (Pancheshani) Yatra is taken up in Vaisakha (April – May); it lasts five days,
covers a distance of about 122 km and passes by the four sacred corners (see accompanying
map). It is in essence a Shiva Yatra. Ujjain ‘s geography is that of a rectangular space and at
its center is its guardian presiding deity, the Mahakaleshwar with temples at every yojan
(four kosas) radiating from the center. There are the four dwarpalas, Pingleshwar in the east,
Kayaverohaneshwar in the south, Vilveshwar in the west and Durdureshwar in the north.
The Panchkroshi Yatra. is said to have existed since time immemorial. In fact, the Avanti
Khanda of the Skanda Purana states that the five days of the Panchkroshi Yatra of Ujjayani
taken up during the month of Vaisakh bestows greater merit than the yatra of Varanasi. The
Panchkroshi Yatra received an added impetus during the rule of Vikramaditya but got
discontinued during the Sultanate period in the 14th century A.D. when there was heavy outmigration
from Ujjain. It got revived with great vigour in the 17th century during the Maratha
rule and has continued unabated since then. The Panchkroshi Yatra starts from
Nagchandreshwar at Mahakaleshwar after a bath in the Kshipra and proceeds to Pingleshwar
(a distance of 12 km) which is the first resting night halt (See Map). The yatra continues on
the second day and proceeds to Kayavaruneshwar (23 km) which is the second night halt. On
the third day it proceeds to Vilvkeshwar (31 km) with a midday resting halt at Nalwa. On the
fourth day it proceeds to Durdhreshwar (28 km) with a midday resting halt at Kaliadeh. On
the fifth day it proceeds to Pingleshwar and after making a midday resting halt at Undasa it
terminates at Kshipra Karktirth Ghat (Reti Maidan) (28 km). The Asht-tirtha Yatra that
touches 8 Tirthsthanas and terminates at Mangalnath immediately follows the Panchkroshi
Yatra.
3.13 Natural Heritage Of Ujjain – The Saptasagaras
Saptasagara Yatra takes the pilgrims for the holy dip in the seven sacred tanks. Avanti
Khanda of Skanda Purana makes references to the Sapta Sagaras of Avanti. The natural
heritage is a very vital component of Ujjain. Its hinterland is the plains of Malwa that are
endowed with rich black cotton soil that has always yielded excellent crops of wheat and
cotton and, at a later period, of opium. These crops have been the mainstay of the prosperity
of its people and of its importance as a center of trade and commerce right from the ancient
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times. The natural heritage within Ujjain has been an inseparable part of its built heritage. It
has had not only religious significance but also ecological connotations. The large area of the
Mahakal Van, though densely populated today, was once a densely forested area. So were
also the area around the Ankpat Parisar and Kal Bhairav Parisar. The area adjoining Ram
Janardan temple complex is thickly wooded and hunting was prevalent till 1966.
The tanks and the river Kshipra are the other main components of Ujjain’s natural heritage.
In fact, the built heritage of Ujjain would lose its significance and meaning without them.
And yet today both are under severe threat of deterioration and even decimation. A prime
example is the very large Rudra Sagar that is situated alongside the Shri Mahakal Temple
Complex.. It is one of the major sagaras of the “Saptasagar Yatra”. Some of the most
important buildings like the Shri Harsiddhi temple, Shri Mahakal temple and the Maharaj
Wada surround it. Its catchment area is heavily urbanized and the water draining into it
brings urban wastes. The water body has shrunk because of erosion of the banks and the
consequent silting Sewage drains leading into this water body aggravate the situation further
as it is also a recharge area with two paleo-channels. Ancient texts make references to a river
flowing from Rudrasagar to the Kshipra. The other tanks of significance that have been part
of the Saptsagaras are Vishnusagar located to the east of Ram Janardan temple on Ankpat
Road, Khshirsagar now in the form of large-sized kund near the railway station, Govardhan
Sagar that has almost lost its existence, located in the east of Nikas and south-west of the hill
of Nagar Kot Devi, Purushottam Sagar as Ankpat Sagar in the north of the Idgah, Ratnakar
Sagar (the Undasa Lake constructed in the 16th century and having ghats and a chhatri inside
the lake but primarily an irrigation tank today) located on the Ujjain Maksi Road close to
Madhavpura village, and Pushkar Sagar not far from Rudra Sagar (the tank reduced to a baoli
now for use by pilgrims for performing rituals). All these water bodies are in a sorry state
today. Only cosmetic solutions implemented preceding a Simhasta can hardly provide longterm
solutions for their sustained revival and continuance.
These Yatras and processions and events have coded instructions about the route that they
cover, and the period and propitiating powers. Their spread covers the entire sacred
geographical landscape of Ujjain.
3.14 Astronomical and Astrological Significance Of Ujjain
A special mention must be made of the astronomical and astrological significance of Ujjain.
The Hindu astronomers reckoned their first meridian of longitude from Ujjayani. Ancient
India as described by Ptolemy also mentions this. The ancient concept of time and space is
closely associated with Ujjayani and, therefore, the Mahakal as the presiding deity of
Ujjayani. According to the ancient astronomical texts on 21st March the day lasts six months
at the North Pole Star and after another three months thereafter the sun is at its remotest point
from the southern horizon. At that time the sun is directly above Ujjain.
In ancient period Ujjain was the seat of astronomical studies. The city, being at the center of
the country, was the place where scientific astronomy first evolved. The students of
astronomy then fixed the meridian here in relation to other places for their astronomical
calculations. Ptolemy’s Geographica (150 A.D.) is a work of great importance for
understanding the geography of ancient India. He fixed the position of Ujjain at 77 23 from
where the meridian starts. Under Asoka Ujjain attained the highest state of prosperity. He is
said to have funded a college here where astronomy and astrology were taught as special
subjects. Ujjain continued to be the center of astronomical studies under the Guptas.
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Varahimira, one of the Nav Ratnas (nine gems) of the court of Chandra Gupta II, was an
astronomer who wrote the ancient treatises Brihatsamhita and Laghu Jataka on astronomy
and astrology. He is believed to have been born at Kayatha near Ujjain. Udayagiri (near
Vidisha) is an ancient site that has an inscription in one of the caves that mentions the
presence of Chandra Gupta II. The twin hills of Udayagiri and the saddle in between have
remains that indicate that the site may have been used for astronomical observations.
Incidentally, the Tropic of Cancer also passes through Udayagiri. Ujjain continued to be the
seat of astronomical studies down to the days of Bhoj Parmara to whom is attributed the
astronomical work named Rajaamrangaka.
One sees a reflection of the Hindu view of the cosmos in the observatories established by
Maharaja Jai Singh of Amber (1686-1743) in the 17th-18th century A.D. Over extension of
the Mughul empire by Aurangzeb weakened its control and after his death in 1706 the local
chieftains asserted their power. Maharaja Jai Singh of Amber sided with the weakened
Mughal king Mohammad Shah (1719-48) and as a reward he was appointed the governor
(subedar) of the provinces of Agra and Malwa in 1721. Jai Singh had strong interest in the
Hindu concept of the cosmos. Besides establishing in 1728 the new city of Jaipur as his royal
capital based on the concept of the Mandala he established astronomical observatories at
Jaipur, Delhi, Mathura, Benares and Ujjain. Ujjain had been at the center of Hindu astronomy
for centuries and it is therefore not surprising that Jai Singh chose Ujjain for establishing one
of his observatories. According to Hindu cosmological ideas the meridian of Ujjain runs
through the center of the world. For that reason all their astronomical calculations were
focused on this place. This is somewhat similar to the English making the Greenwich
meridian and the French the Paris meridian into the line of reference for taking their readings.
Maharaja Jai Singh’s book Zig Mohammad Shahi gives an account of the instruments extant
at that time for making astronomical observations. Father Teffenthaler who was the first
European to write about the instruments at Ujjain in 1785 had made the following
observations:
“Ujen, the capital of Malwa, is a very large, heavily populated and built-up town on a large
plain. There are also two very large lakes in the town; one at the ox market, the other known
as Garsathi, and charmingly situated to the south-west, is full of water-birds and has several
bays. Not far away is the suburb built by King Jesing, former governor of this province,
which is alongside an observatory and other equipment constructed of mortar; there are, for
instance, two equinoctial sundials, an upper and a lower one; a wall whose upper edge forms
an angle with the horizontal plane equal to the local latitude pointing towards the pole and
situated on the meridian, with a geometrical quadrant on both sides; in addition there is a
limestone gnomon and a meridian line engraved on stone.”
However, when Kaye came to Ujjain in 1915-16 he found only ruins. In accordance with his
detailed suggestions for restoration the instruments were reconstructed from a scratch by the
Archaeological Survey of India. The observatory now has the following instruments: Samrat
Yantra, Dakshino Vritti Yantra, Nari Valaya Yantra and Digamsa Yantra.
3.15 The Temples of Ujjain: The Parmaras And The Marathas
The revival and rejuvenation and extensions of many of the ancient temples and precincts in
Ujjain took place during the rule of the Parmaras in the 9th-12th centuries. This is evidenced
by the discovery of the remains and fragments of the Parmara period during excavations
within the Mahakal Parisar. During the excavation of the foundation for the construction of
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the Pravachan Hall in this Parisar part of a Parmara period Shikhar was found. In fact, the
present Mahakal temple was constructed by the Marathas alongside the remains of an older
temple of the Parmara period that was destroyed by Iltutmish. Thus the Parmara period could
be said to be the second revival of the Hindu arts and tradition in Ujjain. Iltutmish effectively
and completely destroyed the temples of Ujjain during his invasion in 1235. The neglect
continued during the period of the Sultanates during which period there was also heavy outmigration
of the people from Ujjain. Certain revival took place during the rule of the later
Mughals especially when Malwa had Hindu governors such as Maharaja Jai Singh of Jaipur.
Maharaja Jai Singh also undertook the construction of a few well-known temples. One such
is the Ram Janardan Temple in the Ankpat Kshetra constructed in 17th century. It has the
temples of Ram and Janardan (Vishnu). The site appears to have been an ancient temple site
as many of the images installed therein belong to the tenth and the twelfth centuries. That
should place this site to the period of the Parmaras. Later, the Marathas constructed a
boundary wall around it and a kund during the 18th century. Such fortifications in and around
the temples also acted as defence against attacks. This complex has paintings in the Maratha
style depicting the scenes from the life of Ram and Krishna. It is a beautiful example of the
Maratha art. It was during the Maratha rule that Ujjain became the meeting ground of
painters of the Poona and Kangra styles. The impact of the two different styles of painting is
distinctive. The examples of Maratha style are found in the temples of Ram Janardan, Kal
Bhairav, Kalpeshwar and Tilakeshwar while the traditional Malwa style can be seen in the
Sandipani Ashram and in many large houses of local seths. That large temple complexes also
acted as fortification for retreat during attack and for defence is borne out by the construction
of a fortification wall and a large kunda within these large temple complexes. Kal Bhairav is
one such ancient temple whose reconstruction and revival was undertaken by Maharaja Jai
Singh during his tenure as governor of Malwa
However, it is really the Marathas that led the revival and reinstallation of the temples and
other religious traditions and institutions. Thus, the third revival of the Hindu arts and
tradition could be said to have taken place during the Maratha rule of the Malwa. Ujjain
passed on to the Scindias around 1750. The Maratha domination of Malwa gave impetus to a
cultural renaissance in the region and modern Ujjain can rightly be said to have come into
being during their rule. Most of the temples of Ujjain were constructed during this period.
One of these is the Gopal Mandir built by Bayaja Bai, wife of Daulat Rao Scindia during
1848-56 and dedicated to Dwarkadheesh, the tutelary deity of the Scindia family. The
Shikhar and the garbhagriha is in white marble while the main idol, the porch and the
galleries are of black stone. The main entry door to the garbhgriha is of silver that was
originally part of the Somnath Temple. Ghaznavi carried it to Ghazni as part of his loot.
Mohammad Shah Abdali brought it to Lahore. Mahadji Scindia during his sack of Lahore
brought it to Ujjain and had it installed at the Gopal Mandir.
The patronage of the Marathas extended to the arts, such as painting, and the revival of the
Hindu cultural traditions. The influence of Maratha architecture and the use of wood for
construction and embellishment are visible even today. The shifting of the capital to Gwalior
(Lashkar) by Daulat Rao Scindia in 1810 did, however, lead to the decline of the commercial
and administrative importance of Ujjain. The pull today is as a religious landscape that draws
huge numbers of pilgrims throughout the year and especially on occasions such as the various
yatras and the Simhasta.
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Ujjain undoubtedly has the flavour and recognition as an ancient city. It has always been
revered as a sacred landscape and as a center of the arts and literature. This is borne out by
the description given in the Avanti Khanda and the Mahatmya of the Skanda Purana.
However, the earliest archaeological evidence dates it to the 7th-8th century B.C.
Excavations at Garh Kalika, a couple of kilometers to the north of the existing city have
shown the existence of a mud citadel wall besides coins and many artifacts of daily use. The
excavations at Sandipani Ashram similarly yielded PGW pottery dating to 6th-7th century
B.C. The temples mentioned in the Skanda Purana (Avanti Khanda and the Mahatmya) may
have existed since time immemorial but the earliest archaeological evidence dates to the
Parmara period (9th to 12th century A.D.). May be that the Parmaras constructed these
temples on the pre-existing platforms and extended them further. Unfortunately, all these
temples, including the Mahakaleshwara, were effectively and completely destroyed by
Iltutmish during his invasion in 1235. The only buildings of that period that have survived are
the Chaubis Khamba and the Bharthrihari Caves. The rule of the Sultans accentuated the
decay of the city and led to out migration of the population. There was some revival during
the period of the later Mughals when Malwa had Hindu Subedars such as Maharaja Jai Singh
of Jaipur. But the real restoration, revival and reconstruction took place only during the rule
of the Marathas during the 17th century onwards. The primacy of Ujjain with the Scindias
continued till the capital was shifted to Lashkar (Gwalior) by Daulat Rao Scindia in 1810.
Thereafter its importance continued as a religious city for pilgrimage. The most important
event is undoubtedly the Simhasta which takes place every twelve years.
The next Simhasta will be observed in 1916 and that should provide a defining moment for
the success of Ujjain’s City Development Plan. What follows in the next chapter is the
suggested approach to ensure this.
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4 Approach ffor Devellopmentt
Ujjain city, located on the banks of River Kshipra, is one of the seven important religious
centers in India, the others being Ayodhya, Mathura, Gaya, Kashi, Kanchi, and Puri. The
religious importance of Ujjain town has been attributed to the presence of the deity
Mahakaleshwar on the banks of holy river Kshipra. Mahakaleshwar is considered as one of
the twelve jyotirlingas in India. Several religious congregations are held throughout the year
in the city. After every 12 years Kumbh mela, also known as Simhastha, is held during which
a large number of pilgrims visit Ujjain.
Ujjain today is the most poorly interpreted and understood city of India. Its antiquity is not
apparent immediately, the city having been destroyed completely at some point in history.
Independent India has not made much attempt at bringing to the fore this character of the
city; there is no system in place that would address this issue in future either. JNNURM is an
occasion to provide future to our past in such a way that it generates tourism, inculcates pride
and brings in livelihoods and alleviates poverty.
4.1 Sacred Landscape Approach for Development of Ujjain City
How to define Heritage Component of the city--- monuments, religious places and sacred
sites, buildings of architectural significance or traditional values? The very land one traverses
is ripe with myths, mythologies and the sacred footsteps of the divine, the semi-divine, the
demons and the mortals making sacred the entire landscape. This landscape has been
described in the previous chapter as consisting of:
• Ancient Religious Landscape of Canonical Treatises
• Archaeological Landscape
• Historical Landscape
• Religious Landscape
These landscapes are viewed as overlapping qualities of the geographical area that constitute
Ujjain and gives it its character of a sacred landscape. Therefore ‘Sacred Landscape or
Kshetra’ approach is adopted rather than monument approach. Sacred Landscape is not a
single entity but encompasses the entire environment of the area that includes water,
landscape (hills, rocks, etc.), air, forests, animals etc. or in other words is a microcosm of the
world. There is also not one single homogenous ‘Sacred Landscape Ujjain’ but is manifested
in several ‘Sacred Landscapes’ with their own micro worlds. Each such landscape has its
special characteristics that holds it together and is geographically demarcated into
‘Kshetras/(Heritage Zones)’. These Kshetras are cultural zones and are different from the
smallest administrative boundaries called Wards. Delimitation of Wards is based on
population density and does not address the issue of manifestations of cultural beliefs of the
people that result in religious festivals, rituals, architecture type etc. The idea of Kshetra is to
find the largest geographical spread of a particular type of cultural manifestation. Kshetras
are not bound by Wards and sometimes one Kshetra flows into several Wards making it
important for the Wards to work in harmony to achieve the common goal of heritage welfare.
A new paradigm has to be framed to achieve harmonious, symbiotic and cooperative method
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of working between the wards. The subject has been dealt with in Chapter on Heritage
Management Strategies.
4.2 Features of the Kshetras
4.2.1 Criteria For Division Of Ujjain Into Kshetras (Area Delineation)
Ujjain is accordingly divided into Kshetras or Heritage Zones. Heritage Zones are
geographical units or zones that are :
Homogenous in character or cultural manifestations such as the preponderance of any
particular architecture quality, treatment of streets, religious beliefs, rituals etc.
Architectural qualities, street treatment and spatial constructs are closely related to the time at
which they were constructed. They are part of the time line and form the synchronic and
dychronic threads of the built fabric of a town. Kshetras address the antiquity of the area
while addressing its heritage both tangible and nontangible.
As mentioned above the Kshetras are demarcated based on the preponderance of cultural
similarities. This is quantified on the basis of number of similar religious institutions in the
area. The monuments invested with the unique quality in each area are quantified and listed
but it has to be kept in mind that the ‘unique quality’ is something difficult to grasp or
pinpoint and should not be seen as being invested in the individual monument alone. Hence
conserving the monument may not be enough and its spatial quality and context may all have
a meaning. The very land on which these monuments stand has to be treated with equal care
and respect. Multiple approaches to the Kshetras based on micro identity of each would
determine the development objectives, management approach and administrative guidelines.
The architectural norms and Town Planning byelaws should be based on detailed
documentation, analysis and understanding of each area separately keeping in mind multidimensional
and multi-directional character of the landscape. It is suggested that Detailed
Project Reports (DPRs) be prepared for each Kshetra after micro studies and inventory of its
tangible and non-tangible assets and its analysis. Conservation is indeed the most appropriate
development path and all additions, modifications and improvements of infrastructural
services must centre around the unique quality of each Kshetra.
A list of eighteen (18) Kshetras has been identified on the basis of the above mentioned three
critera. They have been discussed in the section below.
4.2.2 Kshetras as Management Units
S.No. Name
1.Bhairav Kshetra (BK) I
2.Mahakal Kshetra (MKK) II
3.Gopal Kshetra (GK) III
4.Roza Kshetra (RK) IV
5.Kaliadeh Surya Kshetra (KDSK) V
6.Madhav Kshetra (MDVK) VI
7.Mill Kshetra (MK) VII
8.Jaisinghpura Kshetra (JSPK) VIII
9.Vaishya Tekri Kshetra (VTK) IX
10.Bakhal Kshetra (BKHK) X
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4.2.2.1 Bhairon Kshetra
Area Definition
The area falling within the following points is considered in this Kshetra
• Junction of Vir Durgadas marg and Gautam marg.
• Junction of Badnagar Road -Ranjit Hanuman Road with Vir Durgadas marg.
• Nagda Unhel road and Mozamkhedi road
• Bhairongad police thana turning
• Siddhanath
• Mangalnath
• Ankpat gate, Gayakota and Solah Sagar.
Predominant characteristics of the Kshetra
• Predominantly Bhairon temples
• Ancient fortified city of Ujjain
• Ankpath Kshetra mentioned in ancient treatises
• Archaeological remains dating as early as 8th century BCE
• Sacred tanks and ghats.
• Presence of myths and mythologies.
• Traditional textile printing of Bairongarh prints.
Heritage spots and Heritage areas within the Kshetra
Sn
o.
Name of
Monument
Locatio
n
Ownership
Curre
nt
usage
Special
features
Date
CE
Grading
State
1 Siddhawat Siddha
wat
marg
2 Bhairongarh
Fort
3 Kal
Bhairon∗
Private
Templ
e
Parmara
period
remains
“ Govt. Jail 8th cent
CE
remains
“ Dharmasth
a Trust
Templ
e
Dome,
wooden
structure,
1200 Grade I Fair
1600 Grade II Huge
expan
sion
under
way
1000 Grade I Poor
maint
enanc
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10th cent
images
e
4 Fort wall
and Gate
“ Govt. Gate
and
wall
Akbar’s
time
1600 Grade II Negle
ct
5 Pataleshwar
∗ Mahadev
“ Dharmasth
a Trust
Templ
e
Parmar and
Maratha
paintings
1200 Grade II Siva
templ
e in
the
botto
m
6 Shiv temple “ Private templ
e
Maratha
style
1700 Grade
III
Recon
struct
ed
7 Vikrant
Bhairav∗
“ Dharmasth
a Trust
Templ
e
Parmar
image
outside
1900 Grade
IV
Fair
8 Okhaleshwa
r
Garkali
ka road
Govt. Ghat Parmara in
part
1200 Grade II Fair
9 Tomb “ Private Wors
hip
Nath
community
1700 Grade
III
Poor
10 Tomb “ “ “ “ “ “ “
11 Tomb “ “ “ “ “ “ “
12 Vindhyavasi
ni
“ Private Templ
e
80 year old
pillar
1900 Grade
IV
Fair
13 Ganesh
Temple
“ “ “ Parmara
Pillar
1300 Grade II Fair
14 Garkalika
temple
15 Pir
Matsyender
16 Bhartari
Gupha
17 Rumi
Makbara
“ Trust Templ
e
Parmara
temple
640 Grade I Additi
ons
“ “ “ Parmara 1300 Grade I Fair
“ “ “ 800 Grade I Fair
“ “ Memo
rial
Monument
of Turki
1400 Grade II Poor
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place
Merchant
18 Baodi “ Private Water
body
Persian
well with
steps
1600 Grade
IV
Poor
19 Satichatwar “ “ Tomb Turki 1700 Grade
III
20 Tomb “ “ “ British 1800 Grade
III
Fair
Fair
21 Vishnuchatu
shtika
“ State
Archaeolo
gy
Templ
e
Late Gupta
image
650 Grade I Fair
22 Hanuman
Temple
“ Private “ Broken
temple,
wooden
pillars
1800 Grade II Poor
23 Shiv
Temple
“ “ “ Brick
shikhara
1850 Grade
III
Fair
24 Krin
Mukteshwar
“ “ “ Broken
temple
1850 Grade
III
Fair
25 Mangalnath
Temple
“ Trust “ Reconstruc
ted
Maratha
period
Ancie
nt site
Grade I
Fair
26 Uttereshwar
Mahadev
Mangal
nath
marg
Private
Templ
e
Garbhagrih
a pillar
Parmar
1850 Grade I Recon
struct
ed
27 Samadhi
Anand Rao
Panwar,
Dhar State
28 Ganga
image on
Ganga Ghat
29 Sandipani
Ashram
Complex
including
“ “ Sama
dhi
“ worsh
ip
“ Trust compl
ex
Stone
pillars with
flower
decoration
Parmar
period
Ancient
learning
place for
Krishna
1760 Grade
III
Of
ancie
nt
antiq
59
Fair
Grade II Fair
Grade I
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aithak and
Gomti kund
and
Sudama
uity
30 Ramjanardh
an temple
complex
Chitrag
upta
marg
“ Templ
e
compl
ex
Parmara
remains,
maratha
architectur
e and
paintings
1600-
1800
Grade I
& grade
II
Fair
31 Ankureshwa
r Mahadev
39
“ “ Templ
e
Maratha
Period
Nandi
1700 Grade
III
Fair
32 Dharmaraje
shwar
Temple
“ “ “ Image of
Chitragupt
a
1200 Grade I Fair
33 Sati
monument
“ Private Homa
ge
Sati pillars 1700 Grade II Good
34 Lalbai
Phoolbai
temple
Lalbai
Phoolba
i marg
Public
Templ
e
Remains of
Maratha
architectur
e
1300 Grade II Good
35 Shiv temple “ Savitri
Devi Trust
Templ
e
Late
Parmara
Garbha
griha
1500 Grade II Good
36 Main tam
temple
“ “ “ Mandapa
pillars
important
1200 Grade II Good
37 Hanuman
Temple
Urdupur
a
Private
Templ
e
Hanuman
in Chapat
mudra
1700 Grade II Good
38 Ganesh
temple
39 Shree Ram
Mandir
40 Four tombs Ankpat
Marg
“ “ “ Four
armed
Ganesh
1500 Grade I Good
“ “ “ 1800 Grade I Fair
Mahant
Shyam
Sundar
Sacre
d
Maratha
architectur
e
1600 Grade
III
60
Fair
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Das
41 Chhatri of
sati
“ “ “ Decorated
Pillar
1700 Grade
III
Fair
42 Chhatri of
sati
“ “ “ “ 1800 Grade
III
Fair
43 Kabirpanthi
Math
Lalbai
Phoolba
i marg
Trust
Resid
ence
“ 1800 Grade II Fair
44 North
facing
Hanuman
“ Savitribai
Trust
Templ
e
“ 1800 Grade II Fair
45 Narsimha
mandir
Lalbaip
hoolbai
marg
Savitribai
Trust
templ
e
Maratha
stye garbha
griha
1500 Grade
III
“
46 Math with
group of
samadhies
Ankpath
marg
Udasi
Sampradai
Trust
“ Samadhies 1700 Grade II “
47 Glass
temple
Shri Ram
of
“ Mahant
Shyamsun
der Das
Trust
worsh
ip
Temple
without
shikhara
1300 Grade II “
48 Ram
Laxman
temple
“ Private templ
e
1700 Grade II “
49 Indore
Khalso Ram
Janki
temple
“ Private templ
e
Maratha
architectur
e
1600 Grade II Not
good
50 Devnarayan
Temple
51 Sheetla
Mata
Temple
Ravindr
anath
Tagore
Marg
Ravaind
ranath
Tagore
Marg
Namdar
pura
Public
Templ
e
“ “ 25 ruined
images of
Vishnu,
Shiva,
Chamunda
etc.
1900 Grade
III
1850 Grade
III
61
Fair
“
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52 Ambamata
Temple
Opp
Jiwajiga
nj
Police
Station
“ “ 1800 Grade
III
“
53 Mankamane
shwar
Temple
Namdar
pura
“ “ 1800 Grade
III
Fair
54 Trilochanes
hwar
Mahadev
Temple 84
Gautam
marg
“ East facing 1700 Grade I Fair
55 Kotilingesh
war Temple
Abdalpu
r
Audichya
Brahmin
Panch
Sabha
“ Parmar
Image
1200 Grade II “
56 Radhakrishn
a Temple
“ Private “ Brick wall
and
Shikhara
1700 Grade II “
57 RadhaKrish
na temple
“ Trust
Hindu
temple
sabha
“ 1900 Grade II Excell
ent
58 Radhakrishn
a temple
Ravindr
anath
Tagore
marg
“ Wooden
Ent. Gate
1850 Grade
III
Fair
59 Rukmini
Radhakrishn
a temple
“ Private
carpenter
Panch
“ 1890 Grade
III
Good
60 Wamanesh
war Temple
61 Jain Temple
Swetamber
Nayapura
62 Jain Temple
Swetamber
Ankpat
marg
Mahavir
Marg
Institution “ Maratha
architectur
e
Public “ 16th cent
architectur
e
“ “ “ 17th cent.
architectur
1600 Grade
III
62
Fair
1500 Grade II Fair
1600 Grade II Fair
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e
63 Jain
Shrawak
Sangh
“ “ “ “ “ Grade II “
64 Jain
Upasara
“ “ “ 18th cent. 1800 Grade
III
“
65 Giranari
Hanuman
Temple
Tilkesh
war
Marg
“ “ 1700 Grade
III
“
66 64 Yogini
Temple
64
Yogini
marg
Trust “ Reconstruc
ted on
ancient site
Grade I
67 Sheetla
Mata
Temple
Gautam
marg
Public “ Reconstruc
ted on
ancient site
1200 Grade I
68 Shahbaba
Dargah
Agar
Road
“ “ 1600 Grade
III
Fair
69 archaeologi
cal mound
Bhairon
tekri
Notified
and
protected
under “the
ancient
monument
ts act”
Agric
ulture,
brick
makin
g and
potter
y
makin
g
4.2.2.2 Mahakal Kshetra
Area Definition
Mahakal Hariphatak gate via over bridge to Ravishankar Nagar Colony
Ravishankar Nagar Colony via Bhagat Singh Marg to Jaisinghpura
From Lalpul along the banks of river Kshipra via Ramghat to Choti Rapat
From Choti Rapat via Dani Gate to Kumharwada
Kumharwada via Pan Dariba to Gudri and Mahakal Chowk.
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Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra
The area was a small part of Mahakal Van and services the Mahakal Temple
The entrance gate of this historic Van mentioned in several ancient treatises
Sacred tank associated with the temple
Some 84 Mahadev and Ganesha temples are closely associated with Mahakal worship
Heritage Spots and Heritage areas within the Kshetra
Sn
o.
Name of
Monument
Location
Ownershi
p
Curre
nt
usage
Special
features
Date
CE
Grading
State
1 Maharajwad
a
Mahakal
Marg
Governm
ent
Schoo
l
Maharani
Scindia’
first sitting
1865 Grade I Good
2 Bade
Ganpati
Harsiddh
i marg
Personal
Templ
e
1900 Grade II Good
3 Panchmukhi
Hanuman
4 Vishnu
Temple
“ “ “ Bronze
image of
Hanuman
“ “ “ Parmara
period
image
1872 Grade II Good
1300 Grade II Good
5 Bhoot
Baodi
Mahakal
corner
Governm
ent
Ruine
d
Mughal
period
hammam
1720 Grade
III
ruined
6 Panchmukhi
Hanuman
Mahakal
marg
Personal
worsh
ip
1700 Grade II Good
7 Shiv Parvati
jhoola
Mahakal
Marg,
Malipura
8 Shiva Image Mahakal
marg
9 Shri Datta
temple
10 Gate (like
chaubis
Mahakal
marg
Mahakal
marg
Personal
Templ
a
1700 Grade II Good
“ “ 1700 Grade II Good
“ “ 1850 Grade
III
Governm
ent
Gatew
ay to
Built by
Maharaja
64
Good
1800 Grade II Good
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Khamba)
Near
Police
station
school Madhav
Rao.
Paramara
style
images
11 Maternity
hospital
Mahakal “ Hospi
tal
1870 Grade II Good
12 Stupa
shaped
monuments
Mahakal
marg
“ worsh
ip
Inside
shivling
1700 Grade
III
Ruins
13 Sati ghat Nadi
marg
1700 Grade II Ruins
14 Ram temple Mahakal
marg
Personal
worsh
ip
woodwork 1700 Grade II Good
15 Rudrasagar Harsiddh
i marg
Governm
ent
Bathi
ng
Reconstruc
ted several
times
Grade I
Antiq
uity
lost
16 Vikramadity
a marg
Harsiddh
i marg
Personal
Templ
e
Judgment
seat of
Vikramadit
ya
1880 Grade I Good
17 Mosque Ramghat Institutio
n
worsh
ip
Muslim
architectur
e
1800 Grade
III
Good
18 Ramghat
Temple
Ramghat General worsh
ip
Parmara
Period
images
650 Grade II Good
19 Nirmohi
akhara
Nadi
marg
Institutio
n
worsh
ip
1500 Grade II Good
20 Udasi
Akhara
21 Nirmal
Akhara
22 Karkateshw
ar Mahadev
22
Nadi
marg
Nadi
marg
Dani
Gate
Institutio
n
Institutio
n
Dharmast
a
worsh
ip
worsh
ip
worsh
ip
Maratha
Period
1800 Grade II Good
1850 Grade II Good
1550 Grade I Good
65
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23 Vireshwar
Mahadev 46
Dani
Gate
“ worsh
ip
Temple
with
shikhar
1500 Grade I Good
24 Abhayeshw
ar Mahadev
48
25 Omkarshwa
r Mahadev
52
Dani
Gate
Khatik
wada
“ “ 1600 Grade I Good
“ “ 1300 Grade I “
26 Vishveshwa
r Mahadev
53
Gonsa
gate
Khatik
wada
“ “ Maratha
architectur
e
1600 Grade I “
27 Rownatesh
war
Mahadev
No.56
Kartik
Chowk
shitalam
ata lane
“ “ Maratha
period
1600 Grade I “
28 Ghanteshwa
r Mahadev
No. 57
29 Brahmeshw
ar Mahadev
No.65
30 Begum ka
makbara
Kartik
Chowk
Shitalam
ata lane
Dani
Gate
Begumb
agh
“ “ 1700 Grade I “
“ “ “ 1600 Grade I Good
Trust “ 1300 Grade I Good
31 Begum
Bagh
colony with
compound
wall
Begum
bagh
4.2.2.3 Gopal Kshetra
Area Definition
• Gudri Chouraha
• Pandariba
• Kartik Chowk
Private
reside
nces
Ancient
houses
66
Grade II
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• Mour dharmashal Dani Gate
• Tanki Chouraha
• Ramratan Sharma marg
• Brahaspateshwar Mahadev Temple
• Teliwada
• MPEB office
• Shakaracharya Marg
• Dadabhainavroji Marg
• Shripal marg
• Vyayam shala gali
•
Predominant Characteristic of the Kshetra
• Vaishnavite in nature
• Commonality of auspitious dates, rituals and prayers
• Temples attended by same pilgrims who visit several temples sequentially.
Heritage Spots and Heritage Area within the Kshetra
Sn
o.
Name of
Monument
Location
Ownershi
p
Curre
nt
usage
Special
features
Date
CE
Grading
State
1 Gopal
Mandir
2 Govardhan
Nath
Temple
3 Gangaur
Darwaza
4 Laxminaray
an
5 Shri
Satyanaraya
n
Kartik
Chowk
Dhaba
Road
Trust
Nageshw
arji Trust
Templ
e
Templ
e
Dome with
stucco
work
Wall
paintings
1800’
s
67
Grade II good
1800 Grade II Good
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6 Radhakrishn
a Mandir
Dani
gate
Private “ Wooden
architectur
e
1750 Grade II poor
7 Govardhan
mandir
8 Shrinathji
mandir
Dhaba
Road
Trust “ Maratha
style
images
Marat
ha
perio
d
Grade II good
9 Samaj
Rammandir
10 Khati ke
mandir
Jagganath ji
11 Daudayal
Mandir
12 Laxmi
Vyankatesh
mandir
13 Ram mandir Jahaz
gali
Trust
templ
e
Maratha
Style
1750 Grade II good
14 Old Sarai “ “ Dama
ged
Muslim
architectur
e,
inscription
1608
Grade II good
15 Vaikunthan
ath ji
mandir
16 Narsimha
mandir
Dhaba
Road
Shankara
chary
marg
17 Rang Mahal “ Trust Dhara
mshal
a
Ancient
city wall
1910 Grade
III
18 Shani “ Private Wors One of the 1200 Grade I
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temple hip 9 grihas
19 Ramjanardh
an temple
Sati
Darwaza
20 Chakravarti
Hanuman
Temple
Bhagsipu
ra
Personal
Marat
ha
Stamb
ha
1550 Grade II Fair
21 Anandi
Friend
Circle
Centre
Kartik
Chowk
Christian
Centre
Britis
h
period
1895 Grade
III
Fair
22 Shri
Chintamani
Parshwanat
h temple
Kharaku
wa
Shripal
Marg
Trust
Wors
hip
Parmara
period
pillars
1000 Grade II Excell
ent
23 Shri
Adishwar
Temple
Kharaku
wa
Dadabha
i Naroji
marg
Trust
Rest
house
Carved
woodwork
1700 Grade
III
Ruine
d
24 Raj
Rajeshwari
Temple
Dadabha
i Naroji
Marg
Personal
templ
e
Wooden
architectur
e
1900 Grade II good
25 Hanuman
Temple
(small)
“ “ “ “ 1900 Grade II good
26 Kailash
talkies
27 Yuwaraj
Library
28 Tomb of
Madhavrao
Bamba
Khana
Chattri
Chowk
Chattari
Chowk
Private
Nagar
Nigam
Nagar
Nigam
Kalid
as
Monte
ssary
school
Librar
y
British
architectur
e
Marble
image of
Madhavrao
Scindia
1930 Grade
III
1915 Grade
III
1885 Grade
III
69
poor
Fair
Fair
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29 Shahi
Mosque
Chattari
Chowk
Wakf
Parmara
remains
are used
1800 Grade II Fair
30 Fire Brigade Kanhaiy
alal
Manana
Marg
Governm
ent
1930 Grade
III
Fair
31 Water tank “ “ Water
storag
e
1930 Grade
III
Fair
32 Hospital Chattari
Chowk
“ Hospi
tal
Scindia
period
1928 Grade
III
Fair
33 Post Office “ “ “ 1928 Grade
III
Fair
34 Municipalit
y office
Gopal
Mandir
Marg
Corporati
on
British
period
1910 Grade
III
Fair
35 Mankamane
shwar
temple
Gandhar
vati river
worsh
ip
Ganesh
Parmara
period
1200 Grade II good
36 Bajrangbali
temple
Kartik
chowk
worsh
ip
Constructe
d by
Samartha
Ramdas a
famous
medieval
saint of
Maharastra
1800 Grade II good
4.2.2.4 Roza Bhakhal Kshetra
Area Definition
• Mazar-e-Nazmi to Khatikwada upto Porawal Dharamshala
• Porwal Dharamshala to Smawariya Chouraha
• Somawariya Chouraha to K.D.Gate Gautam marg upto Chand ka Kuwan corner
• Chand Kuwan to Sankadiya Sultan upto Khajurwali Masjid
• Khajurwali masjid to K.D.Gate upto Mazar-e-Nazmi.
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Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra
• Sacred Place of the Bohras
• The pilgrim interest is common
Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra
Sno.
Name of
Monument
location ownership Current
usage
Special
features
Date
CE
grading state
1
Mazar-e-
Nazmi
Quamari
marg
Trust worship High
importance
Grade I Excellent
4.2.2.5 Bakhal Kshetra
Area Definition
• Dabripita MPEB to Kalapura upto Shakracharya marg
• Shankaracharya marg to Kharakuwan to Shripal Marg upto Ganda Nala
• Ganda Nala to Indian Oversees Bank
Predominant Characteristics
• Pilgrim Centre of the Bohras
• The residential quarters have a similar appearance
• Chronological similarity
• Streetscape and open spaces and a typical characteristic that homogenizes the
architecture
Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra
Sno. Name of
Monument
location ownership
Current
usage
Special
features
Date
CE
grading state
1 Mosque Dabri
peetha
“ worship 1800 Grade I “
2 Sarai “ “ residential British
style
3 Dastarkhana “ “ Dining
hall
71
Grade
II
“ Grade
II
Excellent
Good
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4.2.2.6 Jaisingh Vedshala Kshetra
Area Definition
• Hariphatak bridge to Yantra Mahal upto Lal Phool
• Lal Phool to Jaisinghpura and under Hariphatak to Ravishankar Nagar
• Ravishankar Nagar to Hariphatak ending at Sanwar Road.
Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra
• Chronological homogeneity
• Large Jain settlement in the area with several Jain temples
• Architectural uniformity
Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra
S
no
Name of
Monument
location
ownershi
p
Current
usage
Special
features
Date
CE
gradi
ng
state
1 Yantra
Mahal
Yantra
mahal
road
Governm
ent
For
calculatio
n etc.
One of
the five
observat
ories by
Sawai
Jaisingh
1719 Grad
e I
Excellent
Sits on
archaeol
ogical
mound
2 Jain Temple
and
museum
Jaisingh
pura
Trust temple Ancient
sculpture
s
1800 Grad
e I
Good
3 Shiv temple Gaughat temple 1800
’s
4 Gau Ghat Gaughat bathing Parmara
Vishnu
anantash
eyana
image.
Ghat
renovate
d.
72
Grad
e III
1200 Grad
e II
Fair
Fair
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5 Water
works
city
of
Gaughat
Governm
ent
Drinking
water
1830 Grad
e II
Good
6 Bhishti gate gaughat Old gate
of the
city
Persian
inscriptio
n
1730 Grad
e III
dilapidat
ed
7 Neemwale
baba
mosque
Hariram
Choube
marg
Private worship 1500 Grad
e II
fair
4.2.2.7 Mill Kshetra
Area Definition
• Beema Hospital Chouraha to Saraswati Nagar
• MR-4 to Ring road
• Ring road to Railway Phatak
• Railway Phatak to Railway line upto over bridge and Chamunda Mata Chouraha
• Chamunda Mata Chouraha to Beema Hospital Chouraha
Predominant Characteristics of the Ksetra
• Industrial area with large shopfloors
• Dotted with Chimneys made of brick
• Colonial style architecture of brick
Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra
Sno.
Name of
Monument
location
ownership
Current
usage
Special
features
Date
CE
grading
state
1 Hira Mill
2
Sakhya
Raje Sarai
3 Binod Mill
Sakhaya
Raje
Marg
Ashok
Mandi
Marg
Trust
Government
Sarai
closed
Scindia
Period
British
style
1915
73
Grade
III
Good
1928 Ruined
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4
Materity
Hospital
Ashok
Mandi
Marg
Government
Hospital
British
style
1910
Grade
III
Fair
5
Bohara
Ward
“ “ “ “ 1915
Grade
III
Fair
4.2.2.8 Madhav Kshetra
Area Definition
• Over bridge Shastri park to Zero point
• Zero point via Kshapanak Munj corner to Dewas road corner
• Dewas road corner to Loti school chouraha
• Loti school chouraha to Shastri park
Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra
• Trading Area with Shops
• Colonial style architecture
• Grandure residences and hotel
• Chronological similarity
Heritage Spots and Heritage Area in the Kshetra
S
no.
Name of
Monument
location
ownership
Current
usage
Special
features
Date
CE
grading
state
1 Grand Hotel Freeganj
City
Corporation
Residence
Scindia
period
1886
Grade
II
Fair
2
Gopal
Temple
3 Ghantaghar
4
Bharati Kala
Bhavan
“ Trust temple “ 1920
Madhav
nagar
Dhanwantari
Marg
government
Dr
Wakanakar
art trust
Clock
tower
Manuscripts,
coins etc.
kept here
74
1910
Education 1936
Grade
II
Grade
II
Grade
II
Fair
Fair
Fair
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5
Theosophical
lodge
Freeganj
Theosophical
society
Prayers
Started by
Anne Besant
1800
Grade
II
Good
6 Alakhdham “ Trust “
Udasin sect
British style
architecture
1875
Grade
II
Fair
7
Sandal
Bhavan
“ private 1913
Grade
II
Fair
4.2.2.9 Vaishya Tekri Kshetra
Area Definition
• Saint Paul school via Panchkroshi marg to Pingleshwar temple
• Pingleshwar temple via Maksi road to Shri Synthetics factory
• Shri Synthetics factory to Pandya khedi
• Pandyakedi via Ring road to Saint Paul school
Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra
• Archaeological mounds dating to 800 BCE
• Pre-Mauryan Stupa (very rare)
• Buddist landscape
• Parmara remains
Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra
S
no.
Name of
Monument
location ownership
Current
usage
Special features
Date
CE
grading state
1 Vishya
Tekri
2 Kumhar
Tekri
3 Tulawardi
Tekri
4 Ratnakar
Sagar
Undasa
Lake
road
Badrilal
Patel’s
property
Buddhist
stupa
Notified
monument ASI
“ “ “ Notified
monument ASI
6th
cent
BCE
75
Grade I Cultivated
on the
edges
“ Grade I “
“ “ “ Excavated 1937 “ Grade I “
Undasa
Lake
Lake Maratha style
decorations
700
CE
Grade I Good
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Lake
road
5 Chattari
Ratnakar
Lake
Chhatri
Parmara temple
remains
Grade I Good
6 Undasa
Gram
Undasa
Gram
worship
Maratha
architecture
1700 Grade
II
Good
7 Shiv
Temple
8 Sati
Monument
9 Sati Otla
no. 2
Undasa worship Maratha arch. 1700 Grade
II
Undasa Private worship Parmara 1300 Grade
II
Undasa Private worship Parmara 1250 Grade
II
Good
Good
Good
10 Sheetla
Mata
Temple
Undasa worship Images of Shiv
Parvati Vishnu,
Mahisasuramardini
1200 Grade
II
good
11 Ram
temple
Undasa worship Maratha period 1800 Grade
II
Good
4.2.2.10 Kaliadeh Mahal Surya Kshetra
Area Definition
• Bherugarh Police Station to K.D. Mahal
• K.D.Mahal to Kshipra Pala to Mangalnath via Kamed
• Mangalnath to Bherugarh Police station via Delhi Darwaza
Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra
• Medieval architecture
• Maratha temple and early 19th century architecture
• Large open landscape with water front
• Unique Water Palace
• Sun temple visited by Pilgrims
• Guest house
Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra
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S
no.
Name of
Monument
location
ownership
Current
usage
Special
features
Date
CE
grading state
1
Kalideh
Mahal
Kaliadeh
marg
Government none Water palace 1400 Grade I Repairable
2
Sun
temple
Kaliadeh
palace
compound
Scindia
Trust
temple
Reconstructed
on older
ancient
Suntemple
site
1800 Grade I Repairable
3
Guest
house
Kaliadeh
Palace
compound
Scindia
Trust
Guest
house
Guest house
Early
1900’s
Grade
III
Useable
4
Ruined
structure
“ Government ruins none !900’s
Grade
III
Repairable
4.2.2.11 Vikaram University Kshetra
Areas Definition
• Tagore Garden via Kothi Palace to Vikram Nagar Railway Station
• Vikram Nagar Railway Station to Nagziri
• Nagziri to Tagore Garden swimming pool
Predominant Characteristic of the Kshetra
• Kothi Palace is a large Palace made in Indo-Saracenic style.
• Unique gardens and water system that can be revived
Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra
Sno.
1
Name of
Monument
Kothi
Palace
location
ownership
Government
Current
usage
Govt
offices
Special
features
Large
garden
with
unique
water
Date
CE
77
grading state
1886 Grade I good
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system
2
Water
system
Gardens
of Kothi
palace
Govt.
none
Canal
system
with
kundis
1886 Grade I neglected
4.2.2.12 Khipra and its Banks from Shani temple to Kaliadeh
Area Definition
• Triveni Ghat (Navgraha Shani Temple)
• Gau Ghat
• Chintaman Ghat
• Bhukhimata Ghat
• Karkraj Ghat (Reti Ghat)
• Narsingh Ghat
• Ram Ghat
• Gandharv Ghat
• Sunheri Ghat
• Shamshan Ghat
• Walmiki Ghat
• Rinmukhteshwar Ghat
• Rajamal Ghat
• Bharthari Ghat
• Mastyendra nath Ghat
• Vikrant Bhairav Ghat
• Okhaleshwar Ghat
• Kal Bhairav Ghat
• Ganga Ghat
• Mangalnath Ghat
• Angareshwar Ghat
• Siddanath Ghat
• Kaliayadeh Mahal Ghat
Predominant Characteristic of the Kshetra
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The principal quality of this kshetra is the quality and quantity of its water.
4.2.2.13 Nagar Kot Rani (Sagar) Kshetra
Area Definition
• Nikas Chouraha via Khak chowk to Mangalnath
• Mangalnath via Khilchipur nala
• Khilchipur to Beema Hospital Chouraha
• Beema Hospital chouraha to Nikas chouraha
Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra
• Historical in character but reconstructed during Maratha times
• Maratha style architecture
• Association of myths and mythologies
• Predominantly goddess temples
Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra
Sno.
Name of
Monument
location ownership
Current
usage
Special
features
Date
CE
grading state
1
Nagar Kot
ki Rani
worship
Gupta period
image in the
mini temple
in front.
Parmara kund
in front.
Grade I
2
Chousath
yogini
temple
4.2.2.14 Yogeshwar Tekri Kshetra
Area Definition
• Nikas Chouraha to Beema Hospital chouraha
• Beema Hospital to Dewas gate chouraha
• Dewas gate to Doulatganj Chouraha
• Doulatganj to Nikas chouraha
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Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra
• Archetypal inner city core
• Complex socio-religio-economic character of the kshetra
Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the kshetra
Sn
o.
Name of
Monument
Location
Ownershi
p
Curre
nt
usage
Special
features
Date
CE
Grading
State
1
Central
Kotwali
Nazar
Ali Marg
Governm
ent
Police
Statio
n
Scindia
period
1890
Grade
III
Good
2
Arya Samaj
Temple
Arya
Samaj
Marg
Institutio
n
Medit
ation
centre
1895
Grade
III
Good
3
Gujrati
Samaj
Tilak
Marg
Institutio
n
Medit
ation
centre
Hospital
during
plague
1906
Grade
III
Good
4
Khadi
Village Ind.
Bulding
Tilak
Marg
Governm
ent
Visite
d by
Gand
hiji
1910 Grade II Good
5
Kalpabriksh
a office
Tilak
Marg
Private
Ancie
nt
Ayrve
dic
centre
1900
Grade
III
Good
6
7
Yogeshwar
Hill
Kshirsagar
8 Seshshayani
Vishnu
Temple
Arya
Samaj
Marg
Kshirsag
ar Marg
Kshirsag
ar Marg
Trust
worsh
ip
Bathi
ng
place
Wors
hip
In the heart
of the city
Lake.
Sapta
Sagar
Parmar
period
1500 Grade II Good
650 Grade I Good
1200 Grade I
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9
Vallabhacha
rya Temple
Nazar
Ali Marg
Trust
Wors
hip
Manuscript
s are kept
here
Grade I
Ruine
d
10
Nimbark
Temple
Nazar
Ali Marg
Trust
Wors
hip
Started by
Nimack
sect
1500 Grade II
11 Hanuman
Temple
Budhwar
ia
Public
worsh
ip
1800
Grade
III
Good
12 Nazar Ali
Mill
Nazar
Ali Marg
Private
British
period
1914
Grade
IV
Ruine
d
13
Madhav
College
Ashok
Mandi
Marg
Governm
ent
Unive
rsity
Scindia
period
1915
Grade
III
Good
14
Grave
Dewas
Gate
Private
Musli
m
grave
1800
Grade
IV
good
15 Well
Madhav
college
compound
Dewas
Gate
Governm
ent
Water
source
Maratha
Style
1750 Grade II Good
16
Kherapati
Hanuman
Laxmiba
i Marg
Trust
worsh
ip
One of 8
Hanumans
of city
1300 Grade II
recons
tructe
d
17
Shankar
Temple
Bhadurg
anj
worsh
ip
Maratha
style
architectur
e
1750 Grade II
Rebui
ld
18
19
Thakur’s
Bara
Champa
Kundi
20 Chateshwari
Temple
Khirwar
kar Marg
Khirwar
kar Marg
Laxmiba
i Marg
Private
Private
Trust
reside
nce
Water
source
worsh
ip
Devpaldev
’s
inscription
found here
Maratha
style
architectur
e
Maratha
style
1600 Grade II
1700
81
Grade
III
good
1700 Grade II good
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21
Municipal
Lodge
Rajabhau
,
Mahakal
Marg
Municipa
l
Corporati
on
reside
nce
1850
Grade
III
Rebui
lt
22 Hanuman
Temple in
Garden
(now
Busstand)
Rajabhau
Mahakal
Bus
stand
Marg
Municipa
l
Corporati
on
worsh
ip
Parmara
period
pillars
1885
re
build
Grade II Good
23
Railway
station
Railway
station
Marg
Railw
ays
British
period
1885 Grade II Good
4.2.2.15 Kartik-Dutt Kshetra
Area Definition
• K.D.Gate via Gonsadarwaza to Porwal Dharmshala via Gonsa Darwaza
• Porwal Dharamshala to Shakaracharya chouraha and Bhukhi Mata
• Bhukhi Mata to Baranagar Ring Road Chouraha
• Baranagar Ring Road Chouraha to Ambodiya Road Tiraha via Mullapura
• Ambodiya Tiraha to Sadawah Nagtalai
• Ranjeet Nagar via Baranagar bridge to K.D.Gate
Predominant Characteristic of the Kshetra
• Open spaces and scattered monuments
• Mela Kshetra
Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra
Sno.
Name
Monument
of
location ownership Current
usage
Special
features
Date
CE
grading
state
1
2
Kedareshwar
Temple
Gangeshwar
Mahadev
42/84
3 Pruthukeshwar
Mahadev
Kharagdas
Sangmarmar
Kharagdas
Sangmarmar
Khargdas
Sangmarmar
private Worship Old
Trust Worship old
Trust Worship old
82
Grade
III
Grade
II
Grade
II
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49/84
4
Shuleshwar
Mahadev
51/84
Silawatwadi Trust Worship
Parmara
shivling
1200
Grade
II
Good
5 Dutt Akhada
Bhadravahu
Marg
Institution Charitable 1600
Grade
II
Good
4.2.2.16 Pushkar Kshetra
Area Definition
• Hariphatak to Doulatganj Chouraha
• Doulatganj Chouraha to Indore Gate
• Indore Gate to Hariphatak underbridge via Ravishankar Nagar
• Hariphatak under bridge to Hariphatak Chouraha
Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra
• One of the major water bodies of sapta sagar
Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra
Sno.
Name of
Monument
location
ownership
Current
usage
Special
features
Date
CE
grading state
1 Gurudwara Doodhtali institution charitable
Maratha
style
1930
Grade
III
Good
2
Pushkar
Sagar
Nalia
Bakhal
Government
Water
source
Persian
Inscription
1700 Grade I Good
3
4
5
Shafi’s
mosque
Doodh
Talai
Piyau
watertank
for
animals
Nalia
Bakhal,
Ahilya
bail Marg
Doodh
Talai
Area
Doodh
talai
Trust worship 1300 Grade I Good
Municipal
Corporation
Municipal
Corporation
Lake
Drinking
water
source
Maratha
Period
Nath Trust
donated
83
1700
1920
Grade
II
Grade
III
good
good
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4.2.2.17 Neelganga Kshetra
Area Definition
• Sindhi colony tiraha via Kavelu Karkhana chouraha to Shanti Nagar tiraha
• Shanti Nagar tiraha via Manchchaman Ganesh to Gadha Puliya
• Gadha puliya via Loti school to C.P.Shah Chouraha
• C.P.Shah Chouraha to Sindhi colony tiraha
Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra
• The waters of Neelganga tank are considered Ganga water
• Ganga ji seems to have come here to wash off her dirt in Kshipra river
• The tank is associated with Anjali mata of Hanuman who prayed here for a son
• Open spaces dotted with temples
Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra
Sno.
Name of
Monument
location
ownership
Current
usage
Special
features
Date
CE
grading state
1
Neelganga
talab
Govt.
Water
tank
Grade I Fair
2
Neelganga
Hanuman
Dharmastha
trust
temple
Maratha
style
3
Mansaman
Ganesh
Yantramahal
marg
Dharmastha
trust
Temple
4
Kabelu
Karkhana
Yantramahal
marg
Govt.
Closed
factory
British
style
architecture
1880
Grade
III
Repairable
4.2.2.18 Chintaman Kshetra
Area Definition
• Hasampur Parshwanath
• Neminathji Jaisinghpura
• Rishabh
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• Shantinathji Karakum
• Digambar Jain Chanalprabhu
• Kshirsagar Jain
• Parshwanath
• Nayapura
• Avanti Parshwanath
• Doulatanji Glass temple
• Bherugarh Digamber
•
Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra
• The main temple is associated with Ram- Lakshman
• The baodi is considered sacred
•
Heritage Spots and Heritage Area within the Kshetra
Sno.
Name of
Monument
location
ownership
Current
usage
Special
features
Date
CE
grading
state
1
Chintaman
Ganesh
Hasampur
road
Dharmastha
trust
temple
Lakshman
baodi
within
Maratha
Grade
II
good
2
Hasampur
Avanti
Parshavnath
Jain temple
Jain Trust temple ancient Grade I good
3
Tekri
Modeshwari
devi
”
Modha
trust
temple
Kuldevi
of Modha
samaj
ancient
Grade
II
good
4.3 Inferences
The above gives the basic profile of each of the eighteen (18) Heritage Kshetras.
Based on their analysis the following chapter discusses the Conservation and Development
proposals for their heritage assets.
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5 Consservattiion and Devellopmentt Propossallss
5.1 About the heritage
As mentioned in the previous chapter, in order to address the heritage character of the city of
Ujjain in the Development Plan the basic cultural units of the sacred landscape of Ujjain are
identified as 18 Heritage Zones/Areas or Kshetras as shown in the map. A tentative list of
heritage properties, based on the heritage listing conducted by INTACH in 1986, that fall
within each Kshetra is attached as a sample to show the cultural uniformity and homogeneity
of each Kshetra. A detailed listing of the heritage properties of both tangible and non-tangible
kind would finally form the baseline data for the heritage development, conservation and
investment plan in the Kshetras. On the basis of the preliminary data the projects for
Conservation of Heritage are divided into following categories :
• Heritage Spots such as Monuments, Chowks, Gates etc.
• Heritage Precincts such as Mahakal Kshetra and Gopal Kshetra
• Heritage Lanes and Streets such as Pan Dariba Street and Singpuri.
• Heritage units such as Akharas
• Heritage tanks such as Sapta Sagaras
• Heritage yatras such as the Chaurasi (84) Mahadev.
Heritage is the raw material for attracting the tourists and Development of Heritage for tourist
consumption is incorporated in the plan so as to reap the benefits of the investments in
Heritage Conservation. The tourists can be divided into foreign and domestic tourists with
diverse tourist interests. Heritage conservation when combined with the sacred can be
projected to attract both secular tourists and religious tourists. Ujjain has all the ingredients to
become a major tourist center of national and international stature. The following aspects of
Ujjain are taken up for Heritage Development and are to be seen as revenue generating, pride
inculcating and interpretation projects. The proposals are divided into following categories
Pracheen Ujjain that brings the antiquity of Ujjain to the fore and interprets it for both tourist
and domestic audiences. The project is supposed to generate revenue, provide education and
showcase the ancient to the modern so as to generate awe and respect.
Pracheen Gyan Vigyan is conceived to amalgamate the ancient sciences into today’s world.
The holistic approach of yesteryears and segmented approach of present sciences are
combined to provide future for the ancient. It includes the knowledge of Sanskrit, Theatre,
Poetry, Astronomy, Astrology, Ayurveda, Architecture, Sculpture, Painting etc., interacting
and participating together towards a holistic vision of life. A library of international
magnitude is recommended.
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Pracheen Vyapar where conservation of old textile mills and their reuse as flower mart is
recommended. Commercial center, Freeganj of Scindia times should also be conserved to
support the existing trading activities of Ujjain.
Development of Heritage related tourism and infrastructures is proposed in the CDP.
Apart from these tangible and its related non-tangible cultural heritage conservation and
development activities, the CDP also proposes development of the non-tangible such as the
oral traditions, narrative traditions and mythical and mythological traditions.
5.2 Chourasi Mahadev
Study and documentation of Chourasi Mahadev by INTACH in 1991 shows the problems
and situation of each of these Mahadevs. It is our intention to extend the study to map them
on the town plan so that a complete conservation plan could be prepared for all of them
collectively and each one of them individually. The current situation is discussed in some
detail while marking them out in the map.
5.2.1 Background
5.2.1.1 Mythological:
Most of the religious centers of India are associated with mythology and some are believed to
be the physical manifestations of Puranic principles. Ujjain is among the few places that fully
embodies this spirit through the concepts of Mahakal Van and Chaurasi Mahadev.
Stated simply, Chaurasi Mahadev are 84 sacred Shivalingas spread in and around Ujjain
which are to be visited along a defined route. Symbolically, they are representations of the
Puranic concept of Time as stated in Skanda Purana. The life of Universe is divided into 4
Yugas and 84 Kalpas, and Chaurasi Mahadev represents these 84 Kalpas. Each Yuga ends
with Pralaya when everything in the universe dissolves, but these Mahadevs do not get
dissolved and are believed to be Achala and immobile. Shivlingas relate to the Yugas of
Indian temporal calendar.
The main source of mythological references is Avanti Khanda of Skanda Purana. There are
detailed descriptions for each Mahadev covering the sequential numbering of the Mahadev,
the origin of the names, special capacities of the Linga and how to worship Him. The pilgrim
route is also specified and this pilgrimage has been stressed as a necessity even after visiting
Varanasi. The Adhik Mas of the lunar calender is the most auspicious period for undertaking
this yatra, but individual Mahadev can be worshipped at any time. Those located within
residential areas have arrangements for daily worship with regular priests, while some of
them are considered as the deity of the mohallah.
5.2.1.2 Archaeological
Most of the 84 temples are built on archaeological mounds and debris of previous temples
destroyed during Altitmish’s period. Parmara remains can be seen around most of the temples
and it may safely be presumed that the temples were built around 10 th century if not earlier.
Some temples such as Pingleshwar have Shivlinga of Gupta period. There are Kushana
Shivlinga around Mangalnath which may have been part of the 84 Mahadevs. An interesting
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tablet can be seen in the Shri Dharamraja Mandir at Ramghat which depicts all those 80
Mahadevs in Ujjain plus 4 Mahadevs at the corner points with Mahakal as the center.
5.2.1.3 Research
It is proposed that a research project be formulated with the help of Sanskritists and
archaeologists to study the Mahadevs. To match the texts with the geography is one of the
most difficult tasks of a historian and Ujjain is very uniquely placed to bring this out to the
advantage of both our textual tradition (Puranic tradition) and continuity of traditions, their
historicity and logic and reflection of it in the daily rituals, an approach to life that is truly
Indian.
5.2.1.4 Theoretical and Excavation.
There can be two parts to the research one would require study of texts and based on the
detailed interpretation excavation team can translate it into excavation plan.
5.2.2 Documentation
5.2.2.1 Existing Structures
Existing structure’s documentation is an important part of the process. Every Parmara
fragment and any archaeological mound should be documented before any intervention is
made.
Possible reconstruction as old (at least few where possible)
Most of the temples are Maratha reconstructions. It is proposed that some identified temples
should be taken up for historical study and a reconstruction of the temple site should be
attempted based on both textual and archaeological evidences.
5.2.2.2 Signage
Signboards explaining the origins, references, architectural explanations should be
considered in Ujjain’s development plan. The boards can be of two types namely the
following:
5.2.2.3 Information boards
These are both informative and interpretive boards and contain information such as:
• Number of the monument
• Its original design, conjectural reconstruction.
• Architectural descriptions, references etc.
• Directional Signs
• Way to the next Mahadev, maybe in a map.
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5.2.2.4 Conservation and Development Plan
Conservation and Development plan aims to respect the historicity of the tradition and its
sanctity in the ancient texts along with reaffirming its spiritual and religious importance.
Restoration, reconstruction and conservation would be its prime target as also making of its
Management Plan. Landscaping, making of pathways, removing all undesirable additions and
encroachments, providing toilet facilities where identified, visitor’s center if found wanting,
drinking water, electrical work, forestation and landscaping etc. would form part of the
proposal.
• Publications, folders and brochures to accompany the walk
For the benefit of the visitors the walk could be accompanied by written folder showing the
way as also a little description on the rituals and importance of each. The written text could
be accompanied by illustrations.
• Book tracing its history, philosophy, sacredness etc.
The message of this spiritual, religious and ritual journey could be carried far and wide
through books or booklets.
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Sno Name Location History Architectural features Present condition Recommendations
1 Agastyeshwar Behind Harsiddhi Mandapa
Dome Shikhara Chajja on bracket Platform stones missing Vegetation removal Cracks
Temple inside ParmaraArdhamanda Platform Vedibandha Square plan
investigate Conservation of
2 Guheshwar South of Ramghat
Octagonal plan Platform hidden Stone displacement Paving on rooftop platform
near
Lingam on terrace
Sanctum waterlogged Door needed
3 Dhundeshwar From Ramghat to Parmara structure Structure with offsets Chajjas with
Right side develop into sitting
Madan Mohan Maratha renovations brackets Plastered surface
Redo the platform Shikhar top
temple
MS angle to be removed
4 Damrukeshwar Left of Ramsiddhi, Maratha structure on Pillars with sq. base, octagonal Brackets supporting Remove vegetation ReelectrificationRailing
Ramghat
Parmara platform shaft and round capital
mandapa beams
towards
Shikhara in brick with Ramsiddhi Surrounding levels
niches around to be treated
5 Anadikalpeshwar Left of Viriddha Parmara base with Parmara Parvati Ornate structure Vegetation on Shikhar Remove vegetation ReelectrificationRailing
Mahakal
Maratha sanctum and with offsets in plan Bands in
towards
ardhamandapa
Larger temple earlier
elevation Mandap with dome roof
Chajjas on brackets Stone
masonry
90
Ramsiddhi Surrounding levels
to be treated Chajja
replacements Pointing at places
Remove oil paints from interior
6 Swarnajalleshwar Southern end of Restored temple Inclined chajjas with brackets.
Pointing to be redone Improve
Ramghat opposite from Parmara Shikhar with manjari and
surroundings Conservation
MadanMohan
ornamentation Plastered
required Railing on platform
temple
7 Trivishtpeshwar Left of entrance to Parmara renovated Square with offset Flat ceiling Sanctum flooded Ugly Proper drainage Flooring
Mahakal
Nandi Parmara
watertank
Improved water tank
8 Kalpaleshwar Dani gate to
Sq plan with offsets with Vegetation rear chajjas Pointing needed Removal of
Durgadas chhatri
mandapa. Brick structure. Stone Encroachment around
columns in Parmara style. Door
vegetation Front façade to be
repaired
later addition Shikhar with
nichesPlatform at GLvl.
9 Swargdwardeshwa
r
A list of Chaurasi Mahadeo showing existing condition details:
Naliya Bakhal , nr.
Pushkar Sagar
10 Karkoteshwar Inside Harsiddhi
complex
Recent structure on A-centric to platform Symmetrical Dampness on walls
old platform offsets Plastered walls
Maratha structure on Ornamental superstructure High
premaratha platform platform with offsets Shikhara
with manjari, niches and bands.
Col. With offsets and surfaces
Parmara sculptures
Plastering in lower parts
Pointing on steps and platform
Paving around temple Reelectrification
11 Siddhheshwar Inside Sidhhavat Parmara structure Brick shikhara, stone walls Vegetation on shikhara. Replastering, removal of
complex, nr with sculpted col.s whitewashed. Platform with Pointing incompatable. vegetation, roof conservation,
Baikunth Dwar Ardhamandapa
recent
vedibandha. Eight stone cols of
different styles. Square plan with
parikrama to be refloored, new
mandapa to be redone.
offsets
12 Lokpaleshwar Nr. Harsiddhi Modern platform. Sq. plan small offsets. Chajja Wall damp. New Parikrama needs railing
darwaza chouraha Nandi Parmara. without brackets. Plastered structure nearby.
next to Yogeshwar
surface.
13 Mankameshwar Nr Udasin Akhara Parmara base and Sq cols. Shikhar with niches and
facing Kshipra platform. Later manjaries. Mandapa with sculpted
shikhara
cols. And domed roof
Removal of new bldg. Stone
conservation Platform repairs.
Paving all around. Platform
pointing. Vegetation removal.
14 Kutumbeshwar Singpuri
Maratha shikhara Nandi Parmara. Linga preparmara. Otla is covered Remove otla roof. Parikrama
opp.Gopinath Vyas and Parmara Parkota wall. Old platform and later.Open water drain . kacch structure remove. Secure
residence. platform
ardhamandapa.
the deity.
15 Indradumneshwar Khokha mata gali to Ardhamandapa Stone cols. Brackets. Many Plastering peeling. Replastering. Repointing.
the left of moti gali. Parmar. Rest sculptures on right wall. Sq. plan Horizontal cracks. Poor Parikrama as approach road
Next
to Maratha.
with narrow parikrama.Original drainage
should be stopped.
Kalkaleshwar
Nandi missing.
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16 Ishaneshwar Modi gali. Jawahar
marg.
17 Apsareshwar
18 Kalkaleshwar Nr. Ishaneshwar M.
right of Moti gali.
19 Nagchandreshwar Left Jawaharmarg.
Nagchandreshwar
gali
20 Pratihareshwar Patni bazaar, nr.
Nagchandreshwar
21 Kukuteshwar
22 Karkateshwar Chandrashekhar
marg infront of
Maratha structure. Shikhara with niches and bands. Chajja damage.
Parvati Parmara. Chajja without brackets. Plastered
walls.
Paving and chajja repair.
Parmara structure Sq. plan with offsets. Chajja proj. Poor electrical fittings. Cleaning. Removal of
reconstructed without brackets. Shikhara with Garbage collection encroachments around.
Maratha times. bands. Plastered walls.
around.
Approach lane paving.
Parmara platform Stone cols with ornamentation. Odd grill, vegetation, Waterproofing roof. Vegetation
with Maratha Shikhar with niches, manjari, leaking roof etc. removal. Parapet repair.
structure.
chajjas with brackets, horizontal
Platform to be paved. Grill
Panchcrochi yatra bands plinth. Plastered walls
removal.
begins here.
Platform and lingam Platform with domed pavilion.
Platform repair. Main lingam to
old.
Several lingam clustered around
be emphasized.
the main.
Modern renovations Shikhara, chajja with brackets. Many nails on wall. Platform repair. Plastering
Plastered walls
Garbage.
repair.
23 Meghnadeshwar Jahaz gali from Parmara structure Surroundings multileveled. Sq Dampness. Shikhar Shikhar repair. Surroundings
Sarafa
redone later. plan with offsets no brackets. damaged plaster. cleaned.
24 Mahalayeshwar Khatriwada behind Ancient platform, Sq plan with offsets. No brackets, Soil erosion. Roof Boundary wall. Waterproofing.
Gopal Mandir. Side renovated temple. shikhara with bands. Domed roof leakage.
of Siddheshwar M.
with pendentives. Plastered wall.
Nandi but no idol.
25 Mukhteshwar Behind Gopal Old temple fully Shikhar with manjari and bands. Dirty. Clogging. Cleaning, drainage, flooring
Mandir. Left renovated. No Chajjas with brackets. Plastered
redone, electrification, repairs
Saanpwale ki gali mandapa.
walls.
to retaining wall.
26 Someshwar Dani gate- durgadas Parmara temple with Partly enclosed pavilion with No chajja. Vegetation Structural assessment.
Chattri rd. modern shikhar. sculpture mounted wall on one on shikhara. Many Retaining wall reqd.
Surya image from side. Col. With sq base and shaft cracks.
surrounding area paving.
Parmara period. of offsets.
Boundary wall.
27 Anarkeshwar Indira nagar Old structure with Shikhar with band and niches. No Deformed platform. Platform repair. Community
overhead tank. tank. Renovated mandapa, Nandi or idol. Plastered.
space in front. Shikhar repair.
fully.
New structures to be removed.
28 Jateshwar Badnagar rd. Gaya Old temple site. Archaeological mound, shivling
Multileveled environs,
kota under neem Opp. Maratha on platform, no superstructure.
superstructure to be built.
tree
saptrishi
Platform resurfaced and
29 Rameshwar Ramghat nr. Maratha temple Sq plan. Offsets. No brackets. Dampness. Broken Repairs to chajjas.
Satigate
Plastered.
chajjas
30 Jyaneshwar Banks of Solah Old temple Sq plan with no mandapa. Two Stone platform come Structural repairs. Flooring.
sagar towards Indira renovated Marathas. ent. One arched other rectangular off. Structural cracks. Brackets replacement.
nagar.
Archaeological
Excavation.
91
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31 Khandeshwar Khilchipur village Parmara gate and Sq plan without mandapa. Raised Steps need resetting. Platform repair. Excavations.
lingam. No major platform
Paving. Security. Nandi on
idols
pedestal.
32 Patneshwar Agar rd. Khilchipur Maratha
No mandapa or ardhamandapa.
Flooring. Structural repairs,
nala
superstructure. Shikhar with offsets. Modern
plastering. Ground leveling.
Parmara lingam Nandi
33 Anandeshwar Shamshanghat Fully renovated No mandapa. New pavilion.
Flooring, approach road
Maratha structure Shikhar with niches, manjari and
bands. Plastered.
surfacing, new pavilion to be
treated.
34 Kanthareshwar Opp.Siddhavat Old platform with Sq plan with offsets. Brackets for No direct approach. Paving. Platform redone and
temple
Maratha structure chajjas. Stone masonry. Brick
strengthened. Landscaping
shikhar. Plastered.
35 Indreshwar Durgadas chattri Parmara idol. Sq plan. Offsets. No brackets. Shikhar horizontal Nails to be removed.
marg.
Modern temple Low plinth.
cracks.
Surroundings paved. Shikhar
36 Markandeshwar Banks of Vishnu Maratha temple old Sq plan. Mandapa. Col. Capital. Poor drainage Retaining wall repaired. Paving
sagar. Nr platform.
Shikhar decorated. Doorway
around. Platform repaired.
Ramjanardhan
flanked by images.
Waterproofing.
37 Shiveshwar Inside
Maratha structure. Sq sanctum. Pointing to wall new. Remove pointing. Nandi on
Ramjanardhan Nandi old but from
pedestal.
38 Kusumeshwar Inside
Ramjanardhan Location Nandi clear but no Poor drainage. Old images to be displayed
Ramjanardhan temple built above it. Nandi.
properly. Stone bands replaced.
39 Akrureshwar Inside
Maratha structure. Parmara lingam. Old platform
Replace door. Platform
Ramjanardhan Possibly twin with nandi. Sq plan.
repaved.
40 Kundeshwar Facing Sandipani Preparmara temple Shunga, Parmara, images. Excavation site Vegetation removal.
ashram bldg. site. Later temple. Ardhamandapa has Rajput
columns. Ancient site.
Paving. Waterproofing.
Structural treatment.
41 Lumpeshwar Kalbhairav rd. Old platform modern Sq plan with offsets. Shikhara.
Pointing, paving flooring, nandi
temple
Stone masonry. Chajjas without
in enclosure. Platform
brackets.
extension.
42 Gangeshwar Mangalnath nr. Modern Shikhar
Wider approach. Ghat level to
Uttareshwar M. Madhi of ghat like
match with platform lvl.
43 Angareshwar Along Kshipra north Original washed Small Shivlingam on silt covered
Platform to be raised.
of Mangalnath away. Simhasta 1980 platform
Landscaping.
44 Uttareshwar Mangalnath rd. nr. Parmara platform. Sq plan, offsets, shikhar with
Platform reconstruction. Plaster
temple
Maratha structure. manjari and niches, no brackets.
repairs. Shikhar cleaning.
Old idols.
45 Trilochaneshwar Jiwaji ngr. Police Maratha temple with Brick structure, Vegetation. Nandi Security, pedestal. Chajja
Station. Ramayan ki modern platform
platform missing repair. Cleaning.
46 Vireshwar Dhaba rd. towards Old temple new Sq plan. Offsets. Vedibandha. Plaster on some place. Vegetation removal. Cracks
Dani gate mandapa. Old idols. Plaster.
repairs. Encroachment removal
47 Nupureshwar Dabri Peetha, Sati Maratha sanctum. Chajjas without brackets. Plain Vegetation. Paving. Drainage. Plinth
Gate
shikhara. Plastered. Sq plan
pointing.
48 Abhayeshwar Chandreashekhar Maratha temple, old Sq plan. Dome roof. Shikhar with
Platform. Paving. Plastering.
marg, Dani gate plinth.
bands.
Pointing
49 Prathakeshwar Nr. Kedareshwar Parmara platform. Nandi on old platform. Simple
Temple later structure
50 Sthavareshwar Sati gali. Also Parmara platform Chajjas without brackets. Beams Storage on mandapa Vegetative growth. approach
called Shani temple. new temple. on brackets. Mandapa on girders. roof to stopped. widened.
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51 Shuleshwar Kartik rd. nr. Old platform. Fully No brackets. Sq plan.
Platform paving. Levels around
Karkateshwar M. renovated temple.
treated. Excavation.
52 Omkareshwar Teliwada street 11 Brackets for chajjas. High platform. Plastered. Cleaning. Pointing.
53 Vishveshwar Kathiawada. North Renovated on old Shikhara, no brackets. Plastered Painting with lots of Boundary demarcation. Railing.
of Shukeshwar platform.
colour
54 Neelkantheshwar Bharavgarh rd. Pipli Old platform with Shikhar, small brackets for chajja Narrow approach Platform. Plastering. Cleaning
naka
Nandi. No mandapa. proj. sq plan, offsets. Plastered residential use
55 Simheshwar Behind Garh Kalika Maratha structure Sq plan. No brackets, shikhar with Kacch approach. Platform, landscaping. Steps
manjari, bands
and approach.
56 Revanteshwar Kartik chowk rd. Possibly Parmara. Closed mandapa. Shikhara. Parikrama closed, Plastering. Parikrama to be
from
Chandrashekhar rd.
Renovated 1971 Brackets. Column sq. octagonal misused.
shaft. Round top.
opened. Paving. Waterproofing.
Mandap to be treated.
57 Ghanteshwar Kartik chowk. Renovated. Idols Triangular platform. Bracket. Vegetation. Parikrama Encroachment removal.
interesting. Chajja, columns with offsets. closed.
Landscaping. Flooring.
Plastered.
Platform. Security.
58 Prayageshwar Prayag ghat, after
Sq plan with small offsets. Vegetation growth. Plastering. Nandi to be
Chakratirth
Without mandapa. platform Waterlogged. installed. Drainage improved.
59 Siddheshwar Behind Gopal Parmara period Rectangular plan. No offsets. Tiles flooring. Chajja Parapet. Platform repair.
Mandir
structure. Nandi Small mandapa. Col with offsets, damaged.
Parapet of Mandapa repaired.
later.
no parikrama.
60 Matengeshwar Pinjorwadi nr. Fire
Shikhara, raised ground. Sq plan.
Electrification. Platering.
brigade
Projections. Plastered.
61 Soubhagyeshwar Kashiba Jamdar Old platform. Old Shikhara. Chajjas without Garbage dumped. Platform repair. Waterproofing.
vada, Gopal mandir door.
brackets, ornate columns with Dampness.
beams on brackets.
62 Rupeshwar Simhapuri from Shivlinga Parmara, Sq plan, offsets, shikhar with Garbage dump. Platform for parikarama.
Janardhan gali. archaeological site. niches, plaster.
Conservation.
63 Shahastradanukes Tilbhandeshwar Late Mughal period Ordinary. Dome roof. Collapsed platform. Boundary construction. Grill,
hwar
ghat nr
on ancient platform
Platform repair.
64 Pashupateshwar Jansapura, Durgadas Renovated temple on Shikhar with manjari, bands. Sq Interior plaster Plastering. Platform.
marg
old platform plan with offset
damaged
Landscaping.
65 Brahmeshwar Chandrashekahra Renovated old Sq plan small offsets. Chajja with Settlement. Collapse of Platform repair.Flooring.
marg, gali 65 structure. Parmar brackets. Shikhar with manjari. platform
idols
Plastered. Ornate doorway
66 Jalpeshwar Shamashan ghat,
Sq plan plain. Pyramidical shikhar
Chajja repair. Waterproofing.
Kshipra
.
Boundary wall.
67 Kedareshwar Sonar ghat, Kshipra Parmara structure Simple plan. Elevation with Incompatible repairs. Pedestal for Nandi.
with later shikhara. horizontal bands.
Nandi without pedestal. Conservation.
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68 Pishachamuktesh Ramghat, facing Old structure with Ornate shikhara. Inclined chajja Water-logging Mandapa paving. Drainage.
war
Ramsiddhi rare image of with brackets.
69 Sangameshwar Behind Harsiddhi, Maratha structure on Shikhar. Sq plan with offsets, Settlement. Vegetation, Excavation, Cleaning, structural
Ramghat rd. old platform. Old chajjas with brackets, mound. structural defects stabilization.
70 Duddareshwar Ramghat, nr
Pyramidical roof, sq plan no
Flooring, landscaping,
Kukkuteshwar
offsets, ornate ent.
Drainage. Door
71 Yogeshwar Harsiddhi darwaza Modern platform and Sq plan, chajja, plastered. Dampness, new Water proofing. Conservation.
chouraha. temple
construction around
72 Chandradityeshwa Mahakal complex, Sq plan, stone masonry. Drainage
73 Karmeshwar Originally Guru ki New 1980 Excavation in original site.
(historical tekri (archaeological
Reconstruction of original
importance) site) now in Kal
temple.
74 Rajashaleshwar Nr. Nagnath temple Old sanctum with Shikhara, chajjas, 8 columns with
Paving courtyard. Parapet
(historical in Bhagasipura kirtimukha and beams and brackets.
mandapa. Boundary wall.
importance)
colonnaded mandir.
75 Vadaleshwar Siddhavat temple
Sq plan no offsets. Levels around.
Paving, platform making,
complex, opp.
Circular pillars. Plastered.
ventilation and light
Siddhavat temple
shikhara
improvement.
76 Aruneshwar Ramsidhhi nr. Maratha period Shikhara, no chajja. Paving. Repairs to shikahar.
Pishachamukhteshw
77 Pushpadanteshwar Sonar Bhakhal in Medieval period but Sanctum at lower level. Cowshed attached. Boundary wall. Removal of
Simhapuri ardhamandapa old
water tank in front. Drainage.
Landscaping. Security.
78 Abhimukteshwar Simhapuri, nr Old platform. New Shikhara with niches, no brackets, TV antenna fixed on Encroachment removal. Paving.
Rupeshwar M. temple. No mandapa. plastered
top. Parikrama TV antenna removal.
79 Hanumanteshwar Garh Kalika, Early temple later Sq plan without offsets Chajja Approach road poor. Paving. Approach road
Simheshwar M. superstructure No without brackets Shikhar with Parikrama unpaved. improvement. Landscape.
mandapa sculpted bands, manjari and niches.
80 Swapneshwar Within
images
Mahakal Maratha structure Sq plan with offsets. Front Painted. jali
Cleaning, security.
temple
with recent addition mandapa with dome.
81 Pingleshwar Pingleshwar village. Maratha structure. Sq plan with offsets with
Excavation. Paint removal
One of Panchkroshi The five lingas mandapa. Brick structure. Stone
etc.Boundary to be made.
stations.
believed to be columns in Parmara style. Door
Landscaping around.
original. Shiva image later addition
Waterproofing.
82 Kayavarohaneshw One of the Maratha structure Sq plan with mandapa Nandi on a Painted columns. New Excavation. Paint removal etc.
ar
Panchkroshi stations upon Parmara base colonnaded verandah. Recently structures within the
in Karohan village.
renovated shikhar
boundary
83 Vilveshwar One of the Sq plan with Soil erosion. GI sheet additions
Landscaping. Excavation.
Panchkroshi stations mandapa. Stone
near Gambir river in base.
84 Daddeshwar One of the Maratha structure. Sq plan without mandapa. Front
Boundary should be marked.
Panchkroshi No antiquity found otla extended
Plinth protection.
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5.3 Heritage Spots and Heritage Precincts
The following important Heritage spots and Heritage areas fall within the Zone.
5.3.1 Siddhvat Mandir Parisar
Siddhavat of Ujjain holds a special place for the residents of Malwa region. Post-funeral rites
are performed here. Skanda Purana has referred to this place as Preta-shila-tirth. This has also
been a place of worship for followers of Natha sect.
The enormous banyan tree on the banks of Kshipra, has been vested with the same religious
sanctity and pinda danam as the Akashyavat in Prayag and Gaya, Vanshivat of Vrindavan
and the Panchavata of Nasik. It is also a kalasarpa nivaran center like Nasik. The tree has a
peripheral dependent zone with its social, religious and economic activities.
Parvati is believed to have performed her penance here. Its present form is a Maratha
contribution although Parma sculptures are embedded in the structure.
It is an archaeological space. There is a strong need to perceive the complex as a whole and
not continue on piece meal basis.
PROJECT SUMMARY-BH-SVT-1/1
Problem Proposed intervention Amount
in lakhs
1 No enclosure A boundary wall recommended to define
enclosure.
2 Central space is underutilized A garden with multi levels and soft areas
with stone paving proposed
4
2
3 Cluster of shops around
dharamshala
Should be shifted across the central garden,
thereby defining the movement line
6
4 No direct connection between
Mangalnath and Siddhavat
A pathway is proposed 3
5 Land behind ghats to be
attended to
Garden and forest is proposed 1
6 Ghats breaking and tilting Conservation of ghats 4
7 Parmara remains and Panda
services to find place
8 Poor condition of toilet and
drinking water
Small shelters or kiosks for Pandas with
pothi keeping facilities and shelter to
Parmara remains
Upgradation of existing toilet and drinking
water facilities
4
2
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Total 26
lakhs
Agencies
1 UMC/UDA
,INTACH
The work to be designed by architect sensitive to the religious
sentiments of the people
5.3.2 Mangalnath ji
The temple of Mangalnath ji is situated towards the north of Ujjain on the eastern banks of
Kshipra. Regarded as the birthplace of Mars according to the Matsya Purana it is one of the
halting sites during Panchakroshi Yatra, Saptasagar Yatra and Simhasta Mela.
Built on a high archaeological mound the temple has lost even its Maratha originality due to
ad hoc additions. Worship is performed to remove adverse affects of Mangala grah in their
horoscope by the virtue of bhata puja.
PROJECT SUMMARY- BH-MN-1/2
WORK DESCRIPTION
1 Archaeological site and mound The mound and 100mt space around should
be reserved as open space in future
2 Visitors are left ignorant Small shelter with toilet, drinking water, seats
with boards of information and direction
12
lakhs
AGENCIES INVOLVED
1 UMC/ UDA ,INTACH Kushan Shivlingam across the road should be shifter
to the shelter and protected.
5.3.3 Kala Bhairava (Heritage Spot)
The worship of the eight Bhairavas is a part of the Saivite tradition. The chief among them is
Kala Bhairava, believed to have been built by king Bhadrasen, on the banks of the Shipra.
Avanti Khand of Skanda Purana mentions Kala Bhairava that is believed to be worshiped by
Akhora and Kapalika sects of Saivites.
The temple sits on an ancient archaeological site but the present parisar is of Maratha period
with fortification wall and pronounced entrance gate, musician’s hall at the upper floor,
deepmalika etc.
PROJECT SUMMARY-BH-KB-1/3
Work Description
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Problem Recommendation Amt. Rs
lakh
1 Archaeological
mound
2 Structural
degradation and
timber dharamshala
The mound reserved as open space for future
excavation
Conservation and protection of the temple and
dharamshala under supervision of conservation
architect
16
3 Visitor facilities Toilets, drinking water, day shelter, etc 8
4 Dharamshala new In keeping with the temple architecture by
conservation architect
12
4 Un-kept
surrounding, shoddy
appearance
Landscaping work and plantation recommended.
Protection to existing trees.
3
5 Erosion of mound Pitching and protection 4
6 No information Signage and information boards 1
Total
44 lakhs
Agencies involved
UMC/
INTACH
UDA
Work under supervision of Conservation architect
5.3.4 Garh Kalika (Heritage Spot)
It is a famous Shakti Peeth of India and at the time of Navaratri, thousands of people
assemble here. Kalika is supposed to be the Goddess of poet Kalidas, who is believed to have
lived around the turn of the Christian era. There are some scholars who believe that this
ancient temple Kalika was reconstructed by King Harshwardhan of Thaneshwar when he
visited Ujjain. It is indeed the most ancient temple of Ujjain. The area around the Garh
Kalika had been the site of the ancient settlement from around the 8th century BCE right upto
Paramara period. Even today people find ancient coins in this area.
The present temple seems to be a reconstruction in the typical Maratha style and has fortified
wall, deepmalika, temple in the center etc.
PROJECT SUMMARY-BH-GK-1/4
Work Description
Problems Recommendations Amt. Rs
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lakhs
1 Archaeological site Area around should be reserved as open space for
archaeological excavations.
2 Pujari’s residence To be provided with alternative space nearby 8
3 Unauthorized
construction
the temple
around
Original built form to be restored after demolition
of the encroachment
4
4 Main entrance shifted Restore old entrance by appropriate landscaping 2
5 Unsympathetic
addition
To be removed
6 Historical baodi Restoration and protection 4
Agencies involved
Total 18
1 UMC/ UDA
INTACH/ASI/State
Archaeology
2 ASI, State
Archaeology
Work to be done under the supervision of
conservation architect
Funding
5.3.5 Veer Durgadas Ki Chhattri (Protected monument by State
Archaeology )
Veer Durgadas has an important place in the history of Marwar. In 1718 A.D. his funeral
rites were solemnized on the banks of Kshipra in accordance with his wishes. In order to
perpetuate his memory the rulers of Jodhpur constructed this beautiful monument in Rajput
style. A statue of Veer Durgadas was also installed in this monument, which is protected by
the Madhya Pradesh State Department of Archaeology, but unfortunately very little attention
is being paid to it. The environs of the chhatri have been allowed to be used for totally
incompatible uses like sump well and electric substation.
Work Description
PROJECT SUMMARY-BH-VDCH-1/5
Problem Recommendation Amt. Rs
lakh
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1 Retaining wall and
embankment eroded
Pitching work and retaining wall to be protected 4
2 Steep slope around Filling and paving to brace mound, plinth
protection
5
3 Electric station
nearby
4 Sump pump ugly
sight and water tank
nearby
5 Approach
road/parking
Too close, should be shifted 4
Should be camouflaged as per design and
permanent tank constructed above it to provide
drinking water to people - to be taken up in the
larger river bank development plan
To be taken up in the larger development plan of
area
Total 13
Agencies
UMC/UDA
Archaeology
State
Operating, maintaining and funding
5.3.6 Shri Bhartrihari Gupha Parisar
It has been a famous seat of Guru Gorakhnath, Bhartrihari and Gopinath. It is a group of
caves partially constructed above ground with the help of stone columns and beams.
The monument appears to be a Shaiva Peeth of Parmar period. There is also a Shaivite
temple here, the remains of which are in the form of a small cave. The bank of Kshipra here
is named as Yoga Tirth. The monument is under the protection of the state’s archaeology
department but in practice it is being maintained by a pujari belonging to the Nath sect.
PROJECT SUMMARY –BH-BG-1/6
1 Archaeological site,
Gupta period structure
Should be reserved as open space for future
excavations
Amt.
lakh
Rs
2 Unsympathetic
additions
3 Leaking roof Gopinath
Gupha
Should be removed as they cause damage to the
original structure
Heavy growth of plants and grass. Cleaning and
waterproofing
4 Stone beam broken Should be corrected under supervision of
conservator
2
1
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5 Rainwater goes in
Gupha
6 Bhartrihari Gupha
leaking
Provide protection to entrance 4
Cleaning and waterproofing of roof 4
7 Bats menace Net door at the entrance of both caves 0.20
8 Pujari Cowshed in
Gupha
Should be stopped immediately
9 Walls bulging Treatment under conservation architect’s
supervision
4
10 Sindhur on basalt
statue
Would cause damage to the image and should
be cleaned and practice discontinued
11 Vegetation growth Removal of plants under conservators
supervision
12 Plinth treatment Sandstone paving around the complex for plinth
protection
0.50
3
Total 18.70
Agencies involved
UMC/UDA ,ASI/State
Archaeology
Work and development to be done under
supervision
5.3.7 Shri Sandipani Ashram Parisar
The Ankpat area is a famous mythological and cultural Vaishnavite center of the Parmara
period. Kundeshwar Mahadev temple of the same period is located here. This temple is one
of the 84 Mahadev temples. There are many rare images of Shaivite and Vaishnavite sects in
this area. In 16th Cen. AD this place became the 73rd seat of famous Saint Vallabhacharya,
the propounder of Pushti Marg. Today it is an important place of pilgrimage for the followers
of this sect.
It is believed that Krishna and Balram had come here for their studies as disciples of the
famous sage Rishi Sandipani. Therefore this area is known as Sandipani Ashram.
The Ashram has lost its ambience due to new unsympathetic constructions done by the
followers of Pushti Marg and the Ujjain Development Authority .UDA had constructed an
octagonal shaped hall for religious discussions, but unfortunately its rendering is not in
harmony with the traditional ambience of the Ashram. Some modifications have been
suggested to rectify this condition.
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PROJECT SUMMARY- BH-SPA-1/7
Work Description
Problem Recommendation Amt. Rs
lakhs
1 Archaeological Site A detailed study of its archaeological extent
and depth including excavation if required
2
2 Unsympathetic structure
of baithak
3 Structural cracks and
defects
Modified to merge with the historicity of the
site
Structural conservation of all temples and
Gomti Kund
6
50
4 Nathdwara paintings Conservation by trained conservator 3
5 New requirements Formulation of Master Plan to identify needs 2
6 Visitor’s facilities Interpretation and exhibition with
information, short course to relive the
experience of studying in the Ashram
25
7 Landscape and sacred
grove
Acquisition of land and plantation 10
Total 98
Agencies
1 UMC/ UDA /INTACH /
Religious Institutions on
PPP basis.
Conservation architect or architect with
heritage background
2 State Dharmastha Trust Funding
5.3.8 Observatory
It is a unique observatory built by Sawai Jaisingh around 1795 AD. Later it was restored by
the Marathas and then repaired by the Government of India. Presently it is maintained by the
Department of Education and is a working observatory. Ujjain being a historic center of
study in astrology, the observatory is of special importance as it is used for various
calculations for preparing the Panchang.
Work Requirement
PROJECT SUMMARY - YANTRA MAHAL- JSPK-YM-8/1
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Problem Recommendation Amt. Rs
lakh
1 Conservation of yantras To be done by conservationist 8
2 Archaeological site Excavation to determine historicity of site 6
3 Visitors’ facility Renovation to the existing structure for
toilets, information hall etc.
50
Total 64
Agencies involved
UMC/Dept of Science &
Tech./ASI/State
Archaeology
Operating, maintaining and funding
5.3.9 Shri Harsiddhi Parisar
Harsiddhi, located along Rudrasagar facing the Mahakal, is perhaps the most popular temple
in Ujjain after Shri Mahakal Temple. Its present style is typical of Maratha period with two
deepmalikas in the courtyard, a stepped well, parkota wall and the main shrine in the middle.
Tantric traditions refer this seat as a Sidha Pitha.
PROJECT SUMMARY-HARP-MMK-2/3
Work Description
Problem Recommendation Amt.Rs lakh
1 Archaeological site Excavation to mark the historic layers 4
2 Temple has undergone
several changes and has
lost its heritage value
3 Floor finish with stone of
different types and sizes
Restoration plan of the temple by a
conservation architect is recommended
where removal of plaster repairs, paint,
incompatible doors, windows, signboards,
entrance gate etc. should be included.
Demolition of additions that harm the
ancient structure should be included
A unified flooring design and pattern is
recommended
4 Damaged boundary wall Restoration and repair of the ancient
boundary wall should be undertaken.
5 Dharamshala has damaged
the historic environment
Upgradation of dharamshala to match the
historic environment or shifting it to open
30
24
12
16
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up the site for breathing and better vision
6 Incompatible smaller
shrines between
deepmalika and the temple
Relocation of the small shrine 2
7 Entrance gates Two entrances along the boundary wall be
completed along with gates.
6
8 Images and old fragments
scattered all over the place
9 Baodi covered with iron
grills etc.
Images and sculptures from the premises to
be displayed properly and with proper
signboards and information boards.
Iron grill to be removed and baodi restored
for visitor’s experience.
12
14
Total 120
Agencies
UDA, UMC, State
Archaeology Dept.
INTACH
Dharmastha Dept.,
Culture Dept., ASI, other
cultural funding
organizations, people’s
donation
Operation and Maintenance
Financial support
5.3.10 Ram Janardhan Mandir Parisar
Shri Ram Janardhan Mandir Parisar is located in the north of the existing settlement on the
banks of Vishnu Sagar, a lake possible dating from the early medieval period. Durgeshwar is
the oldest monument here that roughly dates back on the iconographical basis to 10th – 11th
century AD. During Parmara period there were probably more temples of which two are the
Shaivite temples of 84 Mahadev list. During later Mughal period, Ram Mandir came into
existence. It is believed to have been built by Mirza Jaisingh during Mughal period. The
Holkar queen Ahilyabai built Janardhan temple and the stepped temple (1770 – 1790).
In the north of Ram Janardhan Mandir is the famous RamTeerth where Chitragupta
Mandir was rebuilt during the Maratha period. Two Maratha temples are standing in
dilapidated condition in the east of Durgeshwar temple and west of Ankpat. The temple
complex is maintained by the Scindia Devsthana Trust.
Ram Janardhan Mandir Parisar is typical of the layout of Maratha period. A
fortification wall encloses the temples and the stepped well. Following are the observations
and recommendations in order to serve this heritage spot.
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PROJECT SUMMARY RJMP-BK-1/3
Work Description
Problem Recommendation Amt.Rs lakhs
1 Archaeological site Excavation by a team of competent
archaeologists on one side to determine
antiquity
4
2 Damaged ghats and
retaining wall of
Vishnu Sagar
Restoration of the ghats and retaining wall 12
3 The parkota wall
altered and additions
made to it.
4 Visitors’ facilities
within the compound,
incompatible function
to the temples
5 10th cent structural
remains
6 Vegetative growth on
the temples
This damages the visual quality and
historical value of the temple complex and
needs to be restored where ever possible
Relocation of the visitors’ facilities just
outside with proper toilets, drinking
water, information, interpretation, sale of
literature, signboards and information
boards complete.
Interpretation space located for the
purpose.
To be removed during the conservation
process
6
18
4
4
7 Cluster of vehicles at
the entrance
A plaza in front is recommended 16
8 Felling of trees around
the temple
All trees within and around the parkota
wall must be protected
9 Baodi structurally
damaged
Agencies
Scindia
Trust,
INTACH
Devsthan
UMC,UDA
Conservation work of the baodi is
required.
Total 72
Operation and Maintenance
8
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Scindia Devsthan
Trust, Culture Dept.,
INTACH
Financing
5.3.11 Shri Chintaman Ganesh Mandir Parisar
In the popular mind this place is known as Chintaharan Ganesha. The temple, which was of
Parmara times originally, was reconstructed during Maratha period. It consists of pradakshina
patha and mandapa constructed out of Parmara pillars of carved sandstone. The temple finds
mention in ‘Prabandha Chintamani’ treatise. The mandapa and the garbhagriha have a granite
shikhar over domed roof. The temple sits in premises protected with a fortification wall with
an entrance gate. A boadi within the premises is associated with the myth of Shri Ram who
on his return from Lanka after killing Ravana, passed this way and on feeling thirsty asked
his brother to fetch some water. Laxman on not finding water anywhere, pierced the earth
with his arrow from where emerged Ganga quenching their thirst and making sacred the site.
Work Description
PROJECT SUMMARY- CGMP-BK-2/4
Problem Recommendation Amt. Rs Lakhs
1 Archaeological site Exploration and excavation on one side by
an archaeologist.
2
2 Structural damage and
deterioration to the
temple structure
Cleaning, conservation of the roof,
shikhara and walls by a conservationist
along with structural repairs in
consultation with a conservation structural
engineer
12
3 Flooring of different
stones and of different
sizes
Flooring of the temple as suggested by a
conservation architect
10
4 Several incompatible
structures effecting the
historicity of the temple
5 Plaza outside is cluttered
and unorganized
Rehabilitation of the structures outside the
premises
Designing of the plaza by a competent
conservation architect adding landscaping,
car park and shops. Visitor’s facilities
such as toilets, drinking water and a small
center where information, signage,
directions and display of excavated
material could be displayed.
15
20
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6 In last Simhasta an
incompatible entrance
gate and shaded passage
has been added, which
has affected the
ambience and historicity
of the place
7 Baodi in a state of
neglect and disuse
Conservation of the fortification wall and
façade treatment of the passage
Conservation of the baodi along with
plans for management of the asset is
recommended
2
4
8 Pilgrim facility Dharamshala just outside the fortified
premises with stay facility for pilgrims
along with cooking facility for day
visitors is recommended. It should be
planned by a conservation architect who
blends it with the surroundings
8
Total 73
Agencies
UMC, UDA
Dharmasthala Dept.,
public donations,
Culture dept
Operation and Maintenance
Funding organizations
5.3.12 Chaubis Khamba
Chaubis Khamba is the only surviving Paramara structure in Ujjain located in the Patni
Bazar. According to old tradition Chaubis Khamba constituted the majestic entrance gate of
Mahakal-vana. Remains of the boundary wall are also in existing near this gate. Architectural
design, of the twenty-four ornate columns, belongs to the ninth or tenth centaury A.D.
Two images of Goddesses are installed, one each on the either side of the gate. The names
inscribed on the footstools are Mahamaya and Mahalaya. Looking at the graceful forms of
these guardian deities of the grand entrance structure one can imagine the dimensions of the
boundary wall of the traditionally large area known as Mahakala-vana, which is now densely
inhabited.
Although this monument is under the protection of the State Archaeological Department,
there apparently are no controls on the encroachments both over and around the structure.
5.3.13 Kothi Palace
It is a magnificent building constructed under the rule of Madhavrao Scindia with the help of
the British Regency Council who also contributed 8 lakhs towards its construction. The work
started in 1887 and was finished in 1888. A fine example of Indo-Saracenic architecture
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inspired by the synthesis of Gothic, Rajput and Maratha architectural styles, here we have
brick carved stone and stucco used with a balance pleasing to the eyes. A large garden was
planned and a fine canal on siphon technique was executed from Silakhedi tank.
It was originally intended for the Royal Palace but was not used even for a day because the
capital got shifted soon after. Presently it houses the Collectorate and the courts, thus acting
as the nerve center of the administration. The buildings are being maintained by the Public
Works Department that employs standard maintenance and repair techniques, which are
found not very suitable for the building type under consideration.
It is recommended that a museum like information center be set-up in the palace where all the
traditions, important places, maps, books, architecture of the city etc. can be explained and
made available to the tourists. Some accommodation for stay, dinning hall for restaurants,
conference etc. can also be planned.
PROJECT SUMMARY- KP-VUK-12/1
Work Description
Problem Recommendations Amt. Rs
Lakhs
1 Incongruent alteration
and additions
2 Removal of existing
use to accommodate
fresh use
3 Building conservation
and structural work for
its new use
Conservation architect should be consulted to
study the palace and the gardens around.
Consultancy charges
This would include shifting of the offices, to
new premises etc.
The conservation work would include
waterproofing, floor repairs, removal of
undesirable additions, cleaning of walls of
paint etc.
12.5
5
200
4 Landscape work Revival of water system, plantation of same
species of trees as originally planted,
pathways, fountains, boundary wall etc.
125
5 Interiors Based on the requirements and interior
designer
150
6 Computerization,
signage, publications
etc.
Agencies
12.5
Total 505
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PWD, UMC/UDA
PWD
Maintenance and Operation
Funding
5.3.14 Rumi Ka Makbara
Stylistically the makbara belongs to 15th century CE and is in a very dilapidated state. Made
of bricks the octagonal structure is covered with a dome with a long drum. The structure
probably belongs to the Sufi saint Allaudin Rumi.
Located near Bhartrahari caves the makbara is located on an archaeological mound and is of
historical importance.
PROJECT SUMMARY- RKM-BK-2/6
Work Description
Problem Recommendation Amt. Rs Lakhs
1 Dilapidated
structure
Preservation of the monument as a historical
monument of the city
8
2 Approach etc. An approach pathway and landscaping around
with benches to sit and view point
4
3 Information Signboard with information 1.00
4 Electrical lights 1.00
Total 14
Agency
UMC/UDA State
Archaeology
Funding, operating and Maintaining
5.3.15 Chousatha Yogini
Legend associates the temple with Vikramaditya who is known to have worshipped here once
a year. It has a special place in tantric form of worship and was an important center of Sakt
sect. Although it is located in the Naibasti, a new housing area located over ancient mounds
of Ujjain, it is a structure with mythical significance. The deities are all small stone pieces
embedded on the wall and are so covered with sindhoor that it is difficult to gauge the
antiquity of the images. Mythical importance.
PROJECT SUMMARY- CY-NKRK-13/1
Work Description
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Problem Recommendation Amt. Rs
Lakhs
1 Extensively
painted
enamel paint
with
Cleaning 2
2 Landscaping, signage, paving 6
3 Archaeological
site
Excavation under archaeologist 1.00
Total 9.0
Agency
1 UMC/UDA
private org.
Funding, operating and Maintenance
5.3.16 Bina Neev Ki Masjid
Located in Anant Petha, the masjid was constructed by the Mandu Sultan, Dilawar Khan Gori
in 1337 CE. It is constructed out of the architectural fragments belonging to the destroyed
Jain temple of 10th century CE. Architecturally, the masjid is like the Bhojshala of Dhar
where the architectural elements of the a previous temple have been used. The masjid is in
use today.
PROJECT SUMMARY- BNM-NKRK-13/2
Work Description
1 Landscaping Historical landscape architect should plan
the gardens around
3.00
2 Signage Proper signage work with information board
mentioning the historicity of the masjid and
also the architectural details would help in
understanding the importance of the masjid
Agency
1 Wakf Board/Pwd,
UMC/UDA
0.4
Total 3.4
M&O and Funding
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5.3.17 Nagar Kot Ki Rani
The area is located on an ancient mound of Dhoolkot and Parikhabhoot lake bund. The
goddess is suppose to guard the south east corner of the ancient city’s fortified boundary and
hence is called Nagar kot ki Rani (City fortification Queen). Mentioned in Avanti Khanda of
Skanda Purana, Harshacharita and Vamana Purana she is associated with Nath Sampradaya
while several mention Vikramaditya and Bhartrahari with the place.
The temple per-se is not older than 70 years old but a kunda in front is of Parmara period
while one of the two smaller temples nearby contains Kartikeya of Gupta Period. The
historicity of the goddesses cannot be denied.
PROJECT SUMMARY NKKR- NKRK-13/3
1 Landscaping Including paving and improving the
surroundings
3.00
2 Electrical work Concealed wiring and underground cabling 1.00
3 Cleaning of the temple
and smaller rathas
nearby
0.6
Total 4.60
Agency
Dharmastha trust/ PWD,
UMC/UDA
M&O and Funding
5.3.18 Simhasana Battissi-
Legends of Vikramaditya and his wisdom are narrated in several tales that are collected in
Simhasan Batisi kathas and Vikram-aur-Vaital stories. The stories at one time were narrated
in every household and there was no fear of people forgetting it. Dying of oral traditions and
shift towards visual aids threatens the very existence of these legends as no tangible space or
object is associated with it. It is therefore important to keep the memory alive by perpetuating
the narrations. It is suggested that a tract of land be allotted and landscaped to form a
mythology trail that can be combined with a sound and light (Son-e-lumiere) projection.
5.3.19 Bada Ganeshji
It is situated near Mahakaleswar temple. The road passing by the side of this temple is on a
lower level, which needs to be slightly elevated.
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5.3.20 Chitragupta Mandir
It is an old temple of Chitragupta situated on way to Mangalnath road. In olden times there
was a tank too. According to Padma Purana Chitragupta mediated at this place.and God
Brahma was pleased to give him ‘darshan’. It is an important religion place for ‘Kayasthas”.
5.3.21 Triveni (Navgraha)
It is situated at the confluence of the three rivers. A group of temple with Navgraha Mandir
as the main temple is situated at this place. It receives large number of pilgrims particularly
during poornima /amavasya when people take their holy bath in the triveni sangam and
perform religious rites. During Simhastha (Kumbh) mela, the place receives large influx of
people.
5.3.22 Digambar Jain Temples
There are 25 temples in Ujjain, out of which Avanti Parasnath is the main. In Daulatganj
new temples have been constructed. The temple of Jaisinghpara is a famous one and in the
rear of this temple, there is one archeological museum worth visiting.
5.4 Shri Mahakal Mandir Parisar
Mahakal is a temple of lord Shiva for which Ujjain is famous. Its description is found in
many Puranas and Sanskrit literature. The temple of Goddess Harsiddhi is situated on the
western bank of Rudra Sagar. The scattered temples of
Mahakal, Harsiddhi, Ganpati as well as Rudra Sagar need
integrated development.
Shri Mahakal Mandir is the religious focus of not only Ujjain
but also of the Malwa region. Although the location of the
temple has remained the same for almost 2000 years, the
parisar itself has been subjected to many changes. The present
structure of the temple was recreated in 18th century from the
remains of a temple of Parmara period. Evidence of this fact
has been found while excavating for the foundations of the
pravachan hall where parts of the Parmara period shikhar have
been found. Some of these remains are now with the local
office of the Department of Archaeology. During its
reconstruction in Maratha period, a well-established plan was
followed which was typical of that period i.e. courtyard with
the temple sited in the middle. A water body was also typically Figure 5-1 Mahakaal temple
provided which in the case of Mahakal is the Kothi Tirth. The
original stepped well is now under water.
Major Problems in and around the Precinct and Strategies for the Parisar
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Restoration work and its description
PROJECT SUMMARY-MK-MKK-2/1
Problem Recommendations Amt. Rs
lakh
1 It is built on an
archaeological site with
several layers of its
construction, destruction
and reconstruction
history
2 The existing temple
conservation
3 Improve ventilation and
light within
4 Policy for shops, plaza
and other needs should
be attended to
5 Additions within the
precinct
Some area in front of the administrator’s office
can be developed in such a way as to show the
chronological evolution of the Parisar where the
models of subsequent temples could be shown,
based on archaeological and historical studies.
The existing temple requires conservation
measures so as to prolong the lifespan of the
Maratha period building. A maintenance
manual should also be prepared by a
conservation architect that deals with issues of
temple additions and permanent additions in the
parisar.
A detailed plan to deal with the situation should
be developed by conservation architect in
consultation with the mahanta and the
administrative authorities.
A detailed plan in consultation with the
conservation architect should be drawn
showing further development around the
precinct.
Modifications to the structures around such as
shops, pipelines, electrical lines etc. should be
so done as not to adversely affect the historicity
of the temple in consultation with the
conservation architect.
4
5
1.5
2
12
6 Old Dharamshala Restoration of old Dharamshala for night
shelter.
7 Shri Swapneshwar
Mahadev
Development work and its description
Restoration of Mahadev temple that forms part
of 84 Mahadevs.
Total 40
10
5.5
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1 In order to improve the existing abrupt visual
and spatial experience of the visitors, a religious
plaza has been proposed as an entrance plaza to
Shri Mahakal Mandir Parisar. This plaza will
also act as a design feature to negotiate the level
difference between the road and the internal
courtyard, thereby making it an interesting and
anticipatory experience to move closer towards
Shri Mahakal instead of a routine experience of
going down a long flights of steps.
20
The proposed religious plaza can be designed to
cater to possible requirements like shops for
souvenirs and flowers, shoe holding area,
movement of visitors during festivals etc.
Introduction of sitting platforms and green area
can be considered to make it a pleasurable
experience.
The introduction of another entry gate not only
improves the visitor movements, but also
provides a visual frame focus. The vertical
boxes on both sides of the existing gate are
recommended to be demolished to reduce its
competition with Shri Mahakal structure.
2 The balance between the old and the new parts
of Ujjain is being lost with the new parts using
the old Ujjain as a commercial center only.
Such a relationship tends to have a negative
impact on the historic fabric of the city. In order
to change this situation a cultural plaza can be
introduced near the Maharajwada building. This
space along with the religious plaza can take up
the role of a civic plaza at the city level.
Functions like the city museum, cultural club,
archaeological museum, are recommended to be
housed in Maharajwada building after shifting
the existing schools to more appropriate
locations.
A restaurant can also be part of this complex to
enhance the usage of the area by visitors as well
as residents of the city.
The land behind the Maharajwada building can
be used as an open air archaeological museum
and for passive recreation as it allows a
panoramic view of Rudra Sagar and beyond.
These facilities will also supplement the much
25
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needed tourist facilities.
3 Sulabh Shauchalaya needs to be upgraded 5
4 Adequate number of garbage bins should be
provided at all possible locations to enable the
visitor and the resident throw garbage into
them.
5 The road leading from Shri Mahakal Mandir to
Shri Harsiddhi Mandir has potential to add to
the image of the city. It is a space, which at
present is being used only as a circulation
space. It is recommended that a chowk be
created in the middle of this road while
providing appropriate space for resting and
passive recreation.
2
12
6 A chowk is recommended in front of Shri
Harsiddhi Mandir by shifting the temporary
shops to the opposite side thereby making the
Harsiddhi Parkota wall and baoli visible from a
distance - and providing a well defined
entrance space to the temple.
7 An open-air theater has been proposed on
Chaubis Khamba Marg using part of Rudra
Sagar. A small pond can be maintained as a part
of this theater as a foreground for the stage. The
backdrop thus achieved will provide a
panoramic view of Harsiddhi, Mahakal
Maharajwada, Vikram Tila and Rudra Sagar.
8 The land adjacent to the Mahakal Steps is being
constructed into a religious body. If possible
this land should be acquired and converted into
a public park or a permanent exhibition of
carved stones found in various excavations.
30
15
Total 109
Grand Total 149
Agencies
1 UMC, UDA, INTACH Planning and executing bodies
2 Mahakal Trust Managing / Contributing Organization
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5.5 Gopal Mandir
Gopal Mandir and Chhattri Chowk precincts, besides being a religious attraction, are the
most important urban spaces of Ujjain. Actually, there are two spaces in sequential
progression, with strong symmetry, architectural controls, geometric composition and
intimate scale. Though built by the Marathas, they still retain most of the urban and
architectural characteristics. Presently, however, there are different dynamics operating
which call for immediate intervention to save the spaces.
These chowks are multifunctional spaces that derive activities including town level
transportation loads. The town municipality, Gopal Mandir and retail commerce are the triple
magnets of this area, which attract considerable floating population. Resultantly, there are
unorganized informal shops, add-hoc parking, additions to buildings and many uncoordinated
activities. The following proposals have been framed for this area:
PROJECT SUMMARY GD-GK-3/1
Work Description
Problem Recommendations Amt. Rs
lakhs
1 Congested chowk in
front
2 Cinema hall
inappropriate to the
location
Pedestrianization of the Chowk and changing of
the road surface to concrete blocks or stone
paving, extending to all the Gopal Temples
nearby such as Laxmi-Narayan, Bal Dau, Jagan
Nath, Shri Nath etc.
Restoration of Cinema hall to its original
function of Town Hall for public functions.
40
44
3 Visitors’ facility Sulabh Shauchalaya 14
4 Tourism facility Information center, starting point of the
Heritage walk , public address screen to show
things like election results, special events, lost
and found announcements during Simhasta,
announcement of new schemes etc.
36
5 Street furniture Signage, benches, canopies, lamp posts etc. 16
Total 150
Agencies
1 UMC, Operation and Management
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2 Private Sponsorship etc. Financing
5.6 The Core Heritage Zone
The core Heritage Zone has been identified as having potential to provide an image to the
whole city of Ujjain. This is an area, which is perhaps the most frequented part of Ujjain. The
core area having tremendous tourist pressure can be delineated by Chardham to Har Siddhi
temple road on west side, Ramghat road an north side, Hariphatak bridge road on east side
and Jaisinghpura road on Southside. Following major tourist spots fall in the delineated area
and are as follows
• Mahakal Temple
• Ramghat
• Har Siddhi Temple
• Chardham Temple
• Bada Ganpati
• Ram Mandir etc.
Major Problems and Issues
In many historic cities it is experienced that with environmental degradation of an area, its
residents loose interest in the maintenance of the area that in turn speeds up the process. It is
a negative cycle that ultimately results in total collapse in the relationship between the built
environment and the residents. At this stage one finds a general trend of out-migration from
the area resulting in further degradation. This is a progressive phenomenon till almost all
original inhabitants, who can afford to move out, leave the area to immigrants who put the
area to profit making in a very ruthless manner. This is why we find historic and old part of
Indian cities getting converted into intense commercial areas and Central business districts in
many cases.
In Ujjain also large part of the old city is already moving towards this change and eventually
towards total commercialization that is bound to bring about destruction of its historic
architectural character.
The identified Ujjain Core Heritage Zone is in the very initial stages of this change. It is felt
that it is still possible to avert this major disaster by breaking the cycle as described earlier.
Since an opportunity exists in the form of the JNNURM that has a time line to 2011 and the
next Singhasta (2016), it is recommended that the government provide an input in the form of
general up-gradation in the built environment of the area that should ensure that the residents
maintain their surroundings thereby creating a positive cycle of improvement. It is an
opportunity to revive the ‘historic image’ of Ujjain as one of the most important and holy
cities of ancient India.
Traffic Congestion: Vehicular traffic has increased phenomenally through the years creating
problems of parking, thus, blocking the visibility and accessibility of heritage buildings. Air
pollution from vehicular exhaust is on the increase, causing irreparable damage to the
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heritage resources. Further widening of roads with insensitive design layout has caused
increase in traffic problems eventually disrupting the total fabric.
Encroachments: The visual character and aesthetic ambience of the heritage buildings/
precincts is totally engulfed by intense commercial activity, signboards etc. This is coupled
with actual physical encroachments around these historic precincts.
Inadequate Municipal Services: Inadequate and inappropriately located facilities for garbage
collection, inadequate fire services due to congested lanes, shortage of water supply, storm
water and sewerage connections has lead to overall deterioration of the urban fabric.
Streetscapes : Major issues
Ujjain has a few major atypical streetscape systems mostly concentrated in the old city core
but few like Freegunj are also located on the outside. These streets play a major role in
bringing the different parts of the central area together. In addition, some of Ujjain’s most
distinguished landmarks and significant buildings can be found along these streets. Their
rehabilitation and reconstruction should spark investment in neighbouring buildings and city
blocks.
PROJECT SUMMARY- HC-MK/GK/BK/YTK- /res/1
Work Description
1 Inadequate data Inventorization of streets with houses and
other elements etc. (The CDP suggests the
taking up of six (6) streets)
11
2 Restoration of
building facades
Restoration of atypical building facades,
streetscapes and the elements that provide
historic character to the street such as Pan
Dariba Street, Ibrahimpura, Singhpuri etc. in
partnership with the residents and loaning
agency. Approx 300 residence
1500
3 Traffic pattern Organizing pedestrian space and vehicular
traffic & parking space etc.; approx length
3000m of 10m width
4100
4 General ambience of
the streets.
On the basis of the present condition and
functions provide street furniture, signage,
planting, paving, road marking, lighting etc.
5 Altered facades Reinstatement of appropriate details where
buildings have been inappropriately altered
6 Ruined structures Rebuilding ruins through infill development
of the complete streetscape in partnership
with residents and loaning agencies. Approx
62
300
2300
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120 houses
7 Shop front
improvement
Shop-front improvement to reverse decline 350
8 Chowks and open
space revitalization.
Restoring the chowks and bringing life back
to them
2000
Total 10600
Agencies
1 Management and
execution
2 Other Contributing
Bodies
UMC/ INTACH/ UDA/Housing Board
HUDCO, Agha Khan Foundation Historic City Support
Program, Culture Dept., Cultural funding Trusts, INTACH.
5.7 Sapta Sagar Sindhu
The natural heritage is a very vital component of the city of Ujjain. Not only does it have
religious significance but immense ecological connotations too. The tanks and the river
Kshipra are the main components of natural heritage.
Project Summary
Location Character of the tank Problems Strategy
RUDRA SAGAR –1
Along
Mahakal.
Recharge zone, Urban
surroundings.
Contamination
percolates to
subsoil
Ban on building
activity around
the tank .
Plantation of trees
and landscaping
along the banks
Erosion along edges Excessive silting Pitching of the
sides and debris
clearance.
Fed by Sewer drains Ganda Nala
and Hanuman Nala from city.
Pollution
contains
calcium,
magnesium,
sulphates
nitrate salts.
and
Sewers to be
realigned and
channelized. Rain
water to feed the
tank.
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Appropriately
located plazas and
open air theatre is
proposed. With
Mahakal as the
background Sonet-lumiere
shows
can be held.
VISHNU SAGAR-2
East of Ram
Janardhan
Temple on
Ankpat road
Discharge zone
Does not retain
water for long
Storm
should
revived.
Water
be
Away from the city; therefore
forested and wooded till 1966
such that hunting was banned .
Different species of birds can be
seen in the tank during monsoon.
To grow more
trees to recreate
the woodland
which would also
attract wildlife.
Develop paths
and trails along
the tank that open
into paved areas.
Passive
recreation.
KSHIRSAGAR – 3
Mentioned in
Avanti Khand
Originally extended up to the
railway station and gave birth to
streams like Gandhavati which
dried up due to the Nai Sarak
and Kanthal area development
Natural source of water supply
blocked due to siltation
Desiltation
cleaning
and
Ghats and banks
broken
Cleaning
water
of
Repair
maintenance
and
Fishes to be
introduced
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Garbage is
thrown into the
tank
Youth clubs,
watchmen and
temple to ensure
upkeep.
GOVINDSAGAR – 4
East of Nikas
and south
west of the
hill of Nagar
Kot Devi
UDA and other
bodies
encroaching and
reclaiming land.
Ghats on all sides.
Strict watch on
any further
construction.
Aforestation as
much as possible.
Defecation
garbage
and
Overhauling of
existing sanitation
system
Major culverts
feeding the tank
with surface
runoff need to be
opened, cleaned
and maintained.
PURUSHOTTAM SAGAR – 5
Ankpat Marg,
north of Idgah
and newly
formed Indira
colony
Contains water throughout the
year
Divided into sections and is used
for singhara cultivation
Time tested
activity does not
damage the
ecosystem
Should
allowed
continue
be
to
RATNAKAR SAGAR – 6
Maksi Road
about 12-15
kms out of
Ujjain close
to
Madhavpura
village
Irrigation tank providing water
for industry and dairy plants. Has
a spread of 10 sq km
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16th century CE tank. Chhattri and
ghats are 16th
century.
Pingala Nadi serves the tank
Good state today and measures
should be taken to retain it in this
state.
Conservation of
the 16th cent
structures
recommended.
Pitching of the
banks of the tank
Land use
activities should
be monitored and
controlled.
PUSHKAR SAGAR – 7
The villagers fish here and use it
for their daily needs.
Defection and
detergent can
kill fish and
cause
eutrofication
Awareness
program
North of
Sakhipur not
far from
Rudra Sagar
area
Except for Surajkund the tank
has lost its original form.
Heavily
encroached and
surrounded by
houses
Cannot
anything
do
Baodi known as Pushkar Sagar is
used for performing rituals.
Baodi should be
restored,
desilting,
reclaiming of
water source to
improve water
quality.
5.8 Other Development Proposals
5.8.1 Pracheen Ujjain (Ancient Ujjain):”EK JHALAK”
Although, as pointed out earlier, Ujjain has hardly much to show today on the ground
physically about things ancient, most of it having been effectively demolished at some point
in its history, its ancientness is deeply ingrained and embedded in the public memory, the
myths and the mythology, the canonical texts, the Puranas and the epics, the rituals and the
yatras that make every visitor feel the reality of its ancientness. In fact, the very mention of
Ujjain evokes ancientness as if Ujjain and its ancientness are synonymous. The City
Development Plan attempts to showcase this ancientness through the concept of Pracheen
Ujjain – Ek Jhalak, a concept that goes beyond the mere traditional museum or even that of
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an interpretation center, but an area that is made alive in an interactive manner by showing
this ancientness through the multi-facetted use of information technology. The objective is to
make the pilgrim, the visitor, the tourist, be it the domestic or the foreign, experience this
ancientness.
5.8.2 Garh-Kalika area
Excavations were conducted in 1956-57 and again in 1957-58 in Garh-Kalika area that
yielded some very important material dating the ancient city to 8 th century BCE and making
it contemporary to Indus-Saraswati civilization. Mud rampart wall strengthened by wooden
logs and sleepers at the bend of the river marked the edge of an ancient developed Ujjain.
5.8.3 Vaishya Tekri
In a separate excavation at a mound called Vaishya Tekri, a Buddhist stupa associated with
Chandrapratjyot’s wife and brick lined during Ashoka’s times stands witness to the antiquity
of religious discourse in the region. The sites find mention in canonical texts of Buddhists,
Jains and Hindus.
5.8.4 Other sites
There are other sites of Shunga, Kushan, Gupta and Parmara periods that have been
destroyed by some isolated yet detrimental incidents of history and should also find place in
the unearthing of past. These were glorious phases of our past that brought out the best in the
art, architecture, literature, dance, drama, music, astronomy and other intellectual pursuits of
our civilization. We owe respect and duties towards such times and its people.
5.8.4.1 Excavation in selected areas
After careful study and research of the ancient sites it is proposed that the excavation,
conservation and interpretation of these highly important sites should find mention in the
City Development Plan. The act of excavation and presentation complements the ancient
practice of Simhasta and presence of Mahakala in the area. The application of modern
sciences to reveal the ancient material heritage (tangible) can be matched with the pilgrims’
continued reaffirmation of the values and beliefs’ (non-tangible) of the ancient.
5.8.4.2 Preservation of selected areas
It is the practice of the ASI to excavate such sites and to fill them up if it cannot be preserved.
It is proposed that these sites should be preserved for the people to see and absorb so as to
inculcate pride and belief in themselves. One would ask why the people of the country have
been kept out of this exercise till now for which there are no convincing answers.
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5.8.4.3 Reconstruction of selected areas
Careful research and study of the excavated material should lead one to better understanding
of what was the lived environment that brought such excellence in the fields of literature and
science. A careful reconstruction of selected phases is recommended so as to make the
experience of the past more comprehendible to the untrained.
Since the older gets lower in stratography, the reconstruction can be done at various depths of
various layers of history. Enclosures over the reconstructed site would keep it safe from the
elements and would make it easier to contextualize the present in relation to the past. This
would also attract tourists and bring in revenue to sustain the management of such an
exercise.
5.8.4.4 Site as a Museum and Interpretation Area
Interpretation can take place at several levels and more than one voice can be vocalized. The
target audience could be anyone from the school and college students to visitors from abroad
and from domestic tourists to pilgrims (who need less affirmation of the past as they live it
periodically and are our resource to understand the values and practices of the material
revealed during excavation).
5.8.4.4.1 Stratography
The archaeological deposits that form layers or strata can be interpreted to the people in a pit
showing various layers.
5.8.4.4.2 Tools, methodology
The tools and methodology applied for revealing the hidden layers can be shown in the
museum.
5.8.4.4.3 Paths and walk through
Walkways around the site with excavation pits and corridors that can be largely landscaped
and interspersed with sheltered indoor exhibits and interpretation centers.
5.8.4.4.4 Display and exhibits
Material from the site but currently in museums can be replicated in a real life situation here.
Temples, residences, towns, fort walls, moats etc. can be shown virtually through
computerized projections and presentations.
Excavated material can be displayed to make sense of the structural remains.
5.8.4.4.5 Parks, gardens and picnic spots (all with interpretations)
The larger area can be developed into landscaped areas with pathways and walkways with
spots for picnic. Well drawn out facility centers such as food areas, toilets, handicraft shops
along with signboards, pamphlets and guide books should make it interesting and meaningful
to the visitors, be they pilgrims or secular tourists from abroad or from within the country.
5.8.4.4.6 Souvenirs and Crafts
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The coming of tourists should result in income generating activities. Bhairongarh nearby is
famous for its prints and rangai work while metal craft of today can trace its antiquity to as
early as 5 th century BCE. The crafts of the region should find a market at such spots. The
concept of handicraft and handloom Haat has been tried out successfully at Bhopal, Delhi
and other centers. By all standards Ujjain appears to be an ideal place for such a market.
5.8.4.5 Funding
Since Nagar Nigam does not have the expertise or the fund to implement such projects it is
proposed that the project be implemented jointly with experts from ASI or State Archaeology
Dept., Vikram University or other such organizations. Funds to implement such a project can
also be sought from cultural funding organizations such as Dorabji Tata Trust or International
funding bodies such as UNESCO, Ford Foundation, Getty Foundation etc.
5.8.4.6 Management
Once the project is accomplished the project can be managed by Culture department of the
State or the ASI or Nagar Nigam can also lease out the property for management to some
professional body. The income accruing from the center can be shared on some formula
derived for the purpose.
5.8.4.7 Development Bindu
It is seen that projects of this kind act as a bindu (nodal point) for development. Currently the
archaeological mounds are notified as protected by the ASI but the land is being leased out to
brick makers or potters, a practice that has to stop immediately. This is also an area that is
regulated under the Mela Act. Facilities developed under the project can be utilized by the
akharas that are allotted land for camping during Simhasta but the entire area must remain
open with no construction, even of a temporary nature, strictly prohibited.
5.8.4.8 Road, Transportation and Parking
The ‘Pracheen Ujjain (Ek Jhalak)’ can be linked by way of path/ road to the ghats, Bhartahari
Gupha and Kal Bhairon temple.
PROJECT SUMMARY – PRAU- BH-1/ds 1
1 Identification
of Pracheen
sites
2 Excavations
both horizontal
and vertical
Site contour survey of entire Bhairav area. This
should be combined with extensive field survey for
archaeological remains and pottery. Marking of
these spots and spread on the map. Photographic
survey. Monument survey. To be done by experts in
archaeological/ historical/ cultural/ religious studies
of an area approx. 500 acres
The excavation is a slow process but should be
conducted continuously for minimum 2 years by a
team under expert guidance of an archaeologist and
25 lakh
305 lakh
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type
identified
places.
of
consisting of an architect historian, historian,
assistant archaeologist, draftsman and labour.
Visiting experts to be provided for, based on the
needs from time to time. Preservation and restoration
of monuments.
3 Site
development
and
landscaping
including
location of
building,
pathways,
boundary wall
etc.
The site development to take place under competent
Architect with good understanding of historical and
archaeological sites and interpretation. Large open
spaces of archaeological importance to be left
undisturbed. Mythology and Myth Trail with
interpretation panels, find spots etc.
330 lakh
4 Buildings and
galleries to
shelter the
excavations
and shifting of
jail from
Bhairongarh
fort.
To be done under Architect who can interpret
archaeological sites and develop interpretations
5000 lakh
5 Interior and
interpretation
including
computerized
projection
Simulated image projections, sound system, colour
schemes etc.
1600 lakh
6 Sigh boards,
brochures,
books,
pamphlets and
other
publishing
material
150 lakh
7 Trained staff
including
guides and
others of
general
category and
their salary
Till the time the project becomes sustainable in 5
years
300 lakh
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Responsible
Agency
UMC/UDA and other Deptt.
Total
7710 lakh
5.9 Pracheen Gyan Vishwavidyalaya. (Ancient Knowledge University)
5.9.1 Concept
Made in the pattern of Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya (IGRMS), the center should aim to fill
the gap between ancient knowledge and modern knowledge. Needless to say its primary
objective would be scientific investigations into the indigenous knowledge, but its role would
encompass a much larger area of disbursement of the knowledge and expanding its horizons.
5.9.2 Scope
The Indian way of thinking is holistic and it would therefore be most suitable to have all the
knowledge collection under one roof. As Sanskrit was the language of discourse and English
the language of modern sciences, it would be imperative to impart both the languages
simultaneously.
A state of the art library for ancient languages, literature, scientific literature, architectural
literature etc. with facilities of interlibrary borrowing from international libraries such as
Library of Congress in New York or British Library in London, should form the backbone of
the university.
Once the candidate gets a grip on the languages the ancient texts of science could be tested in
labs that should be equipped with the most precise and technologically advanced equipments.
Astronomical science should be equipped with telescopes and other precision instruments
and also have linkages with institutes of modern Astronomy. In memory of Varahamihir and
later Jai Singh the science can be revived and given a future.
Applied astronomy had a great impact on the Town Planning and Architecture, which was
one of the most advanced sciences of ancient sciences, should be imparted both theoretically
and practically. Research into the ancient texts should form part of the curriculum. It should
be kept in mind that Samrangansutradhara by Raja Bhoja, the most important treatises of
town planning, was written here in Malwa. Sthapatya Kala was so integral to architecture and
town planning that the study on the subject is incomplete without taking that into account.
Chitra Kala and Sthapatya Kala went hand in hand. As early as 2 nd century CE the plastered
‘anda’ of the stupa was painted over completely, an example that was followed right from the
earliest temples.
The truth is that Natya Shastra was another facet of architecture, Sthapatya and Chitra Kala
which was in turn integral to astronomical and astrological knowledge and incorporated the
science of medicine, botany etc. Ujjain has been the Nagri of Kalidasa and the best way to
pay obeisance to him would be to promote and revive the art of Sanskrit Natya Shastra and
what better place to do it than Ujjain.
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Medicinal science (Ayurveda) should be equipped with all the materials and their testing labs
required to understand the effect of ingredients in the formation of medicines.
The complex should also be equipped with a Museum and Shopping Mall with provision for
selling books, equipments, medicines, and other byproducts of the above exercise. Training
center for the crafts related to the above knowledge should be incorporated and auditoriums
where performances could be staged and lectures can be held. Residences for crafts person
and temporary accommodation for visiting faculty should also be considered.
Effort should be made that Pracheen Gyan Vigyan Vishwa Vidhyalaya should dovetail with
the existing scheme of the Government of Madhya Pradesh with the name of Shri Panini
Sanskrit Vishwa Vidhyalaya (SPSVV). The SPSVV was declared to be established at Ujjain
by the government of Madhya Pradesh on the 15th August 06 for which the legislature has
been passed and an amount of Rs 6.79 crores budgeted. 100 acres of land near Lal Pul and
railway crossing of Chintaman has been selected for the purpose.
PROJECT SUMMARY – PRAGYV- VUK-12/ds 1
Component
Name
Gyan Vishwavidhyalaya
Approx. amount
(Rs in lakh)
1 Location An area of approx. 25 – 50 plus acres is required
which can be either procured within the city at
Nazarali Mill compound where Nagar Nigam office
is located or near Vikram University.
200
2 Buildings It should be designed in atypal Ujjain style of
architecture, replicating streets and lanes with old
wooden facades, Maybe reproducing streets that are
lost to us due to widening of roads. The entire
exercise is based on research and exact replication
of lost streets and lanes using the same technology
and setting a standard by itself. Detailed
documentation of the existing and of the
construction should act as teaching tools in the
architecture section and displayed in the museum.
2000
3 Interiors In modern style with high capacity computers and
high-speed internet facilities. The museum to be
furnished with facility for screening walkthrough
simulations of ancient towns and buildings etc. An
efficient environment and equipped labs with right
quality of light. Library to be equipped with
computerized catalogues and easy retrieval system.
4 Landscaping Water channels as suthradhar should tie the various
parts of the building so that the entire university
works in unison. Van (forests) particularly
Mahakal van should be replicated at some place
1000
200
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5 Equipments
and material
6 Staff and
Salaries
here.
Books, manuscripts, museum exhibits, high
capacity equipments, state of the art scientific
equipments etc.
Scientists in the field of Sanskrit, Astronomy,
Architecture etc. plus all the resident staff
3000
300
7 Signage Directional sign boards and information sign boards 25
8 Software
development
Special software will have to be developed for
simulation of ancient towns, astronomical studies
etc.
30
INITIAL FINANCIAL SUPPORT
TOTAL 6755
1 Building Ministry of Tourism and Culture Dept of the State, cultural
funding organizations such as Ford foundation, Getty
foundation, UNESCO etc.
2 University Staff and
equipment
3 Equipments and
materials
University Grants Commission, Ministry of Science and
Technology
University Grants Commission, Higher Education Dept.
5.10 Kaliadeh Resort
Located to the north of the city and just beyond the limits of Pracheen Ujjain is the historic
center of Kaliadeh. Leisure of the environment and scenic beauty of its location makes it one
of the ideal spots for the tourists to stay. Luxury tourism brings in livelihood alternatives and
helps in alleviation of poverty. The reason why this area should be taken up for development
is that it contains Jal Mahal, which is unique and un-replicable in its technology of water
system and palace building. It is also aesthetically a marvelous building with roots of its
antiquity leading to pre-destruction times. It is an ancient site of Sun temple revived by the
Scindias by building a new Sun temple. It is an archaeological site and till the time we are
ready to look into the past properly, it needs to be kept in a state that facilitates such an action
in future.
Development of the site can be a good example of Public - People Participation where
Culture Department, Scindia’s Trust and other bodies involved could work towards its
revival.
Although the question of ownership is complicated but not un-solvable as large part of the
property belongs to the government while some of it is under dispute. The Sun temple
however is with the Scindias.
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5.10.1.1 Physical and Historical background
Jal Mahal and Kaliadeh are part of each other. Constructed on the western stream of Kshipra
river that bifurcates into two towards the south of Jal Mahal, Sultan Nasir-ud-din Khilji, the
Sultan of Malwa- Mandu constructed this Jal Mahal in 1458 CE as a water resort to enjoy the
cool environment that provided relief to his perpetually intoxicated state. The water of the
western stream was trained to pass through 52 kunds and channels while the eastern stream
was dammed to hold a reservoir. The Sultan is known to have spent all his time soaking in
the waters of the tanks of the palace where he was later found dead.
Ain-e-Akbari mentions Akbar’s appreciation of the intricacies and technicalities of the water
system of the water palace while his son Jehangir shared the luxury of the waters with the
resident Sultan. The beauty of the place attracts people even in its dilapidated state today.
Surya Mandir constructed by the Scindias is built on a mound towards the east and overlooks
the reservoir of the eastern stream. Currently owned by the Scindias the temple is in a state of
neglect and needs immediate conservation efforts.
The larger complex containing the Jal Mahal and Surya temple also has other structures of
heritage importance such as the guesthouse and the serai towards the west. Much of these
existing structures can be put to commercial use with little effort and imagination.
PROJECT SUMMARY-KDR-KDSK/5/ds1
1 Stop Dam 50
2 Conservation of Jal
Mahal and bridge
3 Restoration of
Janana Mahal
towards the west
of Jal Mahal
4 Guest house of
Scindias
This work is to be done under supervision of
conservationist and under scheduled program starting
from documentation, measured drawings and
conservation
The work is to done under supervision of
conservationist and under scheduled program starting
from documentation, measured drawings and
conservation.
Conservation and furnishing of guest house for the use
of tourists
500
300
200
5 Landscaping,
gates, fountains
etc.
Landscape architect should design the area 100
6 For the management of the site state Tourism Dept.
should be involved
Total 1150
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5.11 Mill Kshetra - Flower mart
5.11.1 Character and Current use
“Periplus of the Erythrean sea” written in 2 nd Century CE mentions Ujjain as a noted trading
centre where onyx stones, porcelain, fine muslins, mallow-coloured muslins” and “ no small
quantities of ordinary cotton” as well as spikenard, kostus and bdellium were exported
through the port of Barugaza or Baroach in Surat.
In 1585 the traveler Robert Fitch visited the town ad remarks on the extensive local trade in
raw cotton goods and the “great store of drugs”.
The textile mills of Ujjain were part of this tradition and today stand desolate and ruined. Fall
of a great tradition. Yet the large shop floors of an industry are great assets and can be used in
variety of ways like Flower marts etc.
5.11.2 Proposal
It is proposed that space available in the abandoned mill compounds such as Nazar Mill,
should be utilized for trading activities of indigenously produced goods. It should be
mentioned here that Ujjain has got great flouriculture potential and is one activity that needs
focus and promotion. It is a trade that has one of the high growth rates and has global
market.The flowers are exported to Dahod, Baroda, Surat, Mumbai , Delhi and Chennai.
The table below shows the production details of flowers in the Ujjain District:
S
no
Flower Ujjain Ghatia Khachrod Nagda Badnagar Mahidpur Tarana Total
Area
Ha
Ton Ha Ton Ha Ton Ha Ton Ha Ton Ha Ton Ha Ton Ha Ton
1 Rose 229 4580 35 680 5 90 3.5 65 3 60 2 38 0.5 9 278 5515
2 Marigold 344 3355 15 150 5 40 4.5 45 5 40 1 8 0.5 4 375 3642
3 Jasmine 29 29 12 10 2 2 1 1 1 1 45 43
4 Chrysanthi
mum small
40 390 7 70 3 30 1 9 1 9 52 508
5
Chrysanthi
mum 254 3770 3 75 4 55 4 50 3 45 5 65 1 15 274 4075
annual
6 Gailladia 24 360 3 45 27 405
7 Others
Total 920 12484 75 1030 17 215 15 171 13 155 9 112 2 28 1051 14188
Source : Office of the Deputy Director Horticulture.
The shop floors can be used as “FLOWER MART ”where flowers growers associations of
Ujjain and neighbouring associations are facilitated to establish their forward and backward
linkages from flower growers- wholesale buyers-shippers-retailers. The spaces around can be
used for the following activities:
• Flower shows,
• Inviting exporters
• Vendors
• Seeds
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• Gardening ware
• Bonsai
• Landscape people
• Lecture halls
• Accessories etc.
Peripheral activities such as herbal raw material and product people can be involved.
5.11.3 Funding
The activity can be supported for initial financing by Flower Export Association or the
Madhya Pradesh Agro Industrial Corporation.
PROPOSAL SUMMARY – FM-MK-7/DS1
1 Conservation and restoration of remaining portion of the ruined
mill such as chimney etc.
2 Developing ‘Flower Mart’ in the remaining areas where forward
and backward linkages for the flower growers can be established.
This would mean linkages with whole sale dealers, shippers,
retailers, Promotional and diversification efforts, offices, lecture
halls, shopping mall for accessories of flower related products
such as pots, cards, vases, manure, ribbons, packaging material,
landscape designing, tissue culture and all horticulture related
products and services. To be designed by heritage/conservation
architect
300
700
3 Landscape 100
Total 1100
5.12 Myths and Mythologies
Ujjain is a city of myths and mythologies. As mentioned earlier the city is a landscape of
ancient treatises. Kalidasa, Skandapuran, Buddhist and Jain texts refer to the place in several
ways. Several stories of wisdom are enacted in this landscape such as Simhasana Battisie and
Vikram aur Betal. It is proposed that the oral tradition be addressed and Son-et-lumire
(Sound and light) implemented along the banks of Kshipra.
Town and Country map of Ujjain demarcates woods along the banks of the river. The ghats
of the rivers include 6 ½ sacred shamshans with historicity of mythical era where Siva
danced and kept his kapala. The samshans include Chakratirtha Shamshan, Kal Bhairav
Shamshan, Vikrant Bhairav Shamshan, Triveni Shamshan, Pavasa Shamshan, Rajamal ghat
Shamshan and burial shamshan for infants where they burial takes place, All along the ghats
are proposed Vans and these forests can be planted with Sound and Light program in mind.
This would ensure its proper use and maintenance which can be built into the development
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proposal. Vikram aur Betal stories can be enacted and brought to life providing
entertainment, moral teachings and cultural rooting to the tourists and residents alike. Spaces
for enactment of Ram-lila that was the traditional cultural manifestation would form special
feature.
PROJECT SUMMARY KS-GH-10/1
Item Work Description Amount in
Rs lakh
1 Plantation of trees Designing of landscape and horticulture
advise by landscape architect, plantation of
trees, seating area, lawn and landscape areas
400
2 Sound and Light
program
conceptualizing,
recording and
implementation
3 Misc. for brochure
printing, signage etc.
Professional body such as Philips to design
and execute the work complete with all
equipments and sound recording with best
known voices and music to work on
Operation and Maintenance basis.
700
20
Total 1120
AGENCIES
1 Forest Department/
UMC
Operation and Maintenance
2 Religious trusts Financing
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5.13 Religious Activities and Tourism
One of the most important functions of the
city of Ujjain is to cater to religious pursuits.
A large number of persons come to the city
during religious fairs such as Simhastha and
cultural functions like ‘Kalidas Samaroh’. The
influx of people from outside ranges between
25 thousand to a lakh depending on the
importance of the function and fair. During
such gatherings the existing services and
amenities are strained to a breaking point
causing inconvenience to the visitors and
anxiety to the administration.
It, therefore, needs to be stated it in detail
Figure 5-2 Sinhasta
5.13.1 Simhastha
Simhastha is the great bathing festival of
Ujjain. It is celebrated in a cycle of twelve
years when Jupiter enters the Leo sign of the
zodiac, known as Simha Rashi. Ceremonial
bathing in the holy waters of Kshipra begins
with the full moon day of Chaitra month and
continues throughout the succeeding month of
Vaishakh culminating on tenth full moon day.
Tradition calls for ten different factors to be
located for the grand festival at Ujjain.
According to the Puranas, the legendary
churning of the ocean by the gods (Devas) and Figure 5-3 Pilgrims at river Kshipra for the holy dip
demons (Danavas) yielded, amongst other things, a jar (Kumbha) full of nectar (Amrita).
Gods did not like to share it with demons. At the instance of Indra, his son Jayanta tried to
run away with the jar and was naturally followed by some of the demons. During the struggle
for its possession lasting over twelve days in heaven, a few drops of the nectar dropped at the
four places, corresponding with Haridwar, Prayag, Ujjain and Nasik on the earth. The drops
of nectar were received by the holy rivers at these places. The struggle for the possession of
the nectar-jar (Amrita-Kumbha) lasted for twelve days in heaven, the equivalent time being
twelve years on the earth.
The festival at the other three places is known by the more popular name Kumbha. The cycle
of twelve years is common to all the four places. Different planetary positions, like the
crossing of Jupiter into Leo sign and certain other conjunctions for the fair at Ujjain, are
noted for the kumbha-fair at these other places also. Besides being a city of remarkable
cultural traditions, Ujjain is cited among the seven cities of sacred merit in India.
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5.13.1.1 Mela Authority
Government has constituted Mela Authority to organize the management of the event in
which Sadhus, and worshippers of Shiva and Vishnu and their sects come in full force
through their Jamats, Akharas, Pandals, Pravachans, Karma-Kands. One of the duties of the
Authority is to formulate a working plan of the mela such that assets can be created so as to
maximize the services to the pilgrims and visitors to this twelve yearly event.
5.13.2 Other Religious fairs and activities
The city attracts large number of pilgrims and tourists throughout the year. Religious fairs
and melas are held on religious occasions when a large number of persons visit the city. The
important fairs are Kumbha Mela. Kartik Poornima, Ganga Mela, Nav Durga Maha-Shivratri,
etc.
The fairs and The festivals take place weekly, fortnightly, yearly and periodically in Ujjain.
Some are considered very auspicious. The month wise distribution of these festivals and the
estimated floating population on these occasions are shown in table below:
Table 5-1Important religious events and the expected population in Ujjain
S no
Festival/Mela
Period (month)
1. Simhastha/Kumbh After every 12
yrs
2. Vaishakah Snan Chaitra purnima
Vaishakah
purnima
Duration
(days)
Place
Estimated
No.
visitors
30 Mela ground 1-2 crore
30
Near Badnagar
bridge,Ramghat
and triveni
20-25,000
of
3. Panchkroshi Yatra Vaishakah 5 Mangalnath 25-50,000
4. Ganga Pujan
Ganga Snan
Ganga Dashehra
Vaishakah Jaisth
9-11
Ramghat
Ganga Ghat
20-25,000
20-25,000
5. Durga Shivavratra Ashadh 10 Gar kalika 20-25,000
6. Kartik Snan Kartik purnima
Near Badnagar 50-75,000
to
agrahayan
Purnima
30
7. Makar Sankranti Paush 1-2 Mahakal temple 25-30,000
8. Magh Snan Magh Purnima Near Badnagar 20-25,000
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Phalgun purnima 30 Bridge and
Triveni
9. Maha Shivratri Magh/Phalgun 1-2 Mahakal Temple
50-75,000
Table 5-2Floating population in other fairs
Total Registered tourists 1825000
Nag panchami 100000
Amavasya purnima snan 600000
Varoni fest 10000
Anant chaturdashi 500000
Mahakal savan sawari 700000
5.13.3 Activities centred around Mela and Festivals
5.13.3.1 Akhadas :
Sadhus of different sects constitute a high percentage of the total number of pilgrims. They
are Naga Samprayadaya, Udasi Sampradya,Nath Sampradaya,Achrya Sampradya etc.
5.13.3.2 Dharmshalas,Hotels &Lodges :
There are 25 dharmashalas and 14 hotels and lodges. But these are not sufficient to
accommodate the large floating population. Another major problem is that they remain
vacant in rest of the period when no activities are taking place.
5.13.3.3 Camping Ground :
Staying in open space has become a usual feature during the important melas as it is free and
is near to temples and ghats. Although temporary arrangements regarding drinking water
supply, drainage, lighting etc are made by the mela authority, yet it often proves to be
inadequate. Most of the pilgrims bring food materials with them for being cooked in the open
space. So, the entire area becomes dirty and filthy.
5.13.3.4 Ghats :
Image of Ujjain is contributed by two elements
temples and river Kshipra. Image of the river is
read from its Ghats, the water-city interface. Most
of the Ghats were built by Marathas on pre-existed
consolidated river banks. There are about 15
Ghats along river Kshipra. At Ramghat steps,
landing strips, projecting platforms and temples
Figure 5-4 Shpra aarti
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present themselves in various combinations to create a changing scenario along the length of
the Ghats creating a sculptural appearance. Most of the other ghats are newly built and
unsympathetic towards the traditional designs and only done to fulfill functional aspects of
the Ghats.
The chapters that follow deal with the problems of infrastructure such as water supply,
drainage and sewerage, road and transportation, electricity distribution and matters such as
poverty alleviation and livelihoods, etc. However, at the micro level of the Heritage Kshetras
the network of the infrastructure has to be predicated on the imperative need to protect and
conserve (in fact, enhance) the cultural assets of the Kshetra.
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6 Urban Pllanniing and lland Usse Managementt
6.1 Introduction
The study of land use and growth pattern gives an idea of the trends the city is following as
well as the future demands of the city. In the following chapter an analysis of the growth
pattern, land use and land management has been done for Ujjain city. The City is a popular
religious centre, well known for its temples and has a strong heritage image. It is a major
trading centre in agriculture produce such as food grains, vegetables and fruits. Ujjain is the
second largest city of "Indore Agro Industrial Region" notified under MPTown & Country
Planning Act (1973) which consists of six other districts viz. Indore, Dewas, Ratlam,
Mandsaur, Dhar and Jhabua.
The present chapter deals with the Land use and land management analysis of the city at first
and subsequently talks about the Heritage related issues.
6.1.1 Physical Characteristics
The city is well connected by roads and railways with important urban centres and is
connected by a broad gauge railway to Bhopal, Indore, Dewas, Nagda and Ratlam and by a
meter gauge line to Indore, Badnagar and Ratlam.
The city situated on the banks of Shipra, is one of the seven most important religious centres
in the country. There are many ghats on the eastern bank of the river viz. Gaughat, Narsingh
ghat, Ram ghat, Chhatri ghat, Ganga ghat, Mangalnath ghatand Sidhwat ghat.
Places of historical importance are: Bharthari Caves, Choubis Khamba Gate, Bina-niv-ki
Masjid, Kaliadeh, water palace, the old sarai and Jaisingh Observatory. Religious temples
include: Mahakal Gopal temple, Harisiddhi and Triveni.
6.1.1.1 Ujjain planning area and Municipal area
Ujjain planning area is 15182.52 hectare and had a population of 441840 according to 2001
census. The Ujjain municipal area has 54 wards with a total area of 9268.10 hectare (92.68
sq.kms) and population of 430427 according to 2001 census.
TThhee SSt taaggeess oof f Grroowt thh
• Pre 1938 period: During this period, Ujjain was the capital of Lashkar or Gwalior. It
was under the rule of Scindias. The city received maximum attention under the
Scindias. This period witnessed various developments like pucca roads, railway links,
hospitals, etc. Ujjain developed its identity as a great religious and cultural centre as
well as an emerging centre for the textile industry (establishment of 4 textile mills in
1915, development of Freeganj area as an octroi free area in 1930 and development of
several cotton and spinning factories on Agar road from 1920 to 1930 ).
• 1938 to 1968: Maximum development in SE part in terms of residential and
institutional land use followed by NW part in residential use took place in this period.
These developments can be accredited to various factors. This phase saw the
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emergence of Freeganj area as a major commercial area. Major educational
institutions like Vikram University, Government polytechnic, Engineering College
and Industrial Training Institute also came up.
• The development of Vikram Vatika catered to the need for greens in the city.
Establishment of various large-scale industries like Dalda factory, Spun pipe factory
on Dewas road, etc also contributed to the development. The addition of broad gauge
railway line connecting Ujjain, Dewas and Indore led to new industrial developments
in the region. Several new housing and rehabilitation schemes were also implemented
in this time. The establishment of Chimangunj Mandi for agricultural produce also led
to a major commercial change in the 60’s.
• 1968 to 1979: Major development in SE part of the city in terms of residential and
industrial areas was followed by developments in NE and NW parts. These
developments trace their origin to certain activities, which took place during this
period. This period saw the establishment of several educational institutions like girls
inter college, government middle school and junior college, etc. A 33 KV power
supply station was also set up near Freeganj area, which helped, in the further spread
of industrial and residential areas.
• The establishment of Ujjain bus depot made commuting easier and faster and the
industrial estate on Maksi road further propagated industrial development. Several
major housing projects and private residential colonies were also taken up like:
Lakshmi Nagar. Development of cultural complex and archaeological museum near
the university were also contributors to the residential developments. Brick quarrying
areas were provided along the SE banks of Kshipra. But this led to the development of
squatters in the area. An ancillary industrial estate was also established in NE.
• 1979 to 1985: Marked development in residential, institutional and industrial areas
occurred in the northeast followed by development in residential areas increase in the
southeast. This period saw the development of Urban Development Authority in late
70’s. Thus, public housing became a major criterion for development. New private
residential colonies started coming up.
• New roads were formed joining Vikram Vatika to Maksi road. This enabled the
development of residential colonies in the vacant land North of Vikram Vatika.
Soyabean extraction plants were set up on Dewas road. Cultural institutions like
Kalidas Academy were set up. Development of office complexes on Dewas road and
development of several private colonies and slums and squatter development
programmes were also taken up. Development of road connecting Gopal mandi and
Hari Phatak Crossing made the old city accessible for development. A wholesale cloth
market was also set up near Lajpat Rai Marg and the development of shopping
complexes by UDA led to development of the industrial sector.
6.1.2 Ujjain Development Plan, 1991
The Ujjain Development Plan 1991published in 1975 under the provision of section 23 (2)
read with section 18 (1) of MP Town & country Planning Act, and approved by the State
Government under section 19 of MP Town & Country Planning Act in 1973. The plan of
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1975 identifies goals for a well-planned city and accordingly proposes future landuse. City's
Functions identified in the UDP 1991;
• Religious Centre
• Trade and Commerce Centre
• Industrial Centre
• Educational Centre
Ovveerrvvi ieew
• UDP 1991 indicates all the use zones (divisions) such as residential, commercial,
industrial, public and semi-public, recreational, transportation and agriculture.
• UDP 1991 has projected a population of 4.5 lakhs by 1991 and 7 lakhs by 2001for the
entire planning area.
• UDP 1991 indicates all the use zones (divisions) such as residential, commercial,
industrial, public and semi-public, recreational, transportation and agriculture.
• UDP 1991 has projected a population of 4.5 lakhs by 1991 and 7 lakhs by 2001for the
entire planning area.
• UDP 1991 plan has wide ranging proposals for road widening in the old city area,
which, due to practical reasons, have been very difficult to implement as they involved
extensive acquisition of private properties where the land value is very high and
development is dense. Rather, innovative and more practical approaches to decongestion
of public streets by adopting a mix of options such as pedestrianization,
traffic routing systems, and limited road widening would have been appropriate.
On the whole, the Ujjain Development Plan, 1991, is over optimistic. This, coupled with
inadequate implementation capacities of the implementing agencies, resulted in large-scale
variations between the planned development for 1991 and the actual development by 1994, as
evidenced from the table below:
Table 6-1 Components of the Ujjain Development Plan 1991
S.No. Component Key provisions in UDP1991 Comments
1. Area and In 1971, housing shortage was
Housing In 8255 housing units. It includes
Development backlog up to 1971, houses unfit
for human habilitation and areas
with poor living condition.
Future residential development
was mainly planned in the eastern
part of Sanwer road and northern
side of existing mill area.
Some residential areas have also
been proposed: behind
Chimanganj mandi, on the westem
side of Sanwer road on the eastern
side of Vikram University.
No reliable data available about the
development nature of housing need
and supply.
In south of Ujjain (new Ujjain), UDA
has been developing residential areas.
Two major centrally sponsored slum
improvement & poverty alleviation
programmes implemented by UMC
namely the Swarna Jayanti Sahari
RozgarYojana (SJSRY) and the
National Slum Development
Programme.
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2. Industrial
Development
3. Traffic &
Transport
Behind the railway track near the
proposed industrial area.
Nearly 35000 persons are living in
slums.
The plan identifies slum areas for
clearance rehabilitation and
improvement.
Heavy industries including
extensive industries were proposed
on Agar road (mill area), Maksi
Road and Dewas Road.
Medium and small scale industries
were earmarked on Maksi Road,
Dewas Road and Agar Road.
Development of bypass and new
roads.
Development of regional bus
station and terminal Development
of city bus terminal Provision of
parking facilities at critical
locations.
Most of the industries are closed and
sick in Makshi road industrial area.
Very few industries have come up in
Nagziri industrial area.
Very little has been done on the
implementation of transport
development proposals except
regional bus terminal
Source: ADB,IUDMP report 2002
6.1.3 Land supply and utilization
As per the survey results, the total developed area in the Ujjain planning area, which includes
the fringe areas outside the UMC limits was about 2857 Ha in 2004.The total land under
residential use in the Ujjain Planning area was 51 per cent, with a net residential density of
about 273 persons per Ha in 1994.
About 19 per cent was under roads while, 16 per cent fell under the category of public facility
and utility services. Land utilization status;
Table 6-2 Components of Proposed Master plan Ujjain, 2021
No. Landuse
Proposed area in 1991( ha)) Developed Land utilized(%)
area 2005
( ha)
1 Residential 1460 1300 89.04
2 Commercial 205 164 80.00
3 Industrial 450 330 73.33
4 Recreational 540 103 19.07
5 Public & Semi- public 2645 (includes mela area) 2150 90.90
6 Circulation 675 510 75.56
Developed Area 3825 2857 74.69
Source :Ujjain Development plan ,2021
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The above table shows that nearly seventy five percent of land has been developed from the
proposed plan. In 1991 the proposed land utilization rate per person for the commercial use
was estimated to be 0.45 ha/person which came out to be 8.23ha/person in the year 2002.The
proposed industrial land was estimated with 1.0 ha/1000persons and which was coming as
450ha.but with the slow pace of industrial development only 330 ha land got utilized.
Figure 6-1 Land use break-up and Proposed land use break up - 2021
- Public Semi
public
16%
Circulation
17%
Residential
45%
- Public Semi
public
16%
Circulation
19% Residential
46%
Recreation
al
4%
Industrial
12%
Commercial
6%
Recreation
al
17%
Industrial
8%
Commercial
6%
Table 6-3 Present And Proposed Land Use
No. Landuse Area in 2004 Proposed for 2021
Existing
Proposed
Sq.km % Sq.km %
1 Residential 13.00 45.50 37.00 46.41
2 Commercial 1.64 5.74 2.74 3.44
3 Industrial 3.30 11.55 6.10 7.65
4 Recreational 1.03 3.61 13.38 16.78
5 Public & Semi- public 4.50 15.75 5.40 6.77
6 Circulation 5.10 17.85 15.10 18.94
Developed Area 28.57 100.00 79.72 100.00
Source: Ujjain Development plan (Draft) ,2005
The total land under residential use in the Ujjain Planning area is 45 per cent, which is nearly
the same for proposed 2021year. About 17per cent is under roads (proposed land use under
circulation comes out to be 19 %) while, 16 per cent fell under the
category of public facility and utility services.
The land use proposed for industrial activities has been decreased
from 12 % to 8% which might be a step in the direction of conserving
environment but would definitely reduce the local employment
opportunities.
Land allocated for commercial activities have been kept constant and
on the other hand the recreational land allocation has been increased
from 4% to 17%.it may have been done with a perspective of future
Ujjain as a tourist city. The present land utilization rate is 6.14 hectare
Figure 6-2 Tower chowk
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per thousand persons which has been increased to 11.38 hectare per thousand persons.
Residential use – All the major residential development can be seen in between Indore and
Dewas road .Areas such as Vivekanand nagar,Sant nagar ,Shastri nagar are high
density residential areas. Mixed land use can be observed along some of the
roads in these areas. The residential density in some of these areas is so high and
settlements are congested which results in to pressure on infrastructure and at the
same time it becomes very difficult to initiate reform works.
The CBD area of
Ujjain -Freeganj
Commercial use – The major commercial activities can be observed near areas such as
Freeganj, Shaheed Park, Sabji Mandi. This area can be considered as the main CBD area of
the city
Sensitive areas – some parts of the city are under sensitive zone. Mela ground ,Shipra ghats
and some areas in the core city are some of the sensitive areas .
Industrial use- Most of the industries are sick or closed in the Makshi Road Industrial
Area.Very few industries have been established in the Nagziri Industrial area The condition
of roads in this area' is very poor. This is a non performing asset that is not taxed. Existing
industrial layouts that are unoccupied should be priority areas to accommodate further
industrial land demand or converted to any other appropriate use.
6.1.3.1 Developed area
The present percentage of land developed in UMC comes out to be 30.82% which is nearly
constant as compared to 2001.The main reason behind the low developed area is the
restriction of any development in sensitive zones (mela ground etc.).
Table 6-4 Developed area under Municipal limits
Year Developed land (hectare) Undeveloped land(hectare)
2001/2002 2830 6438
2002/2003 2830 6438
2003/2004 2845 6423
2004/2005 2857 6411
Source:UMC,Ujjain
6.1.3.2 Area and Housing Development
Development is being undertaken by the Ujjain Development Authority (UDA) and the MP
Housing Board (MPHB) for their colonies or commercial centres etc. as well as by the
private sector on land allotted by the UDA or on privately owned land. At present, MP
Housing Board does not have any scheme due to the non-availability of land within the
DDeennssi iit ttyy
Due to the development of newer and planned colonies outside the core old city, the
residential density has gone down considerably. But due to increase in the population, the
urban density of the area has shown an increase. Urban density (Persons/sqkm);
Year
Density (p/sqkm)
1971 2050
1981 2940
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1991 3913
2001 4644
Source: UMC,Ujjain
Hoouussi inngg ddeemaanndd
The housing scenario in Ujjain reveals that at present there is a shortage of 19652 housing
units. The estimated housing demand for the year 2011 is 33000 housing units.
6.2 Growth pattern of the city
The city of Ujjain is shaped by several factors. The main features which have shaped the
development of Ujjain are its topography and transportation routes. The city has developed in
the form of sectors. The city can be clearly divided into two parts:
One being the old city, which lies north of the Broad gauge railway line: This comprises of
the old historic and religious area along with the old industrial area. This area is characterized
by indigenous pattern of more or less organic development. The city here has a very dense
and close-knit fabric. The population density in this area is very high compared to the newer
areas. The development of this area has been dictated by the flow of river Kshipra, the
location and pilgrimage routes of the historic temples.
The other being the new area: This comprises of the area lying south and south east of the
railway line. This area started developing with the construction of the railway bridge in
1930’s. The area was thus made accessible and within reach. It catered to the need for the
city to expand beyond the boundaries, which existed at that time. Development in this area
started with the development of Freegunj area as a residential and commercial area,
accessible by three major roads: Dewas road, Maksi road and Indore road. This area thus
became the nucleus for future expansion of the city.
IInnt I tteer r RReel llaat tti iioonnsshhi iipp oof ff DDi iif fff ffeer reennt tt UUsseess
The city core was full of incompatible land uses, i.e., land uses which do not fit in the
environment of the area in which they are located due to several factors like traffic hazards,
not in harmony with the surrounding land uses. For example: industrial land uses were
located right in the city centre. The goods traffic generated by these factories leads to
cluttering of the already narrow streets of the city. This was a major contributor to the city
traffic. Such incompatible land uses had to be relocated in order to make them merge
harmoniously with their surroundings but now most of the large units have closed down
giving an end to the problem.
Another major disadvantage is that the due to the high density of the city core, several land
uses are ill housed, especially public and semi public uses, majority of which operate in
unhygienic crammed up areas. Several commercial uses are also housed in residential
buildings.
The increasing population has overburdened the city’s transport network. The city core
provides minimal scope for widening of streets. Thus, all the major streets are congested
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Figure6-3 Overlap of Land Use map and Heritage Kshetras
The above map shows an overlap of Heritage Kshetras over the Land use map of Ujjain city.
It can be analysed from the above that the Heritage kshetras cover nearly all the “Sensitive
zones” as marked under the Land use plan. The River Kshipra has been identified as the most
sensitive and hence it has been included as a whole in the sensitive area list of Land use
plan.It is noticeable that the Ujjain land use plan has delineated sensitive areas spotwise and
on the other hand the City Development plan proposes to see Ujjain as a whole and hence all
the important spots have been integrated and categorised as Kshetras.
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6.3 Urban Structure and Image
The built form of Ujjain is mosaic of various periods of building
construction. Though most of the heritage has not survived, few
buildings show the traces of the old glory that it once had in their
times. In terms of an image, the city can be divided into the old
city which lies on northern side as the Core City and the recent
developments seen during last 50 years which is mostly on South
side. The difference between the two is quite stark.
The old city is organic development congested with densely
located buildings which open out on narrow streets. The heights
vary from ground to three storied structures. Most of the building
shows amalgamation of Maratha and Rajput architecture with
timber detailing. Urban development is taking over most of the historical core with old
buildings being demolished and new constructed with no regards to the old fabric of the city.
The city started developing on southern side during Scindia period with the development of
Freeganj. It has grown in a horizontal or ribbon like form along the railway line. The
architectural style shows influence of the British planning with wide roads and large open
areas. Freeganj developed as commercial area has grid –iron layout with shops lined on either
side of wide road with Clock Tower forming the focus. The Kothi Palace of Scindia’s is an
amalgamation of Rajput and gothic styles and has an entrance influenced by the Buckingham
palace.
Figure 6-4 Architectural image
6.3.1.1 Agencies for Plan Preparation and Implementation in Ujjain
The responsibility for preparation of a master plan or development plan rests with the Town
and Country Planning Organization (TCPO) of the Government of Madhya Pradesh, while
plan implementation rests with the Municipal Corporation of Ujjain and the Ujjain
Development Authority.
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TToownn aanndd Coouunnt trryy PPl laannnni inngg Orrggaanni izzaat tioonn
The TCPO is governed by the provisions of the Madhya Pradesh Nagar Tatha Gram Nivesh
Niyam 1973 (the Act). The State Government, as per the provisions of the Act, can declare
an area as a region and define its limit. Such areas are then taken for development and a
development plan for the region is prepared by the TCPO. The main function of the
department is to carry out a survey of the region, prepare an existing landuse map, and
propose a development plan or regional plan as the case may be.
Ujjaai
inn Deevveel looppmeennt t Auut thhoorri ityy
The Ujjain Development Authority (UDA) formed under the Madhya Pradesh Nagar Tatha
Gram Nivesh Niyam 1973 (the Act) is responsible for the implementation of major proposals
of the Development Plan prepared by the TCPO. The main objective of the UDA is to
implement various schemes, by way of acquiring and developing land in line with the
proposals of the development plan. Such developments are planned keeping in view the
growth of the town. The primary functions of the UDA as per the Act are:
• Acquisition, development and sale or leasing of land for the purpose of town
expansion;
• Acquisition, relaying, rebuilding, or relocating areas which have been badly laid out or
which have developed or degenerated into slums;
• Acquisition and development of land for public purposes such as housing
development, development of shopping centers, cultural centers, administrative
centers, etc;
• Acquisition and development of areas for commercial and industrial purposes;
• Undertaking of such building or construction work as may be necessary to provide
housing, shopping, commercial and other facilities;
• Acquisition and development of land for the purpose of laying out or re-modeling of
road and street patterns;
• Acquisition and development of land for playgrounds, parks, recreation centers and
stadia;
• Reconstruction of plots for the purpose of buildings, roads, drains, sewage lines and
other similar amenities; and
• Any other work of a nature such that would bring about environmental improvements,
which may be taken up by the authority with the prior approval of the State
Government.
However, UDA has been functioning more as a colonizer (developer of serviced land and
housing) than as an implementation agency of the citywide development plan for roads, parks
and play grounds, and other public and social amenities.
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Ujjaai
inn Muunni icci ippaal l Coorrppoorraat tioonn
The Ujjain Municipal Corporation (UMC) is one of the key actors in developing and
maintaining the city. Governed by the Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1956, its
functions include provision of core civic services and maintenance of public places, including
roads and streets. The UMC is also responsible for regulating the construction of buildings
and colonies within its territorial jurisdiction, according to the provisions of the Development
Plan proposals and the Development Control Regulations prepared by the TCPO. Another
major role recently entrusted to the UMC is that of regularizing the unauthorized colonies
that have come up in the city, which as per the statute is one of the primary functions of the
UDA. However, under the 74th Constitution Amendment Act, 1992, the Municipal
Corporation would be fully authorized to prepare a development plan for the area under its
jurisdiction, including local area plans in the form of zonal plans or town planning schemes.
In such a case, the UMC would need to seek substantial technical assistance and build up a
cadre of municipal, planners and other professionals within its organization set-up.
One of the major criteria for a successful development plan is to be able to contain land
development within the planning limit and not to allow growth outside the proposed limit.
This means the plan has to fit within the area available and should take into account the
current direction of growth. The modified development plan for 2021compromises on the
earlier concept of a clear-cut pattern of road network and provision of higher order social
facilities and amenities. Land requirements appear to have been worked out without
considering the extent of vacant land that is generally present in a developing area. Hence,
the land requirement envisaged is on the low side, while development has already occurred
outside the proposed developable areas.
6.3.1.2 Role of UMC in planning Ujjain Development Plan, 2021
The role of UMC in town planning activities is more in the form of regulation of
development activities occurring within its jurisdiction rather than actual planning activities.
The Development Plan and the DCR form the basis for regulation. Accordingly, the role of
UMC in plan implementation includes:
• Drawing up of town planning schemes;
• Sanctioning of building plans and construction;
• Issue of completion certificates;
• Sanctioning of colony layout plans; and
• Regularization of unauthorized developments.
6.4 Challenges and Opportunities faced by the City Heritage
When a major event takes place then the ‘old order changes giving place to new’ but if those
in the new order are not sensitive to the sensibilities of the old order and its symbols that
constitute heritage, the result is destruction of cultural heritage. What give identity to the city
of Ujjain today are the heritage assets of the city.
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6.4.1 Changes in Legislation And Impact Of Master Plans On Conservation
Of Cultural Heritage
It may be pointed out that planned urban development in the post states’ reorganization era
started with the adoption of the Central Provinces and Berar Town Planning Act, 1948 for
Madhya Pradesh in 1958. The town planning schemes under this Act were to be prepared by
the urban local authorities, albeit with facilitation and technical help of the state’s Chief
Town Planner. This approach underwent a sea change with the enactment of the Madhya
Pradesh Town and Country Planning Act, 1973, following the circulation of a model bill by
the Government of India that was primarily based on the legislation adopted in the United
Kingdom (including the very word ‘country’, a word that is hardly used in India to describe
non-urban or rural areas). The centrality of the elected urban local bodies was replaced by
entrusting the responsibility of preparing the urban development plans to the newly created
Town and Country Planning Department. The urban local bodies were to play a mere
subsidiary role and were relegated, if at all, to the role of maintenance of the infrastructural
assets created under the development (master) plan. Public participation became a mere
expression, devoid of all reality. There was hardly any attempt to build the skills and
competence of the urban local bodies in this direction or to put in place a vibrant and
effective system of public consultation and participation as in the United Kingdom. Perhaps
this was in keeping with the general techno-centric model of development that was adopted at
that time in the country. In accordance with this approach the preparation of the urban
development plans too became a techno-centric exercise with the bureaucracy playing a
determining role in this endeavor.
Cultural heritage and the built form that were organically linked with the social, emotional
and cultural ethos of the urban fabric were merely viewed in technical infrastructural terms.
Thus, though the Master Plan for Ujjain prepared in 1973 did recognize this need and stated
that “the Plan envisages among other things, social, cultural and emotional integration of its
three separate units, namely, the old city, the new city it viewed this purely in terms of
overcoming the physical barriers of the lakes, hills and the railway line that separated them.
Facilitation of the transport linkages between the three units and also within the Old City was
considered to be sufficient to achieve this integration. Today the city of Ujjain is popularly
projected as a city of temples, heritage etc. Yet these were viewed as impediments in the
development of the infrastructure of the city. Not only this, the primary and core interest of
urban planning was for the ever expanding new virgin areas ; the social, cultural and
emotional issues affecting the Old City that had the cultural heritage, both natural as well as
man made was hardly addressed in these plans. The concerns addressed, even though
peripherally, of the Old City, were for widening and improvement of roads, circulation
patterns, land use zoning, slum improvement, re-development of the city area and similar
issues.
In this context, it is interesting to note the following provision of the Madhya Pradesh Town
Planning Act, 1948 as adopted in Madhya Pradesh in 1958.
“Section 2-C, Clause 2(d): “The Development Plan may, if the local authority considers it
desirable so to do indicate, define and provide for:
(iv) preservation, conservation and development of areas of natural scenery and landscape;
(vi) preservation of features, structures and places of historical, natural, architectural and
scientific interest and educational value”
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“Section 8: Subject to the provisions of a Development Plan a town planning scheme may
make provision for any of the following matters:
(i) preservation of objects of historical interest or natural beauty and of buildings actually
used for religious purposes or regarded by the public with special religious veneration”.
It is worth noting that whereas the 1948 Act did have provisions for incorporating
heritage concerns in the town planning schemes the 1973 Act (Madhya Pradesh Town and
Country Planning Act, 1973) had no such provisions. To that extent it was a retrograde
legislation. In describing what a development (master) plan should have it merely states that
it should ‘indicate broadly the land use proposed in the planning area’, and thereafter goes on
to ‘allocate broadly areas or zones of land’ for various purposes and for laying down plans
for civic amenities and guidelines for architectural controls. The only heritage concern
expressed is for ‘making proposals for general landscaping and preservation of natural areas’.
The Maharashtra Regional and Town Planning Act, 1966 was somewhat better as in
describing what a development (master) plan should contain it mentions ‘preservation of
features, structures of places of historical, natural, architectural and scientific interest and
educational value (‘and of heritage buildings and heritage precincts’ was added by an
amendment in 1994), besides ‘preservation, conservation and development of areas of natural
scenery and landscape’.
The peripheral and perfunctory interest in the protection and conservation of cultural heritage
in urban development comes out clearly even in the subsequent development plans for Ujjain.
The Ujjain Development Plan (2001) adopted in 1975 makes only a passing and brief
reference to some of the prominent cultural heritage assets (natural and man-made) in the
Introduction to the report. But even there it merely expresses a wish and a hope that they
would be protected in the interest of art and culture of Ujjain. There are hardly any policies or
specific interventions suggested for the purpose. However, the same story is repeated in the
latest development plan 2005. It is due for revision now and, may be, the time is ripe for the
adoption of the Heritage Regulations framed under the land use rules (Bhumi Vikas Niyam)
of the M.P. Town and Country Planning Act, 1973 and under consideration of the Madhya
Pradesh Government for notification. The Listing of the Built Heritage of Ujjain has already
been finalized by the Regional Chapter of the INTACH (Bhopal) and is awaiting publication
for wide dissemination. The heritage properties (already mentioned in the chapter 3) listed
therein could be notified under the proposed regulations and, thereafter, the case for their
conservation could be factored into the revised development (master) plan for Ujjain. May
be, this could become a test case for heritage conservation in urban development.
Based upon the studies conducted by INTACH ( studies of conservation in development) in
old towns and cities such as Chanderi, Varanasi, Bhopal ,Bhuvaneshwar and Ujjain came to
the conclusion that conservation of built heritage in such conditions was possible only if
‘heritage areas’ or ‘heritage zones’ were identified and conservation plans were prepared for
each such area on a location specific basis. Even within the ‘heritage zone, a ‘core zone’ was
sought to be identified. Today, everyone recognizes that even a notified monument or
heritage precinct has to be taken in its environmental context. That is why restrictions are
sought to be placed for any development within 300 meters of the boundary of any notified
monument or precinct. However, such a restriction does not necessarily identify or define the
environmental context. The limit is obviously arbitrary and, therefore, instead of solving the
problem, in many cases it aggravates it. One of the objectives of listing should be to identify
and delineate ‘heritage areas’ or ‘heritage zones’ and ‘core zones’ within them. In certain
cases, the ‘heritage areas’ could also be networked into an “artpolis” ensuring inter-visibility
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of such areas and strengthening their inter-relationship. Specific interventions for heritage
conservation for such areas could then be suggested in the development (master) plan.
However, it failed to suggest policies and interventions to arrest this trend. On the other hand
higher densities (by way of increase in FAR/FSI) were allowed which resulted in
commercialization and replacement of the streetscape by high-rise buildings (the buildings
have traditionally been of two stories, a shop on the ground floor and the residence on the
first floor).
6.4.2 Architectural Controls for Heritage Conservation
As elsewhere, architectural controls, by way of FAR or FSI, setbacks, façade /front
elevation, height of buildings, etc are prescribed for Ujjain City on the basis whether the
particular area is commercial or residential or industrial or whether it abuts a 40 feet wide
road or a 60 feet road or a 100 feet wide road. There is no reason why a somewhat similar
approach cannot be followed in laying down that the FAR/FSI in areas that are notified as
‘heritage areas’ or ‘heritage zones’ or ‘core zones’ within these should be on the ground that
heritage needs to be protected and conserved. The guiding principle in working out and
prescribing such controls should be the protection and conservation of the built and natural
heritage in that area. Maintenance of the skyline or the streetscape should be part of these
controls. No change of the façade or the elevation should be permitted if such is the unique
characteristic of that area. Thus, if the buildings are predominantly two storied then the
FAR/FSI must be fixed accordingly. If there are open spaces within such as courtyards then
such spaces must be maintained in working out the FAR/FSI.
It is true that such restrictions should be in the overall interest of maintenance of the heritage
character and ambience of that area and the individual buildings or complexes and precincts
that are its constituents, as well as of the owners of these properties. Incentives have to be
thought of that will ensure a reasonable economic return to the owners. Many of these
heritage areas are in the inner city where the land prices are high. Any interventions that do
not take into account the economic incentive part may not only be detrimental to the interest
of the owners but may also lead to the deterioration of the properties on account of the value
of land in such areas going down. How to solve this conundrum is a real challenge to heritage
lovers and policy planners. One of the ways in which an incentive could be provided to the
owners of the buildings and precincts in the ‘heritage area’ could be by notionally giving
them the FAR/FSI prevailing in another area, which they could trade in the area contiguous
to the ‘heritage area’. This may perhaps provide an incentive for ‘loss’ of economic return on
the heritage property. Pragmatic and enforceable incentives and disincentives have to be
thought of and debated for this purpose
6.4.3 Taxation Policies And Heritage Conservation In Urban Development
Taxation policies in respect of buildings and precincts as well as landscapes declared
and notified as heritage properties should be sensitive to the cause of protection and
conservation of such properties. For example, a certain percentage of the income derived
from built up properties is deductible as expenses for normal maintenance for income tax
purposes. There is no reason for not allowing a much higher percentage for heritage
properties which in any case are much more expensive to maintain. In fact, the percentage
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allowable should be such as would act as an incentive for the upkeep and maintenance of
such properties.
Similarly, the imposition of property tax on such properties should be viewed from a
similar standpoint. Although it is said that property tax is not a tax on income (like income
tax, which is a Central tax) but a tax on property in the same way as land revenue is a tax on
land held as property, the way it is administered it is treated as a tax on income. Even the
Unit Area approach for imposition of property tax treats it so. Property tax ought to be a tax
leviable for ensuring that the property is maintained in good order and the concessions,
rebates and incentives should be built into the tax structure to achieve that purpose This
principle should be followed as well for the proper upkeep and maintenance of heritage
properties. For example, if keeping a heritage property vacant hastens its deterioration then
no concession should be permissible on account of its having remained vacant. Certain
categories of buildings and properties are exempt from payment of property tax. Heritage
properties should be similarly exempt in the larger public interest. Such provisions should be
built into any plan for urban development. Also, building byelaws of the urban local
authorities should be based on the principle of continued conservation and upkeep of heritage
properties and their unique character.
6.4.4 Conclusion
An analysis of the development (master) plans prepared for Ujjain City from time to
time shows that identification of natural heritage and built heritage and their protection and
conservation has at the most been of peripheral interest to the planners. Whereas almost all
the cultural assets exist in the old city that is juxtaposed with the new city, no listing is done
during the making of the development plans. No socio-anthropological studies are carried out
to determine how the residential population views its symbols of cultural heritage; also, there
is hardly any vigorous public participation in the making of the development plans. The
analysis shows that the social, cultural and emotional integration of the new city and the old
city is viewed merely in terms of strengthening the physical and social infrastructure rather
than in terms of revitalization. Even here, the protection and conservation of cultural heritage
takes only a passing mention.
The analysis suggests that an ‘area’ approach may be the viable approach for
conservation of ‘heritage areas’, ‘heritage zones’, and of the ‘core zones’ within them. The
cellular and organic growth of these cities necessitates such an approach. Architectural
controls specific to such areas need to be worked out. Building byelaws have to be sensitive
to these needs.
Based on the experience of the manner in which the issue of ‘environment’ has come
to the center stage of public debate and concern, it is suggested that the legal instruments
available for the protection and conservation of cultural heritage in urban development
should be identified and used for similar purpose. It is suggested that the only way to
influence the process of making the development (master) plans is to list the natural and built
heritage for all such areas where development (master) plans exist but are due for revision
and for areas for which the development (master) plans are under consideration and to have
them notified as heritage properties. Such listings must conform to acceptable quality and
standards and should be published for wide dissemination to creates a climate for the
protection and conservation of the heritage properties mentioned therein. The information can
then be factored into the development (master) plans.
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It is also suggested that, based on the listing, ‘heritage areas’, heritage zones’, and
‘core zones’ within these should be identified. Architectural controls should be worked out
for ensuring that the heritage character of such areas is maintained.
It is also suggested that the taxation laws (particularly income tax and property tax)
and the building byelaws should be reviewed on the principle that the protection and
conservation of such heritage properties is in the larger national interest.
6.5 Key Issues
• Development Pattern – The major issues in development pattern emerging from the
past and current trends are discussed below:
• Pressure of urban development towards south of Ujjain: Development by UDA is,
principally, towards the south side of Ujjain, as well as between Indore Road and
Dewas Road. Some development is also occurring along the Aagar road and Makshi
road.
• Pressure on existing infrastructure: During religious occasions, there is a tremendous
pressure on the existing infrastructure. The variation in floating population during
various religious occasions is vast. Encroachments in the main city centre area reduce
the road width, which leads to congestion and pollution.
• No urban growth in Mela ground area: The existing development plan 1991 has
recommended "no development in the area". However, illegal structures are coming
up in these areas.
• Underutilised industrial areas: Most of the industries are sick or closed in the Makshi
Road Industrial Area. Very few industries have been established in the Nagziri
Industrial area the condition of roads in this area' is very poor. This is a non
performing asset that is not taxed. Existing industrial layouts that are unoccupied
should be priority areas to accommodate further industrial land demand or converted
to any other appropriate use
• Concentration of illegal colonies: The city has many illegal colonies, which are mainly
concentrated towards the north of the city
• Concentration of slums the city has 113 notified and 16 unapproved slums with a
population of nearly 1.3 lakhs, many of which lack basic infrastructure facilities.
Slums are scattered are densely concentrated in the north of the city.
It is acknowledged that past events and the on-going momentum of development generated
by both public and private sectors in Ujjain, are not necessarily contrary to strategic
objectives of the UDP. However, many of the issues cited above are (a) due to lack of sector
co-ordination in service provision, and (b) inadequate enforcement of building by-laws and
development controls.
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6.5.1 Physical planning issues
The primary issue with regards physical planning and growth management in Ujjain physical
development and growth is haphazard and uncontrolled. The city is increasingly
experiencing wide proliferation of unauthorized colonies across the city, flouting zoning and
development control regulations and having minimal infrastructure facilities.
• Lack of planned interventions in the past and Unregulated physical development
• Increasing congestion in core areas (around Mahakaal)
• Lack of adequate organized recreational spaces and green belts decreasing percentage
of open spaces due to fast growth of population in the past and likely growth due to
induced opportunities through externalities
• Increasing commercial establishments and institutional use within core areas with
inadequate infrastructure and services coupled with narrow lanes.
Management issues
• Lack of ownership of the plan and absence of clear implementation accountability
among TCPO, UDA and UMC, resulting in haphazard and uncontrolled development
• Overlapping implementation jurisdictions of UMC and UDA resulting in shunning of
responsibility by either agency
• Current “conventional” development control regulations focusing on density and
physical parameters of development, they lack provisions that would
facilitate/promote alternate and innovative non-conventional development
mechanisms
• Inadequate organizational and human resource capability within UMC to carry out
comprehensive planning for development and growth management.
•
6.6 Strategies
• New commercial areas could be encouraged in the developing parts of the city to
decrease the load in a few areas of the north
• The underutilized industrial areas south of the railway line could be made to use as
museums, auditoriums, cine-complex or any other cultural or recreational use. The
area north to the railway line could be developed as landscaped parks a huge necessity
in the congested areas of the north
• Development restrictions in Specific areas: Restricting development in specific areas
like open spaces, cultural resources, sensitive land etc. shall be taken up by finalizing
TP schemes with provisions for open/ green spaces acting as buffer zones
• Decentralised planning and increased citizens’ involvement in Development planning
process. Public participation and consultation at neighbourhood level regarding the
land use and growth patterns shall create social benefits and avoid non-conforming
land uses. Increased citizens’ involvement in the development planning process shall
be pursued actively to achieve the above mentioned social benefits
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• Optimum use of Municipal Land and Inviting private sector to act coherently in the
development work with the public sector. The land and real estate owned by the
corporation in the city shall be utilized for commercial development either by
themselves or through leasing out to private parties. This shall mobilise financial
resources for implementation of the Capital Improvement Programme of the
corporation
• Core area development plan is needed
• Heritage – GIS maps
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7 Povertty and Sllumss
When the rural migrant family arrives in the city, they discover that the housing, jobs,
incomes and amenities that had 'pulled' them to the city are not available or are inaccessible.
The authorities are not willing to help them find the 'dream' they aspired for, or simply ignore
them. As a result, in cities of most developing countries, 30 to 75 percent of the population
work and live in squatter settlements making a living with the few informal resources that is
accessible to them. It is indispensable to analyse status of poverty for any city development
exercise. Besides it becomes more important in the state like Madhya Pradesh where level of
poverty is relatively higher.
This section deals with the access of urban poor in Ujjain to basic services, drawing from
secondary information as well as site visits to slums in the city, and interaction with local
residents. It also reviews past and present programs for service delivery to urban poor in the
city. The aim is to identify key issues in service delivery to the poor in Ujjain and suggest
strategies that would enable the Ujjain Municipal Corporation (UMC) to address issues and
fulfil its mandate of providing basic services to the poor in the city.
7.1 Need
Slums play important roles, absorbing new arrivals onto the labour market, providing
accommodation for low-cost labour and a home for the informal sector of the economy. The
social networks of the urban poor are an important starting point for slum improvement. They
allow slum residents to pool resources, share information, and gain influence. While their
own local knowledge is valuable, information from elsewhere is required to enable them to
innovate.
In the slums of Ujjain there reside highly skilled craftsmen and people engaged in the
informal market activities. There remains a very high involvement of people from this sector
in the Tourist related activities too. Thus it becomes important to assess the need of this class
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of poor and think for the possible alternatives for upgrading their living conditions as well as
enhancement of livelihood options.
7.2 Status of Poverty in Ujjain
Various estimates of poverty in Ujjain have converged to between 30 and 35 per cent of the
urban population. As per the latest estimate made available by UMC and TCPO Ujjain, the
slum population in the city stands at 1, 32,139 – 34 per cent of total city population. Apart
from this, the city also has a population of pavement dwellers or homeless population, who
are among the poorest in the city - there is no available estimate of the size of this population.
It is now widely understood that poverty is experienced through a variety of dimensions of
which low income is only one. Further that within the poor, there are important differences in
depths of poverty, the ability of poor households to graduate from poverty and the relative
vulnerability of different groups to withstand risks to livelihood such as unemployment,
sickness and eviction. Effective poverty reduction programmes need to be able to
differentiate these groups and design appropriate and targeted responses. A typology of three
groups has been defined by the ADB1 as:
• Transitional Poor – Those households, whose monthly per capita income is between
the Poverty Line and 1.5 times the Poverty line, are likely to own productive assets
and have access to basic services. They move in and out of poverty depending on
particular and periodic circumstance.
• Intermediate Poor – those households whose income is between half the Poverty Line
and the PL itself, and have limited access to basic services.
• Core Poor – those households whose income is less than half of the Poverty Line and
who live in extreme poverty and vulnerability.
A total of 1,89,387 persons in Ujjain have been identified as those living Below Poverty Line
(as per the UMC). This would mean that more than 40 per cent of total population in the city
is living Below Poverty Line.
1 Reducing Poverty in Urban India, ADB TA 3480-IND
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Table 7-1 Number of Slums and population
Year Number of poor Total present pop.
1993/94 25280
1999/00 144705
2004/05(estimated) 189387 4.65 (estimated)
Source: UMC
Although the figures available suggest that a majority of slum dwellers in Ujjain are living
Below Poverty Line. It can be analysed from the above table that nearly half of the
population in the Ujjain city is below poverty line .A major poor population lives in the old
city areas where they have ancestral shelter to live in but are unemployed.
7.3 Slums in Ujjain
Slums and squatter settlements are essentially
products of urban poverty. In the context of
urban basic service delivery, almost by
definition, the population living in slums lacks
access to basic infrastructure services like safe
water, sanitation, solid waste collection and
disposal, drainage, access roads, street lights,
neighborhood amenities like safe play areas for
children and community facilities, and
electricity connections. Hence, for the
assessment of service accessibility by the urban
poor, slum settlements have been considered as
an appropriate representation of the urban
poor.The M.P Gandi Basti Kshetra (Sudhar Figure 7-1 Poor condition of Slum houses
tatha Nirmulan) Act, 1976 (M.P slum Area- Improvement & Relocation Act) defines slums
in a similar fashion, taking housing conditions and access to services as the basic criteria for
defining an area as a slum.2
2 The M.P Gandi Basti Kshetra (Sudhar tatha Nirmulan) Act, 1976 (M.P Slum Area - Improvement & Relocation Act)
specifies that where the competent authority is satisfied in respect of buildings in an area “that the buildings in that area
are in any respect unfit for human habitation; or are by reason of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangement of
streets, lack of ventilation, light or sanitation facilities, or any combination of these factors, are detrimental to safety,
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A survey of slums conducted by UMC in 2004-2005 identified 129 slums, of which some
slums now need to be de-notified (since they possess the requisite basic services) while new
slums that have mushroomed, need to be notified.
A large number of slums and slum population in Ujjain, some of which are as yet,
unidentified squatters without any legal standing or secure tenure, translate into miserable
and unhealthy living conditions, which affects the slum dwellers’ economic productivity and
cumulatively, that of the city as a whole. The absence of water supply, disposal of human
waste and garbage collection may be identified as the three most important factors that
endanger the health and wellbeing of people living in slums. Provision of these basic urban
services has traditionally been a municipal function. Hence, in this context, it is important to
examine characteristics of slums and slum population in Ujjain, and most importantly, the
level of access to basic services and how best Municipal Corporation can deliver quality
services to its urban poor, effectively and efficiently.
Provisional results from the 2005 (UMC surveys) indicate that Ujjain had a slum population
of 1,32,139 or 34% of the total population. This is high compared with the State average of
15.16%. It may be mentioned that actual slum estimates depend much on how Municipalities
have defined and notified informal settlements within their urban areas.
Demographic characteristics like concentration of slum population, Service levels
(percentage of households in a slum having access to a service like water supply, toilets,
electricity, and percentage of pucca roads in a slum) in all 129 slums have also been looked
into, in detail.
7.3.1 General Characteristics of Slums in Ujjain
The following observations are derived from the secondary data obtained for 129slums in
Ujjain. Following are the major points analysed for Ujjain slums:
health or morals - it may, by notification, declare such area to be a slum area.” Further, to specify that a building is
unfit for human habitation, the criteria to be considered are “repair, stability, freedom from damp, natural light and air,
water supply, drainage and sanitary conveniences, facilities for storage, preparation and cooking of food and for the
disposal of waste water.”
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7.3.1.1 Social Set-up
The social composition of a majority of slums comprises Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes
and other backward castes. Most of the slums or mohallas have predominantly one caste
staying in it, for example, Patels or Chamars/Harijans or Bain Samaj or, people from one
place of origin. However, in some of the slums, the original settlement housed a single caste
or social group, but later, other social groups also started moving in, creating a wider social
mix.
7.3.1.2 Employment
The main income earner in 35.8% of all poor households is in informal employment .A
considerable section of the working population in slums is engaged in works like rickshaw
pulling, construction labourers and daily wagers. Informal activities like roadside food and
‘pan’ stalls, and home-based small businesses. Ladies are mainly engaged in incense stick
making works.
A majority of population belongs to skilled craftspersons. These Craftsmen are mainly
engaged in the following activities:
Papier Mache, a craft practised since time immemorial, finds expression in
varied forms.
Hand block printing is among the important crafts of Madhya Pradesh.
Bherongarh near Ujjain as well as Ujjain has large printer communities
who specialise in lugda, jajams, oudhnis and quilts. These printed quilts
were also presented in the court of Mughal Emperor Akbar and were
exported to Europe during the pre-independence days by the East India Co.
Tying and Dyeing The art of tying and dyeing fabric is known as Bandhani
or Bandhej in Madhya Pradesh. This delicate technique represents the
earliest forms of resist patterning.
Batik is a resist process in which the fabric is painted with molten wax and
then dyed in cold dyes. Batik is done on a large scale in Ujjain.
Figure 7-2 Local
Handicraft of Ujjain
Other Small Scale industries
Ujjain is also famous for manufacturing good quality Mehndi .The Mehndi powder
manufactured here is exported outside the country also. The place is also famous for
manufacturing Rituals / Pooja samagris (items).
It is interesting to note that there is great demand of Ujjain’s craft and still the makers of this
craft are bound to live in very miserable conditions due to the absence of specific livelihood
projects. Initiatives should be taken in order to upgrade the present scenario and the project
should lay a great stress on building capacities of local institutions and communities and
convergence of resources, schemes and efforts at the local level. The emphasis should be on
seeking active partnership of people and their groups, civil society organisations and non-
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governmental organisations in planning, mobilising, execution and monitoring of different
programmes for widening livelihoods of people on a sustainable basis.
The present day need is:
• To initiate specific livelihood projects
• To give efforts on skill upgradation as well as technological upgradation
• Formation of Self Help groups
•
7.3.1.3 Average Household Size
The average household size in slums in Ujjain is 5.74 versus 5.57 for the city as a whole. In
Muslim households in slums, the average household size ranges from 10 to 12.
7.3.1.4 Average Household Income
On an average, slum households have a monthly income of
Rs. 1500 per month, the range being Rs. 600 to Rs. 5,000.
7.3.1.5 Housing Type
The analysis of housing types done is based on the different
types of housing conditions. The housing conditions are
divided in to Kutchha and Pucca type .The analysis shows the
following results.
Nearly 50% of the slum dwellers live in temporary shelters
Pucca
type,
7685
Kutchha type
Pucca type
Kutchha
type,
6924
Most of the houses are entirely made of makeshift materials – wood, bamboo and
plastic/tarpaulin sheets
The above analysis shows that the city definitely needs schemes like low cost housing for
slum free environment.
7.3.1.6 Basic services to Slums
Access to basic services is now deemed a criterion for identification of the poor and poor
areas in a city (essentially slums). The responsibility for service provision in an equitable
manner lies with municipal government, which finds it difficult to meet growing gaps in
service levels of a burgeoning urban poor population.
Information on access to services in slums within municipal limits in Ujjain has been
collected from a variety of sources. This section first analyses overall levels of access of slum
settlements in Ujjain to basic services like:
• Water supply
• Sanitation
• Roads
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• Electricity
Waat teerr ssuuppppl lyy
Access to individual water connections (which is ideal) in Ujjain slums is low and most slum
households do not have easy access to public sources of supply (public stand post taps/hand
pumps/wells) within 100 meters of their dwellings (UNCHS Habitat’s norm of 200 meters).
The accessibility comes out to be one source of water per 150 persons, which is very low.
Table 7-2 Slum Infrastructure, water supply
No.of slums No.of
household
Population Area
(acres)
Hand pumps Stand
posts
113 14580 114279 812.66 184 412
16
(unapproved)
2113 17860 82.65 17 35
Source: UMC
SSaanni itaat
tioonn
The overall picture shows that less than 10% of the total slum dwellers in Ujjain have
individual toilets while rest of the population is using public toilets (it comes out to be
1public toilet per 175 persons).
Table 7-3 Details of Sewerage and sanitation in Ujjain slums
No.of
slums
No.of
househol
d
Populatio
n
Are
a
(acr
es)
Individual
toilets
Public
toilets
113 14580 114279 812.66 8384 679 -
16
2113 17860 82.65 1240 24 -
(unapproved)
Source: UMC
Sewer line
Lack of access to sanitation (toilets) is a universal problem faced by the slum population
across almost all slums in the city. Sanitation facilities are very poor in some of the slums
where the population neither has individual latrines nor they have public toilet facilities.
Some of the poorly facilitated slums are:
Table 7-4 Poorly facilitated Slums
Name of
slum
No. of
household
Population Individual
toilets
Public
toilets
Bherugarh 30 200 10 - -
naka
Ahukhana 70 350 15 - -
Jogipura 103 524 - 6 -
Gaundsamaj
Source: UMC
Rooaaddss
Sewer line
By and large, most slums in the core area of the city have been provided Pucca roads under
the National Slum Development Program.
Table 7-5 Slum Infrastructure, Roads
No.of slums No.of Population Area Surfaced
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household (acres) roads(kms)
113 14580 114279 812.66 67.10
16
(unapproved)
2113 17860 82.65 7.14
Figure 7-3 Existing slum conditions
EEl leecct trri icci ityy
The data available reveal that a majority of slums in Ujjain have access to electricity.
Table 7-6 Slum Infrastructure, Electricity
No.of slums No.of Population Area Domestic streetlights
household
(acres) connection.
113 14580 114279 812.66 14486 888
16
(unapproved)
2113 17860 82.65 2113 105
Source: UMC
7.3.1.7 Overview on access to basic services
The following table gives an overall picture of accessibility of slum dwellers to the basic
services:
Table 7-7 Assess to basic services
Year
No. of slum
dwellers
Percentage of slum dwellers having access to
Water
Drainage
supply
system
1991 108 20% 20% 35%
2001 113 30% 30% 40%
2005(estimated) 129 40% 50% 50%
Source: Ujjain City, IDUMP Report, 2002
Waste
service
collection
It can be analysed that nearly half of the slum population in Ujjain don’t have accessibility to
the basic services. There is an increase in the coverage of basic services to the slum dwellers
but lack of interest among dweller to take legal connections is the major problem.
7.3.2 Status of Slums in Ujjain
The following section analyses the status of slums in Ujjain in terms of location,
concentration of slum population, land ownership and tenure status and access to basic urban
services. It collates secondary information collected for each of the 129 slums in the city and
presents a picture of poverty and slums in the city of Ujjain.
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7.3.2.1 Location of Slums
Table 7-8 ward wise information of slums in Ujjain
Ward No. No.H/H Slum H/H No. of
slums
Slum P
Total
P
Ward No.1 1364 741 8 3600 9477 38
Ward No.2 2123 1275 7 6710 11242 60
Ward No.3 2449 675 3 3965 13171 30
Ward No.4 1127 260 2 1600 6610 24
Ward No.5 2288 565 4 3550 13146 27
Ward No.6 914 215 1 1302 5715 23
Ward No.7 1008 233 1 1547 5969 26
Ward No.9 1298 605 4 4200 9643 44
Ward No.11 1859 1022 7 6209 10929 57
Ward No.24 1559 450 1 250 9061 3
Ward No.25 1652 490 4 3150 8955 35
Ward No.26 1228 300 1 2000 6386 31
Ward No.27 3526 1760 9 9618 18427 52
Ward No.28 1934 322 3 1865 9991 19
Ward No.32 1067 44 1 259 7013 4
Ward No.33 1303 235 1 1409 8694 16
Ward No.35 1590 397 7 2006 8847 23
Ward No.36 2010 526 3 2833 11672 24
Ward No.37 2208 657 6 4264 11857 36
Ward No.38 1804 595 5 3675 9425 39
Ward No.39 2570 151 2 875 13707 6
Ward No.41 1524 140 1 1064 7307 15
Ward No.42 2143 55 1 275 9729 3
Ward No.43 3341 180 1 1060 15558 7
Ward No.46 1808 136 3 570 9536 6
Ward No.48 978 140 1 600 5398 11
Ward No.49 1629 438 2 1656 9121 18
Ward No.50 1650 189 1 766 8740 9
Ward No.52 1474 427 3 1364 7665 18
Ward No.53 2095 1665 11 9785 10925 90
Ward No.54 2673 1801 11 10362 14350 72
Source: UMC
7.3.2.2 Concentration of Slums
% to
Total
Slums in Ujjain are spread all over the city, with the maximum number located in Wards 53
(having 11 slums), 54 (having 11 slums), 11 and 27(7 and 9 slums each). The map below fig-
7.4 presents the ward-wise concentration of slum population.
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Figure 7-4Map of Ujjain showing Location of Slums
Ownneerrsshhi ipp
Most slums in Ujain are located on government and private lands. Government land includes
land belonging to the central, state or municipal government. Private land, on the other hand,
belongs to individuals. Certain slums are spread over adjacent government and private lands.
TTeennuurree SSt taat tuuss
Though all the slum areas are on encroached public or private land, Government has from
time-to-time issued the slum households (legal ownership/title of land), as part of its policy to
ensure tenure security to the poor and landless.
7.3.2.3 Unapproved Slums and Homeless Population
While the identified slums have some security of tenure and fall under the purview of
municipal service provision, the unidentified or informal slums and peri-urban settlements
fall outside the net of formal service provision. People living either in unrecognized slum
settlements or on pavements, live in virtual absence of basic services. There is no available
estimate of this population in the city, or the coping strategies adopted by them.
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7.3.3 Urban Poor’s Perception of Service Levels in Ujjain
The views of poor households in Ujjain must influence the strategy for improvement of
service levels in slums. Studies done on the slums in Ujjain and informal group discussions
with the community revealed:
Virtually very less attempts have been made to assess the needs and priorities of people
living in slums prior to provision of basic services. “Community Participation” or
involvement in slum improvement is therefore lacking
In terms of satisfaction of the urban poor with the levels of basic services, electricity is the
only service that they have few complaints about
Sanitation is the least satisfactory of all public services. Women, in particular, articulated the
need for functional public toilets close to their slum. Some also desire individual low cost
toilets. The need to clean the open drains regularly was another expressed need
Responsiveness of UMC to needs (e.g., complaints lodged for regular cleaning, or, stated
need for functional public toilets, or, pucca inner lanes, or, for larger number of standposts) is
stated as unsatisfactory by the urban poor in most of the slums visited
As mentioned earlier most of the poor population are skilled craftspersons and there is an
urgent need of initiating Special livelihood project for them.
7.3.4 Review of Urban poverty reduction programmes
There are mainly four programmes going on for poverty reduction /slum improvement in the
city. They can be divided mainly in to two types according to the objectives and focus areas
of the programmes:
Employment generation programmes…………………………………………………...SJSRY
Programmes for provision of infrastructure/ shelter………………...NSDP, ILCS, VAMBAY
Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana: SJSRY is a centrally sponsored programme and it
mainly emphasizes on the poverty reduction through employment generation. Main target
groups of the programme are: Urban poor, Women, SC/ST, Disabled
Programmes for slum improvement / provision of basic urban services: NSDP: A Centrally
assisted Slum Development Programme NSDP is mainly for improvement in the
environment in the slums as a broader objective through provision of infrastructure facilities
and shelter for improving living conditions in the slums ILCS. This scheme is for low cost
sanitation in the slum areas ………
VAMBAY: Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) is a central government scheme
to provide housing to the poor. It was launched in the state of MP in the year 2001. Under
WMBAY scheme, an amount of Rs. 50,000 is extended to a beneficiary in a city with more
than 10 lacs population while in cities having population less than 10 lacs, each beneficiary
gets Rs. 40,000. Fifty percent of the amount is central government grant while the rest could
be taken as loan from HUDCO/other nationalized banks, state government/Urban local
bodies
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Recently initiated programmes – Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP) under Jawaharlal
Lal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) beginning from the year 2005-2006
JNNURM is a 7 year mission. The major objectives for the BSUP programme are:
• Focused attention to integrated development of basic services to the poor.
• The basic services include security of tenure at affordable prices, improving housing,
water supply, and sanitation.
• Secure effective linkages between asset creation and asset management so that the
basic services to the urban poor created in the cities, are not only maintained
efficiently but also become self –sustaining over time.
The projects on further augmentation, construction and maintenance of basic infrastructure
projects shall come under the financial provisions of the JNNURM project fund.
7.4 Issues
Following are the issues based on the analysis done through secondary sources as well as
observations and discussions with government officials, community based organizations and
slum dwellers. Major issues in brief are given below:
• Negligence of Crafts persons
• Increasing size of BPL and vulnerable population
• The rapid increase in the density as well as number of slums has made the available
infrastructure inadequate and overstressed
• Lack of comprehensive urban poverty reduction strategy
• In absence of proper strategy and policies to create affordable housing stock for the
urban poor in the city, the growth of new slums will remain unabated
• Unregulated physical development
• Lack of planned interventions in the past has led to the growth of squatter settlements
on public lands. The present scenario shows increased inadequate serviced land for
housing within municipal limits
•
7.5 Strategies
The Slum dwellers of Ujain are mostly skilled labours and hence the main emphasis would
be on the enhanced livelihood alternatives.
• Involvement of NGOs for speedier implementation of the SNP and formation of SHGs
for better Livelihood options.
• Explore options for private sector participation in this project
• Evolve strategies for provision of housing for the Economically Weaker Sections to
accommodate the urban poor in proximity to major industrial areas, commercial hubs
etc., by reserving adequate lands for EWS housing.
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• Channelise all programs and activities of various government agencies for the urban
poor through the Special Purpose Vehicle.
• Motivate private sector to participate in slum up gradation projects.
• Slums development programs can be combined with heritage conservation programs
by unifying the basic features of the vernacular architecture of Ujjain into the new
development. The basic features of the vernacular can only be arrived at by
documenting heritage buildings and analyzing the data.
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8 Ciitty IInffrassttructture and Serviicess Reviiew
Availability and adequacy of urban services are important indicators to assess the liveability
principle of city. They act as catalysts for economic development. Thus, infrastructure may
be defined as the basic facilities, which any developed area requires in sustaining the
activities being carried out in it. Therefore, infrastructure facilities play an important role in
fostering economic growth and enhancing public welfare. By and large, the infrastructure
may be divided into two categories: (a) Physical infrastructure including Water supply,
Drainage, Sewerage, Solid Waste management and Street lighting, Fire Services and so forth;
and (b) Social infrastructure including Education, Health, Markets Recreational facilities etc.
This chapter attempts to present the status of urban infrastructure and services in the Ujjain
City. The analysis is based on the secondary data collected from various Parastatal agencies
such as Ujjain Municipal Corporation, Health and Sanitation Department, Public works
Department, Electricity Board and from UDA. The study approach shows all the sub sectors
of urban services covered in the chapter. Firstly, the status of all the sub sectors is discussed
and detailed, followed by Performance indicators, SWOT and Problems and Issues.
8.1 Water Supply
At the city level, the institution responsible for delivery of water supply is UMC. The fig
below shows the various functions performed by UMC in Water Supply delivery and their
linkages. The decision to undertake the project is taken by UMC. The plan preparation,
construction of reservoirs, laying of transmission lines and distribution lines, their
maintenance and financial inputs are all borne by UMC and State Government. The UMC is
also involved in providing house connections and collection of registration and user charges.
8.1.1 Sourcing and Treatment
Ujjain is situated on the bank of river Kshipra from where the city used to obtain its water.
The river is, however, not perennial and the flow significantly reduces from the month of
April until arrival of monsoon in July. Thus there was a need to capture new sources for
water supply which have emerged in the form of Gambhir dam and Undasa tank. The
Gambhir dam accounts for nearly 96 % of water supply to the city while Undasa tank caters
to the rest 4% of the population.
Sahebkari tank along with Shipra river are the other surface resources but are these are rain
dependent. Another problem with the river Kshipra is that it gets mixed with the river Khan
near Triveni (Ujjain) and gets polluted from the industrial waste. However there are water
treatment plants installed near the river but still the water gives the problems of bad odour
and pale colour. Other than that, the city also depends on surface-subsurface and other
sources for water supply.
As far as Water Treatment us concerned, a water treatment plant (WTP) was built on the
bank of Kshipra River in 1952 for 27 Mld capacity. With increase in population the water
supply was augmented in 1967 by a 4.5 Mld capacity WTP with water from the Undasa
irrigation tank. This latter facility was mainly used for the industrial area and only a small
portion of the city could be served by this scheme. The tank is entirely rain dependent and
unreliable.
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With the city facing acute water shortages the authority decided to collect water from a dam
constructed on the river Gambhira by PHE department 21 km from the city. Thus a 23 Mld
WTP was constructed in 1980 along with a distribution system to cater to un-served areas.
Subsequently the authority installed a new WTP of 4.5 Mld with raw water from Sahebkheri
Irrigation Tank and augmented the Gambhira WTP to 57 Mld in 1984 and 1992 respectively.
The schemes included laying of new distribution lines to new areas. Although the river
Gambhir is non-perennial and the flow is dependent on rain, due to it’s large catchment area
and dead storage capacity enough water is stored to fulfil both irrigation and city water
supply requirements.
For the commencement of Simhasta festival in 2004 (a special religious feature in Ujjain
once in every 12 years), the State government sanctioned a project for Rs.23.93 crores as
grant to the municipality to augment the water. Under this project it was proposed to build a
27 Mld capacity
WTP by the side of
existing Kshipra
WTP with raw
water drawn from
Gambhir dam for
both the existing
and new plants.
Laying of a 21 km
long 800 mm dia
DICL rising main
from Gambhira dam
to the WTP site was
done. Raw water
pumps at intake
well near Gambhir
dam, Clear water
pumps at new WTP
along with adequate
clear water feeder
mains to the
existing overhead
tanks, electric
substation at intake Figure 8-1 Water supply coverage
well and new water treatment plant were included in this project. The project does not
include any new service reservoir or distribution pipelines. The work got completed by
March 2004.
With the completion of the Simhasta water supply project, the quantity of treated water is
reported to be sufficient to serve the 2021 projected city population of 688,000 with more
than recommended norm of 135 lcpd and after allowance for losses.
Table 8-1 Water Resources Surface resources
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Surface Source Capacity in MLD Percentage coverage
Source 1 Gambhir Dam 90.00 95.24%
Source 2 Undasa Tank 4.50 4.76%
Total 94.50
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Figure 8-2 Institutional role in service delivery
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8.1.1.1 Storage and Distribution System
At present, there is reluctance among the people to adapt to protected water supply, and as a
result, the household connections are less. Nearly half of the Ujjain’s population is dependent
on standposts and handpumps as source for water. However, other water requirement of
water for other purposes in such houses is met with individual water supply like tube-well or
dug-wells fitted with small pumps.
The Ujjain Municipal Corporation is divided into 54 wards. The total number of households
in the city is about 77,099 of which 45,403 (67%) have house connections. Supply is also
made available to the public through 3,000community stand posts and 885 handposts. A
further 872 connections are made to commercial and industrial establishments. In addition,
the municipal authority estimates that there are about 10,000 unregistered connections. The
water supply to all these consumers is provided through 25 overhead service reservoirs and
about 400 km of distribution network.
There are 25 overhead reservoirs in the city having a total capacity of 30.26 ML. Presently
there are no ground level service reservoirs in the city. The distribution system has a total
length of 472 kms including distribution mains of 400 kms and Clear Water Transmission
Mains of 72 kms. Also, the production capacity in the treatment plants appears to be much
lower than the installed capacity due to reduction in the efficiency of the equipment. In
addition, there appears to be considerable losses from the distribution pipelines. As a result
the authority only supplies water for about 1 (one) hour a day and during scarcity it is
curtailed to 1hour every alternate day.
Although the production capacity of treated water is 93 Mld, the quantity reaching the
437,410 population of the city after offsetting the production deficiency and all losses is
about 34 Mld or 83 lcpd which is less than the recommended minimum norm of CPHEEO for
having a sewerage system. During summer months, due to depletion in the sources, water
production is restricted and the supply rate becomes insufficient. The total storage capacity in
service reservoirs (24.75 Ml) is adequate but their connection to water deficient areas is
required.
Table 8-2 Water connection Details
Metered
No.of connections Proportion
a Domestic/ Residential - 0.00%
b Non Domestic/ Commercial 259 75.29%
c Industrial 85 24.71%
d Institutional - 0.00%
Total- Metered 344
Unmetered
a Domestic/ Residential 45,059 100.00%
b Non Domestic/ Commercial - 0.00%
c Industrial - 0.00%
d Institutional - 0.00%
Total- Unmetered 45,059
Total Water Connections 45,403
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8.1.1.2 Public Standposts
The number of beneficiaries per stand post is about 43, which is much less than the EIUS
recommendations. But, it is necessary to restrict the stand posts in the city in view of large
wastage arising out of these outlets. The number of individual house connections should be
increased and standposts restricted to where physically necessary, perhaps only serving slums
and economically weaker sections (EWS).
8.1.1.3 Unaccounted For Water (UFW)
There is substantial wastage in the public standposts during supply hours. In addition, there
are significant leakages from the pipelines on which there is no systematic flow recording.
However on the basis of limited investigation and discussions with the O&M staff, the total
water loss in the distribution system is estimated to be not less than 23%. Taking into account
of loss of water in process, transmission, wastage in standposts, unauthorised connections,
the unaccounted for water (UFW) estimated by the authority is not less than 64%.
8.1.2 Operation and Maintenance
The production rate faced by UMC comes out to be Rs 4.26 per 1000 lts. The UMC is
charging a flat rate of Rs.60 per domestic connection per month which should be Rs 130 for
successful maintenance of water works. The operation and maintenance (O&M) of the
treatment plants and distribution system is undertaken by the municipality. There are about
914 staff, including 21 of engineering cadre, provided under the UMC for O&M of the
headwork and distribution system. The annual cost structure of O&M is shown in Table
below:
Table 8-3Annual Cost of O&M for WTP and Distribution System 2004-05
Sl. No. Cost Head Cost per Annum
(Rs. In lakh)
1 Raw Water Charge 20.02
2 Leak & Other Repairs 389.46
3 Chemicals 34.30
4 Energy 446.77
5 Staff Salary & Administration 524.08
Total Cost of O&M 1414.63
Table 8-4 Water supply Service indicators
Per Capita Water Supply- Gross (2001 Population) value unit
Normal Season 231.17 lpcd
Dry Season
lpcd
Weighted Average
lpcd
Distribution Network Coverage (w.r.t Road Length) 135.37 %
Houses/PT Assessments with Water Connection 62.94 %
Non-domestic Connections to Total Connections - %
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Slum Population per Public Standpost (PSP) 43.07 Nos.
Table 8-5 Water Supply Service Cost and efficiency
Service Cost & Efficiency Indicators value unit
a Expenditure per 1000 Litres of Water Produced 1087.29 Rs./KL
b Expenditure per House Service Connection - Rs. p.m.
c Revenue per 1000 Litres of Water Produced 316.17 Rs./KL
d Revenue per House Service Connection 692883.73 Rs. p.m.
g Share of Estab. Expen. in Water Expenditure 37.47 %
h % Cost Recovered through Water Charges (General & Special) 37.70 %
SWOT analysis:
Issue Strength Opportunity Weakness Threat
The water supply
systems does not
cover 100 %
population
Condition of
Water supply
pipelines are
below standards
Lack of
interlinked
networking
Kshipra river is
still not a
dependable
source due to
poor water
quality
The city has
adequate water
capacity up to
2020
The network
coverage is
sufficient
Ambodia and
Kshipra are the
two major supply
systems
Water
availability
throughout the
year due to stop
dam
8.1.3 Future requirement
The JNNURM
mission will play a
major role for
implementation of
water supply projects
Poor condition of
existing water
supply lines
“ 300 -400 mm
pipelines are
further branched
which results in
improper water
supply
The whole city can
be catered without
failure if the systems
are linked
Financial assistance
will help in
combating the
existing hurdles
The systems are
not linked .Half of
the city lacks
water supply in
case one of the
two systems fail
Even if there is
Water treatment
plant, the supplied
water fails colour
and odour
standards
People are not
willing to pay for
the individual
household
connections
No domestic
metered
connections
Improper
maintenance of
supply system
Khan river mixes
with Kshipra near
Triveni (Ujjain)
and pollutes the
river with
industrial waste
Based on the projected population of 2011, the water demand is expected to rise to 82.15
MLD in 2011 @155 lpcd. To make available the required quantity of water, the existing
sources will be sufficient
• Gambhir dam
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• Undasa tank
A broad estimate of 4143.10 lakh has been prepared by UMC to cater the future water
demand which involves the following components:
Table 8-6Future Water Supply Requirements (2011 & 2021)
Present
(2005)
90MLD
demand
Current Supply
Status
(90 MLD)
(90MLD) covered
Future Demand (2011)
82.15 MLD -
Note : Presently the water supply is been done at a rate of 180 lpcd and the future demand has been estimated at
a rate of 155 lpcd.
Gap
Present
demand(2005)
90MLD
Current
Status
(90 MLD)
Supply
Future Demand (2021)
Gap
106.67 MLD 20%
(90MLD) covered
Thus it can be concluded from the above results that there will be as such no water scarcity in
Ujjain city till 2021.the above calculations have been done with an excess provision of water
per capita. It can be analysed that the city will also be capable to provide sufficient water for
the floating population during Simhastha.
8.1.4 Problems and issues
The key issues regarding water supply in Ujjain are:
• Inadequate water supply coverage despite availability of surface water source in
Kshipra River /Gambhir dam
• Inequitable distribution of existing water, due to leakage, inadequate distribution
network capacity, old pipelines and in-appropriate zoning system
• Large number of un-registered/ un-authorized connections (estimated at 15,000
connections) and public stand posts resulting in untapped cost-recovery potential
• Dilapidated condition/mal-functioning of plant and equipment- flow recorders, meters,
dosing equipment and choked sand beds at filter-plants
• Arbitrary trial-and-error based deviations in the water supply zoning and operating
system in order to attempt equitable and timely supply; and
• Absence of a formal operation and maintenance manual and negligent preventive
maintenance- basic information on the water supply network, like pipe diameters,
material, location on map, age, etc., not available
• The number of household connections by protected water supply in UMC are very low
• There is a general reluctance amongst many to adopt piped water connection for their
houses
• A large number of commercial establishments, hotels, restaurants do not have water
connections
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• Some of the distribution pipelines are very old and have become hydraulically
inefficient.
• Objectives of Efficient / Sufficient Water Supply
The overall analysis of problems and issues shows that despite of water adequacy in the city,
there is a problem of proper coverage and service. Looking at Ujjain city’s future as a pilgrim
centre and a place with great religious sanctity it will be required that the city should have
proper infrastructure for its inhabitants and the floating population. Following are the
objectives to achieve the required goal:
Objectives
To give access to safe water supply to all communities
To initiate community involvement for the rational use of water
To initiate programmes for Rain water harvesing for recharge of ground water
Action plan
Roof top Rainwater harvesting can be made mandatory especially in the shallow aquifer zone and against
any new boring wells
Regulations and control of unregistered connections is the need of the day
The water taxes applied should be at an affordable range for all communities
Repair of leakages and reduction in stand posts wherever required must be undertaken
A Distribution network mapping and analysis is required for the entire area Based on the record plans a
hydraulic analysis should then be done to allow proper design of any future system expansion
Educational Programmes for the rational use of water must be propagated. Encouragement for research and
training in new techniques of water conservation
Political will must be mobilized Sufficient levels of investment should be made
8.2 Sewerage and Sanitation
Of many things that can make for healthy cities, clean living conditions are very important.
'Sanitation is a basic component for development .It is not only the problem of keeping
clean , it is also an economic and social problem of raising production and promoting a
good life.' (Pathak)
At present, Ujjain city lacks the Sewerage
network. Under the predominant system of sewage
disposal, therefore, the untreated effluent over
flowing from soak-pits and draining into the city’s
drainage system tends to pollute the water
considerably apart from emanating foul smell into
the atmosphere.
All the sewage thus generated in the city flows
through the open drains and discharged to nallahs
Figure 8-3 Poor sanitary conditions
and ultimately to the river Kshipra. In the old
areas of the city an attempt was made for laying some sewers about 60 years back, but is only
about 7 km in length.
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8.2.1 Present status
The city of Ujjain is partially covered by underground sewer system which is about 7 kms in
length (recently laid 3.5 kms line), and most parts of the city depends on septic tanks. Many
of the houses use septic tanks that are inadequately designed and the partly treated effluent
from these tanks is allowed to flow into the open drains. Unhygienic dry latrines and open
defecation is common in several areas. Open drains carry waste water from kitchens and
bathrooms. There are eleven main nallas flowing through the city. These nallas carry sullage
water and discharge the same into the river Kshipra and thus contaminate the river. In order
to intercept the flow of these nallas, skeleton sewer lines were laid from time to time
particularly on the advent of Simhastha fair, so that the offensive sullage could be pumped
away from ghats into farms.
A scheme for prevention due to pollution on bathing ghats of Kshipra river amounting to
Rs.18.05 lakhs was prepared by P. H. E. Department; and executed by Municipal Corporation
during the year 1968-69. Under the above scheme laying of ghat sewers on Somwaria nalla,
construction of Chakratirth pumping station with pumping machineries and 24" pumping
main etc. were executed. A scheme for prevention of pollution of river Kshipra due to
Hanuman nalla, was prepared by P. H. E. Department at an estimated cost of 4.63 lakhs. It
was executed during the years 1966-69. Before the construction of this sewer, sullage carried
by Hanuman nalla was discharging into the river Kshipra on its upstream side of the existing
water works intake causing contamination of the source of water supply. Diversion of this
nalla prevented the contamination of river to a large extent. The above sewers have reduced
to a great extent the pollution of Kshipra. A complete underground drainage system is
essential to improve the sanitation of the city particularly the central area which has highest
densities and most unsanitary conditions.
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Figure 8-4 Sewage disposal process
8.2.1.1 Earlier efforts
In the earliar efforts the following sewers were laid:
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• One 225 to 300mm diameter laid from Dewas gate, Gudri crossing, Kartic chowk to
old sump well (2180m)
• 300 to 375mm diameter sewer runs from Bheru, Helawadi, Sumwariya to old sump
well (length 3000m)
• Smaller length (161m) sewer joining to new sump well.
These sewer lines are in dilapidated condition and most parts of the city are thus dependent
on individual or community septic tanks. The new colonies such a Indira nagar, Sandipani
nagar are completely dependent on septic tanks. The waste which is carried by the sewer
system and the nallahs is taken to the nine pumping stations,namely at Ram ghat, Badnagar
Bridge, Chakratirth, Rudra Sagar, Manshaman Ganesh,Gaughat, Dani gate, Somwariya,
Ayurvedic College and Bhairavgarh. The sewage is then pumped up to the sewage farms.
Ujjain has a present population of 464,000(estimated) distributed in 54 wards. Of this about
40% is living in the core area and 28% in the surrounding developing area, while the balance
32% live in rural areas. The sanitation in the rural areas with low population density (19
persons/ha) is not critical that in the densely populated city core area (420 persons/ha) and in
the developing areas with medium population density (225 persons/ha). It is therefore
required to provide sewerage to the entire core area (100%) first and part coverage (80%) to
the developing areas later.
8.2.2 Recent projects (Sewerage)
Ujjain is a religious city, which attracts about half a million of pilgrims every year. The River
Kshipra flowing through the heart of the city is regarded as a holy river and plays an
important role for the religious pilgrims. In view of the potential health risk to bathers the
GoI undertook a project to stop the pollution of the River Kshipra under the National River
Conservation Programme (NRCP). The GoI provided a grant of Rs.140 million to the PHED
for intercepting sewage flow in the major water channels discharging to the river. The
intercepted sewage is pumped to a STP, treated and discharged for irrigation. Under this
scheme there was no provision for providing sewerage within the city. On completion of the
scheme the river is substantially free of pollution but there is little appreciable improvement
to the city sanitation.
8.2.2.1 Detail of Sewerage system in the city
Septic tank is the most common mode of disposal of sanitary waste disposal in Ujjain. The
other modes of disposal and household distribution are shown in Table below. It is evident
that about 85% of households have an access to Safe mode of sanitary disposal i.e. by the
means of Septic tanks, Dug latrines. However, about 15% of households do not have an
access to safe mode of sanitation.
Table 8-7 Sanitation facilities
Sanitation Facilities
Population
covered
a Septic Tanks 397000 65000.00
b Public Conveniences 21000 850.00
c Low Cost Sanitation units 12000 7554.00
(no. of units)
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d Dry Latrines - 0.00
e Others - 0.00
Total 430000 73,404
Source:UMC, PHED
8.2.2.2 Tourism Consideration
Considering the large number of floating population there is a need for provision of Public
toilets and Pay and Use toilets especially in the commercial localities and other public places
like bus stand, rickshaw stand, etc. public amenities such as these are essential in order to
keep the surrounding clean and environment healthy.
Table 8-8 City Sewerage Infrastructure
s.no.
Sewage Pumping Details
1 No. of Pumping Stations 8.00
2 No. of Booster Stations 1.00
3 No. of Pumps 39.00
5 Total- Pumping Capacity (MLD) 57.50
6 Total- Pumping Capacity (HP) 2461.65
7 Total- Sewage Pumped (MLD) 17.25
Source:UMC, PHED
The city of Ujjain is considered as a holy city. The provision of community toilets and Sewerage system
augmentation will be done keeping in mind its heritage image.
8.2.2.3 Present status of sewage generation
The present status of sewage generation is as follows:
Total population of Ujjain = 4.65 lakh
Water supply= 64.53 MLD
Considering 80% of water supply as disposed sewage, total sewage generated = 52.75
Mld/day.
8.2.2.4 Future Requirement
It is estimated that around 57.24 MLD sewage would be generated in 2011. To have an
efficient sewerage system, it would require to lay a complete sewer network for the entire
city which comes out to be 139.5 kms. For fulfilling the future sewage treatment demand an
additional sewage treatment plant of 22 MLD is proposed.
Table : Future demand assessment
Components Year Total generation in
MLD
Future Sewerage Generation 2011 57.24 MLD
2021 73.40 MLD
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Components Standard Present Capacity Future Demand Gap
Sewerage network 100% of the area - Entire city to be 100%
sewered
Sewage Treatment 100% of waste 52.75 MLD 73.40 21.55MLD
8.3 Social infrastructure
Table 8-9 Number of Schools in Ujjain City
Government Schools
a No. of Schools 145
b No. of Class Rooms 533.00
c No. of Students 25,419
d No. of Teachers 1,032
Private/ Voluntary Organisation Schools
a No. of Institutions 285
b No. of Class Rooms 1,073
c No. of Students 64,175
d No. of Teachers 2,921
Table 8-10 Medical facilities in Ujjain city
Medical Facilities
Municipal Medical Facilities
a No. of Medical Centres/Clinic/Dispensaries 7
b No. of Doctors 5
c No. of Nurses/ Compounders 3
d No. of Beds -
e Avg. No. of Patients per Day 550.00
Non-Municipal Medical Centres
Medical Centres Run by:
a Government 16
b Private Sector 25
Total 41
Doctors
a Government 114
b Private Sector 102
Total 216
Table 8-11Fire services in Ujjain City
Number of Fire Tenders by Type
a Fire Water Tender Nos 6
b Water Tanker Cum Fire Tender (local make) Nos 6
c Jeep Mini Fire Tender Nos -
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d Fire Tender Nos 1
e Others Nos -
Total Nos 13
Other Equipment
a Hydraulic Platform Nos -
b Portable Pump Nos 2.00
c Trailer Pumps Nos 1.00
d Lader Nos 7.00
8.4 Issues and problems
• No underground sewerage System Coverage: There is no sewerage network in Ujjain
presently and some of the population even don’t have sanitation facilities.
• Septic tank is the major mode of disposal that may pollute the shallow ground water
with microbial pollution.
• In some parts of the city the effluent from the soak pits is directly being disposed into
the river.
• Public conveniences are not adequate in the city.
• Mixing of storm water with sewerage during monsoons: Infiltration of rainwater into
the sewage lines in some areas further aggravates the problem during the monsoon
months.
• Unhygienic dry latrines or open defecation still exists.
• The partly or wholly untreated effluent flows into open drains.
• Absence of a proper drainage system in the older and even newer areas of the city.
Objectives of proposing sewerage and sanitation facilities
• A city can grow better only if has healthy citizens. With a vision to bring Ujjain on the
world map as a city with great religious image it is must to develop it as a clean and
hygienic city first. Following will be the objectives for sanitation provision in the city
:
• The provision of infrastructure will be sensitive to the heritage image of the city.
• Access to safe sanitation systems must be ensured for all communities
• Sanitation systems being implemented must be safe and adapted to the economic
means of the users.
• Genuine community involvement must take place in both planning and management
of systems.
• The sanitation systems should not lead to water or land degradation.
• The systems should be designed to recycle to the maximum extent the renewable
resources, such as water and nutrients present in human excreta, as well as nonrenewable
resources.
• Strategies
Nos
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• To promote indigenous and low cost sanitation technologies-like the sulabh flush
compost toilet at household level
• Sulabh flush compost toilet is a two-pit pour flush toilet technology. Easy to construct
with locally available materials. The design and specifications can be altered to suit
the needs and paying capacity of the user.
• Harnessing non-conventional energy sources from human waste to save fuel and
forests, like for example, biogas generation from the excreta at public toilets
• To educate people not to defecate in the open and prevent environmental pollution
• Building community toilets with bathing, washing, urinal facilities on pay-and-use
basis at public places
• Cross subsidization of public toilets in the rural areas with urban areas
• Procure manure from public toilets to use for agricultural practices. Effluent after
treatment can also be used in the agricultural farms, for gardening or discharge in the
water bodies.
8.5 Storm water Drainage
There is no planned storm water disposal system in the city. Small and medium surface
drains constructed along the roads carry
household wastewater and discharge it to
open areas or small water courses like
Hanuman nallah, Sombaria nallah, etc.
These nallahs in turn discharge to the river
Kshipra.
None of the city nallahs are capable of
carrying storm water and overflow
immediately after heavy rain. Further, due
to construction activities without proper
regard to the drainage there are several
disruptions in the alignment leading to
Figure 8-5 Poor SWM practices
stagnation of water in residential and
business areas. The situation is aggravated due to dumping of solid waste in the drains,
blocking the flow.
There are about 12 major flood prone areas in the city such as Somwaria, Kartik Chowk,
Begampura, Singpuri, Khatriwadi, Sakhipura, Jasingpura, Awantipura, Ramghat, Indore Gate
where drainage is inadequate with flooding at least 4 to 5 times in every year lasting from 4
to 6 hrs.
The average rainfall in Ujjain in monsoon months (June-September) is 952 mm.
approximately 30% of the tertiary and secondary drains require re-sectioning and re-grading
to improve their performance.
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Table 8-12 Major City level drains Inventory
S.no Nallah Observed Flow (Mld) Design
Flow (Mld)
1996 2011
1. Nanakheda 2.75 3.36
2 Alakhadham 3.03 3.71
3 Shastrinagar 3.55 4.34
4 Hanuman naka 7.73 9.45
5 Rajivratna 0.82 1.00
6 Somwaria 8.34 10.20
7 Piplinaka 3.88 6.34
8 Hammalwadi 3.17 3.93
9 Indira nagar 1.93 2.28
10 Siddhawat 1.80 2.20
11 Jaisinghpura 0.08 0.09
The major cause for overflow and flooding is silting and blockages by solid waste. The
performance of the drains can be significantly improved with better management. About 20%
of the total drain length is kutccha, which should be lined after proper de-silting. There is no
storm water drainage master plan prepared for Ujjain based on which the development can be
guided.
8.6 Issues Identified for City Drainage System
• Clogging of drains occur due to encroachment over the drains in old areas not
allowing regular cleaning and dumping of solid waste in open drains.
• Ground and surface water contamination occur due to transfer and disposal of the
wastewater through unlined canals; Hanuman, Sombaria and Ganda nallah into the
River Kshipra.
• Water logging occurs due to inadequacy and inefficiency of storm water drains at
Somwaria, Kartik Chowk, Begampura, Singpuri, Khatriwadi, Sakhipura, Jaisinghpura,
Awantipura, Ramghat and Indore Gate.
• Approximately 20 % of the total drain length is kutccha.
• Construction activities without proper regard to drainage lead to stagnation of
wastewater in the drains and also cause flooding.
•
8.6.1 Action Plan
• Laying of new drains to carry waste water and storm water wherever required
• Covering of open drains at all the uncovered stretches
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• Removal of encroachment over the drains in the commercial areas above the railway
line
• Regular cleaning of existing drains
• Proper lining of drains to reduce contamination.
• Waste water recycling through root zone treatment, underground treatment etc.
8.6.1.1 Drainage Rehabilitation Programme
Under this programme, a study shall be taken up to identify the flood spots within the city.
This shall be based on the past history of floods and survey of all the drains in the city and
their conditions. Mere cleaning of the drains could drain most of the flood spots. In almost all
the cases, strengthening of the drains and construction of leading drains will have to be taken
up. Desilting exercise has to be taken up in all the natural and open drains. Based on the
requirements that arise out of the study, the drains are to be remodelled from the origin to the
outfall.
8.6.1.2 Construction of Roadside drains.
Priority has to be given to the construction of roadside storm water drains (both open and
closed) to facilitate proper draining of storm water into natural drains.
8.7 Solid Waste Management
Historically health and safety have been the major concern in waste management. Today,
society demands more than this as well as being safe, waste management must also be
sustainable. Sustainable Development as defined by Brundtland Commission emphasis the
synergy between economic development, social equity and environment.
• Sustainable waste management should be economically affordable, socially acceptable
and environmentally effective.
• Solid waste management is an urban service that requires a lot of attention and is one
of the very important obligatory functions of any urban local body.
The Ujjain municipal Corporation estimates that 160 T/day of
solid waste is generated in the urban area, which includes the
impact of the floating population drawn to Ujjain as a city of
great religious significance. Most waste seems to end up on
open land or outside the containers. Waste generation estimates
suggest that about 83% of generated waste is actually removed.
There is a strong decline in the standard of services with respect
to collection, transportation and disposal. Presently municipal waste is simply dumped at
MR-V Agar Road trenching ground, at about 4 km from the city.
Corporation data, discussion with UMC authorities and visits to the disposal site all indicate
inadequate solid waste management. Municipal waste as collected is mixed in nature
including bio-waste, night-soil waste and septic tank sludge. Storage facilities are inadequate,
solid waste accumulates in the city and is not removed regularly. Primary collection involves
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multiple-handling, and is not synchronized with transportation, using inadequate manual
loading – unloading methods. Waste transportation is often by open trucks.
The overall waste generation and related available facilities and equipment with UMC are
summarised in Tables below. Table indicates the total staff engaged in solid waste
management.. Transportation facilities, which include type and age of vehicles, number of
trips and distance covered, are summarised in Table later.
Table 8-13 solid waste details
Waste Generation source(tons) Waste Generation source(tons) Proportion
a Domestic 66.00 41.51%
b Commercial & Trade 50.00 31.45%
c Industrial 5.00 3.14%
d Hospital 1.00 0.63%
e Construction and Demolition 30.00 18.87%
f Others (Floating Population) 7.00 4.40%
Total 159.00
8.7.1 Waste generation
The above table shows that the major contributors of solid waste are domestic and
commercial places, which combinable account for more than 70 % of solid waste. The city
has adequate dustbins covering nearly 85% of the city area. The average dustbin spacing is
nearly 500 mts the expenditure per capita on conservancy comes out to be Rs.2.5 for every
meter.
8.7.2 Waste collection
Table 8-14waste collection details in the Ujjain city
Primary Waste Collection
a Community Bins
4.5 cum. community bins- nos. 110.00
Others- nos. 599.00
Total- nos. 709.00
Total Waste Collected (kgs) 136,355.00
b Handcarts
Nos. 103.00
Capacity (kgs) 20,000.00
Secondary Waste Collection
a Vehicles Nos.
LMV- 1 ( 2.5 ton) 7
Total 7.00
Loader- 1 (2 ton) 2
Total 2.00
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HMV- 1 (2 ton) 5
HMV- 2 (4 ton) 6
Total 11.00
b Average Distance (km) 20.00
d Total- Vehicle Capacity (tons) 132.00
Disposal of municipal waste is by open dumping at MR-V Agar Road to the south-west of
the city, which generate obnoxious odours, blowing of litter and breeding of vectors. Burning
of the waste at disposal site is very common, which generate poisonous hydrocarbons such as
carcinogenic dioxins. Two new disposal sites has been identified but not yet acquired: at
Jalankheri, to the west of the city. The other site is in the East-south direction at Manpura
village.
Table 8-15Solid Waste Management Staff at Ujjain
Sl.
No.
Staff
Total
Strengt
h
Zone Wise Distribution of Staff
1 2 3 4
1 Chief Health Officer Nil - - - -
2 Health Officer 1 - - - -
3 Chief Sanitary Inspectors 1 - - - -
4 Sanitary Inspectors 5 2 1 1 1
5 Sanitary Supervisors 5 2 1 1 1
6 Jamadars 34 9 9 8 8
7 Ward Supervisors Nil - - - -
8 Safai Karamcharis 1064 274 242 222 215
9 Drivers 7 2 2 2 1
Table 8-16Physical Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste of Ujjain
(All the Values are in Percentage on wet weight basis)
Sl.
N
o
Items
Pape
r &
Card
boar
d
Pla
stic
Me
tals
Biodegradab
le of
Organic
Fraction
Bioresist
ant
Glass
&
Cera
mics
Inert
(Ston
e,
Brick
s)
Fine
Earth

8 Commercial 39.09 16.47 4.9
8
4.6
0
9 MIG Indra 45.08 4.35 2.7 0.9
Nagar
2 9
10 Veg. Market 88.59 1.20 1.2
0
11 Industrial Area 28.70 1.22 2.8
3
12 Disposal Site 22.47 4.92 5.1
7
13 Sindhi Colony 18.63 6.34 6.3
4
14 Disposal Site 17.28 7.83 4.8
8
15 Juna Samwaria 25.77 2.58 7.0
(LIG)
3
16 MIG Outside 38.48 2.03 3.2
Area
5
17 Mandir Area 69.55 2.76 1.6
6
18 Veg. Market 64.45 3.99 3.1 0.8
3 8
19 Hospital Waste 18.50 18.00 16. 1.2
75 5
20 Hospital Waste 17.57 12.12 11. 2.0
11 2
Organic fraction - Leaves, fruits waste, flower, food waste, hay & straw etc.
Textiles, leather, rubber, wood and synthetics etc.
11.88 - 15.33 7.66 -
7.95 0.49 5.68 32.74 -
0.60 - - 8.41 -
1.6
2
13.24 - 8.24 44.15 -
0.5 6.72 2.58 15.50 42.12 -
2
- 6.98 2.54 20.49 38.68 -
1.9
5
4.87 1.95 20.27 40.97 -
1.1 3.75 0.47 12.18 47.05 -
7
0.6 5.23 0.73 16.68 32.95 -
5
- 3.88 - 6.10 16.05 -
3.99 1.06 0.88 21.62 -
22.50 12.50 - 10.50 -
44.05 4.04 - 9.09 -
8.7.3 Present status
In Ujjain the main source of waste generation is from households, hotels and market. Waste
generated from hospital and clinics, which could be toxic/hazardous in nature, is currently
not separated from domestic waste. There are no industries in the area hence the problem of
industrial waste is non-existent. Solid waste generated in civil area is not segregated into
biodegradable and non-biodegradable category. Waste is collected in open trolleys/tractors
daily in the morning hours. It is dumped together and burnt intermittently along with
biomedical waste. After burning ash remains as it is at the disposal site. People including
hoteliers dump the waste near or outside the community stand posts but rarely inside it. After
collecting the waste from community stand post in the cantonment area waste is disposed in
the final dumping site. Basic three stages of any waste management system in Ujjain
comprise collection, transportation and disposal that is discussed in the following paragraph.
8.7.3.1 Collection
Household waste is disposed of either via door-to-door collection, which is quite uncommon,
or in the primary collection points or dustbins provided by Municipal Corporation. Excluding
posh residential colonies most of the households, shops and other commercial establishment
like hotels, waste is generally thrown on streets, open spaces and drains as and when it is
generated. At some places where primary collection bins, (concrete/plastic) have been
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provided they are either placed at a distance or their size is too small. According to the
authorities it was found that a large number of community bins are either dilapidated or
managed poorly. In some of the bins garbage was found to be spilling over. During the visit it
was also observed that unhygienic condition compelled people to throw waste from a
distance. Stray animals like cows, buffaloes, pigs and dogs spread the waste from the bins.
As small number of people have to cover large area for cleaning and sweeping certain
important roads and market area, are swept daily and some are swept on alternate days
depending on “importance”, concentration of population and type of activity. Rag picker cum
waste material merchant of Ujjain picks material from waste having recyclable value.
8.7.3.2 Transportation
After street sweeping and primary collection waste is normally dumped in the community
concrete garbage bins by the primary collector with the help of hand cart. From here it is
transported to disposal site. In Ujjain manual methods are used for loading of waste that is
than transported through tricycle, tractor trolleys and trucks. Various trips are made to collect
the waste from primary collection points and dump it at the garbage yard. It was observed
that vehicles are often under loaded. Complete waste is also not lifted on daily basis creating
backlogs particularly on holidays. Information provided by the UMC suggest that all types of
waste, be it from house hold, slaughter house, commercial waste, hospital waste or
construction gets invariably mixed while transporting.
8.7.3.3 Disposal
In general parlance disposal of waste means dumping. In Ujjain in general waste is simply
dumped in an abandoned area it is learnt that every fortnight layer of lime is sprayed over the
dumping site to prevent infection. However no composting is done with soil or using
machines. They invariably burn the waste in small heaps on roadside. Waste collected at the
community dust bins is also either burnt or used for reclamation of low lying pits as there is
no identified major dumping site.
8.7.3.4 Heritage areas consideration
The Municipality collects garbage from households and commercial establishments within
the Ujjain city by using tractors and lorries that create air and noise pollution. Looking at the
sanctity of heritage areas the municipality should acquire non-polluting utility vehicles that
can be used for the collection and disposal of household garbage in the heritage areas of the
city. Self help groups can also be encouraged for the waste management practices.
The waste coming out of areas such as temples etc. need a separate handling. This waste
cannot be mixed with the other. The waste coming out from the temple areas is mainly
organic waste that can be decomposed further to prepare manure.
8.8 Issues
• Number of community dustbins need to be increased, simultaneously existing bins
should be maintained properly. Dustbins should be designed in such a way that they
are beyond the reach of stray animals.
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• Dumping of waste is not disposal of waste. In Ujjain this is perhaps the weakest link
in the waste management system. Existing dumping site is merely a garbage yard. By
no means it can be considered as a sanitary land fill (SLF) which is a scientific method
of refuse disposal.
• Existing open dumping system may cause not only health hazards and fire, but is
potential breeding ground of vectors and diseases. It may also contaminate ground
water if the rock profile allows the leachets to percolate.
• Waste is burnt at the dumping site.
8.9 Strategies
With the above cardinal points in mind, following specific measures are recommended for
improving solid waste management practices in Ujjain.
• All households may be encouraged not to throw any solid waste in their
neighbourhood, on the street, open spaces, and vacant plots or into drains and keep the
food waste/ bio-degradable as and when generated, in any type of domestic waste
container, preferably with a cover, and keep dry/ recyclable wastes separately.
• All shops and establishments may be asked to refrain from throwing their solid waste/
sweeping etc. on the footpaths, streets, open spaces and keep their waste on-site as and
when generated in a suitable container until the time of doorstep collection.
• Similarly all hotels and restaurants should be directed to refrain from throwing their
dry and wet solid waste/ sweeping on the footpath, streets, open spaces or drains. They
should store their waste on-site in sturdy containers. The container should have
appropriate handles on the top or side and rim at the bottom for ease of emptying.
• All street food vendors may be directed not to throw any waste on the street or
pavement. They must keep bins or bags for the storage of waste that is generate during
their activity. Their handcarts must have a shelf or sac below for storage of waste
generated in the course of business. If required a total ban on use of polythene bags
and other plastic packaging material be imposed in the eco-city area. Government of
Madhya Pradesh is also coming up with a regulatory provision to ban use of polythene
of less than 20 micron.
• Segregation of recyclable/ non biodegradable waste: It is essential to save the
recyclable waste material from going to the waste processing and disposal sites and
using up landfill space. Salvaging it at source for recycling could make profitable use
of such material. The Municipal Corporation towards segregation of recyclable waste
may take following measures:
• Door to door visits to create awareness among the local residents
• Some areas should be selected for a separate waste collection scheme. The waste
collection scheme should be supported financially by the residents, shops, hotels and
the Municipaliuty. Self – help group can be given the task of collecting household
organic and recyclable waste in to differently marked containers.
• Introduction of vermi-composting plant should be done
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• Cleaning of Surface drains -Provision of litterbags/ Garbage Stations: For keeping the
streets clean it is necessary to provide facilities of litter bins all over the town so that
people can deposit the litter in hand into such bins while on the move and keep the
streets litter-free.
• Zero Solid Waste
Waste Collection: In order to make the waste collection more practical and hygienic, and to
encourage segregation of the organic and non-organic wastes- 90% of the waste being
organic- the following schemes are to be implemented:
Gau-shala carts: Gau- shala carts can run across the heritage streets to collect kitchen wastes
and cooked wastes to go for the cows. Several cycle carts can be equipped with open bins
where the contents can be emptied.
Improvement of waste collection: Green and white bins to be placed in the market for
shopkeepers to dump their organic and non-organic wastes respectively.
Individual motivation of the workers and of the shopkeepers: Sessions with shopkeepers,
encouraging them to participate in the waste segregation to be carried out with the municipal
workers.
Involvement of the NGOs working and organizing rag-pickers: Rag-pickers to be organized
by NGOs for collection of door to door collection of garbage. Metal wastes and other
recyclable wastes to be segregated at source.
•
8.10 Street Lighting
Compared to the total road length of 348.68 KMS the number of poles is around 16,478,
which is found to be quite adequate for the city. There is no lighting in 10% of the road
network, mostly falling in slums, illegal colonies and peri-urban areas. The illumination type
consists of tube lights, mercury vapour lamps and sodium vapour lamps.
Table 8-17 Details of Street lighting in Ujjain City
Street Lighting Nos. Proportion
Type (nos.)
A High Mast Lamps 14 0.08%
B Halogen Lamps - 0.00%
C Mercury Vapour Lamps - 0.00%
D Sodium Vapour Lamps 9,526 57.81%
E Tubelights 6,924 42.02%
F Others (CFL) 14 0.08%
Total 16,478
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8.10.1 Recent project:
EESSSSCO pprrooj jeecct t foorr f eenneerrggyy ssaavvi inngg inn i sst trreeeet t lil
igghht tss 55 nnooss loow l teennssi t ioonn ppuumppss
The project was initiated in the month of Dec 2003. The work were executed in the month of
Nov 2004 and completed in the month of January 2005 .In this project total tube lights which
were installed previously were replaced by waterproof tube light with a load of only 32 watt
without choke. The load monitoring system with micro process was also installed at 119
switching points. The no. of tube lights replaced was about 6000.The consultant for whole
project was Econoler international Canada. The savings were measured as 35 % in street tube
lights. Saving on by LMS is about 18 to 25 %.The total cost of this project was Rs 2.5 crores.
The project cost will be given to the company by revenue earned by energy saving as
explained. Consultancy and project fee will be paid by 80% of the expenditure saved by
UMC.
Results achieved- Presently UMC is successful in minimizing its expenditure on streetlights by nearly Rs. 10
lakhs.
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9 Roadss & Transsporttattiion
9.1 Introduction
Transport infrastructure forms the backbone of any economy and plays an important role in
the development of a region. It is also one of the most important infrastructure facilities of
any city. For a city like Ujjain, where there is heritage at every next stride, it becomes more
important to undertake this sector in a very sensitive manner. The objective of studying the
transport sector is to analyze and understand the role of transport in the present scenario of
the city (with a special emphasis upon Heritage precincts) and the surrounding and to
understand the existing potentials, strengths, weaknesses and constraints of the Transport
sector and consequently arrive at strategies and projects, which will form an integral part of
the City Development Plan.
Road and Rail sector occupy the significant roles in the transport sector in Ujjain and
surrounding areas. By and large, all the major travel and movement for both goods and
passenger traffic is being met by roads. The status of road transport sector has been analyzed
under the following aspects: (a) Network and traffic characteristics (b) growth of vehicles (c)
Parking scenario; and (d) Public Transport system. The analysis is based on the secondary
data collected from UMC and surveyed data based on study conducted by TCPO.
9.1.1 Regional linkages
A broad delineation of Ujjain region would include the seven districts of Indore, Ujjain,
Dewas,
Mandsaur,
Ratlam, Dhar
and Jhabua.
Along with
Indore and
Dewas, Ujjain is
among the three
most important
centers in this
region. Bhopal
Ratlam broad
gauge railway
line passes
through it and
the NH3 is only
35 kms, away.
Besides these
national
connections, Figure 9-1 Regional linkages of the Ujjain City
there are many state level highways linking it to the major regional and state centers. Within
this region, Ujjain is the only place of great sanctity and hence attracts devotees for almost all
the major festivals like Amavasya, Shivaratri, Panchakroshi, Nagpanchami etc. Thus, there
are occasional peak demands on the transport network. Ujjain city is connected to various
major nodes in the region through five radial roads and a broad gauge railway line to Bhopal.
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The state highways / MDRs connecting the city are Indore Road, Dewas Road, Agar Road,
Maxi Road and Badnagar Road. Out of the five roads Agar Road, Dewas Road and Indore
Road carry maximum amount of regional traffic. There is no bypass / ring road for the city
except for a very small portion connecting Indore Road through an ROB.
9.1.1.1 City level road network
The urban structure of Ujjain reflects a linear form, which has been formed by its restricted
road network due to Kshipra River. The road network of the city is unorganised with more of
intercity and local roads. Moreover, there is no definite hierarchy of the road system with
most of the city roads also serving the intercity traffic.
The city is distinctly divided into two parts, with the old city housing all the major religious
and trading activities and the newly developed portion south of the railway tracks. The
connectivity for both parts is only through an ROB near railway station. Due to this, it has to
carry a huge amount of traffic comprising of significant slow traffic. The road network of
Ujjain is mostly North-South oriented, Agar Road passing in front of railway station, bus
stand, agricultural grain market etc and skirting the old city area is busy and congested almost
throughout the day. The other important roads are Indore Road and Dewas Road which are in
East-West direction.
Like all other cities the road network in the old city area (Mahakaal Kshetra), with little or no
scope for widening, is quite inefficient and inadequate for the present day traffic. Moreover,
there is a very high degree of pedestrian traffic; commercial activities including the informal
sector, absence of any organised parking space make the situation worse. Though some
traffic management measures in the form of banning of heavy vehicles, one-way operation
etc. are in place, but due to lack of strict enforcement measures it fails to give any relief to
the core area.
9.1.1.2 Type of road construction
Ujjain has a total road network length of nearly 350 kms and most of the roads in the city are
tar roads, accounting for nearly 86% of the total road length. Concrete roads account for
nearly 13% and nearly 1% is earthen and other roads.
Table 9-1 Surface type and Road Stock
Surface Type length (km) Total road length proportion
Concrete 42.25 12.12%
Black Topped /Tar 301.73 86.53%
WBM 2.40 0.69%
Stone Paved - 0.00%
Earthern & Others 2.30 0.66%
Total
348.68 Kms
Source: T&CPD and UMC
The per capita road length comes out to be 0.81 meters. The total drain percentage in
comparison to the road is coming out to be 118% which should be 130% for a satisfactory
condition. Thus there is presently a gap of nearly 12% .The already existing drains are also
not in a good condition and require restoration.
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Table 9-2 Types of Drain and Proportion
Component Proportion (out of 200%)
% Total Drains to Total Road Length 118.72
% Pucca Drains to Total Road Length 110.63
9.2 Public Transport
Railway station is situated in the core area of the city; There are two major bus terminals.
One is at Dewas gate which is near to the railway station and the other is at Nanakheda.
Presently the Dewas gate bus stand is very congested since all the buses plying to Mehidpur,
Badnagar, Agar, Dewas, Maksi, Indore and Tarana start from this terminal. Nanakheda bus
stand came up during the Simhastha 1992 for the convenience of the tourists and pilgrims. It
also aimed in reducing the load of the Dewas Gate bus stand, with an aim to cater to the
traffic going and coming to Indore and Dewas. There are very few tempo stands in the city.
Tempos running on the road do not stop at the designed stops due to which the flow of traffic
is disturbed. The present tempo stands are haphazard and do not occur within a regularized
interval.
Intersections: Few intersections where congestion has been observed are:
• Kamari Marg Chauraha: vehicles coming from the Dani gate, K.D.Gate, Patni Bazaar,
Gopal Mandir and Tanki Chauraha lead to the congestion problem
• Bhargav Tiraha: Vehcles coming from K.D.Gate, Tanki chauraha, Budhwaria and
Khajurwali Masjid give rise to the problem of traffic.
• Chamunda Mata Chauraha: the presence of a park, std booth interrupts the flow of
traffic at this junction.
• K.D.gate: the presence of temple at the intersection interrupts the flow of traffic
• Tanki Chauraha
• Indore gate and Dewas gate
• Fawara chowk
• Teen batti chauraha
• Chhatri chowk
• Tower chowk
• Gol chauraha
At present there are few roads in the city that are busy and congested. These roads are:
Daulatganj to Mallipura Dewas gate, Mahakal ghati to Topkhana Daulat ganj, Kanthal to Sati
gate, Patni Bazaar, K.D.Gate to Bhargav Tiraha, Dani gate to Tanki Chauraha, Tanki
Chauraha to Khazurwali Masjid, Road passing through Madhav College, Road passing
through the Daulat Ganj sabzi mandi.
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9.2.1 Travel Characteristics in Ujjain city
The city of Ujjain is served by 6 regional roads namely Dewas Road, Indore Road,
Badnagar Road, Unhel Road, Agar Road and Maksi Road. Out of the five roads, Agar road,
Indore road and Dewas road carry maximum amount of regional traffic. Agar road passing in
front of the Railway station, bus stand, agricultural grain market and skirting the old city is
busy and congested (peak hour traffic volume count is nearly 6000 PCU. Indore road and
Dewas road within the city carry peak hour traffic of about 3000 PCU and 2200 PCU.
Percentage of the slow moving traffic is higher in the part of the city lying north of the
railway line, while the southern part of the city has a higher percentage of the fast moving
traffic.
Mooddee oof f TTrraavveel l
The predominant mode of travel (motorized) in Ujjain, is two-wheelers and private transport.
As per discussions with the authority, nearly 23
per cent of the respondents use non-motorized Mode of travel to work place
modes of travel to work place (by walk,
Two
bicycles,cycle rickshaw and tongas). About 32
wheelers
per cent use two-wheelers and 45 per cent of the
Non
32%
motorised
respondents depend on private transport. Thus a
45%
major working population uses private transport
for their workplace which is definitely not a
Private
transit
good indication for the future traffic
23%
management proposals.
Maassss TTrraannssi itt
Figure 9-2 Percentage wise distribution of Mode of travel
The transport system in the city, comprises mainly
of 3-wheeler tempos auto rickshaws, cycle
rickshaws and tongas. One of the major problems in
the mass transit system is the absence of public
transport facility. There are many unplanned routes
for tempos, mostly originating from the city center
and connecting to the fringe areas of the city.
However, operation of tempos does have many
problems such as:
• Not an environmentally friendly public
transport
• Lack of proper tempo stops with basic amenities
• Reckless driving by private operators
• Rampant overcrowding of tempos
• Commuter safety is totally ignored
• Slow moving transport system
• Poor quality of service and comfort to passengers
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TToouurri issm aanndd trraannssppoorrt t taat tioonn
Being a religious city, thousands of pilgrims and tourists visit Ujjain approximately once in
every 15 days and hundreds of pilgrims visit the city daily. Presently, there are as such no
arrangements done by the concerned authorities for tourism transportation. Also, there are no
facilities like tourist information centre, tourist buses etc. Keeping in mind the vision of the
city and future prospects Ujjain would definitely need a proper tourist transportation system.
Need of a Mass transit system
Development of cycle tracks and non polluting and
efficient transport system is perceived as a priority. The
130 diesel three-wheeler tempos providing public
transport services in Ujjain are considered as a highly
polluting mode of transport. The less affluent people are
affected the most because they dependent on this mode
of transport and have high exposures to air pollution and
traffic hazard. To minimize the impact from polluting
modes of mass transportation, Battery operated threewheelers,
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Liquid Figure 9-3 Major parking areas
Petroleum Gas (LPG) operated buses and public
transport to operate on the main routes and feeder routes. The biggest barrier to the diffusion
of such transport is the lack of infrastructure and a coherent programme of deployment and
dissemination. Unlike the petrol/diesel stations that have been provided by oil companies,
there are no battery charging stations (BCS), CNG and LPG stations at Ujjain. To overcome
this barrier, funds have to be mobilized to set up BCS, CNG and LPG stations in the heart of
the city. The roof of the stations can be built with less energy intensive ferrocement and
rainwater can be harvested for groundwater replenishment. The State Electricity Department
has to be involved to assure good quality battery chargers and round the clock power supply.
While the UMC can remain the owner, the BSC can be given on lease to a trained local NGO
with adequate competence and experience to provide
battery charging service. The lease fee can be structured
such that it would allow the UMC to maintain the site
and upgrade the BCS periodically, in a sustainable
manner. Pondicherry is already operating such Battery
operated vehicles in their heritage areas.
Effective Public Address system with large LCD/
Plasma screens to be installed at critical places which
can be used for communication with the large number of
people visiting the city on occasions such as Simhasta, Figure 9-4 Battery operated tourist vehicles
Yatras etc. The same system can be linked with the News network to show important events,
government announcements and other welfare programs. Two such screens can be installed
at present to check the usefulness of the gadget.
PPaarrkki inngg
There are no organized on-street marked parking arrangements in any of the major
commercial areas of the city. Most of the core market areas of the city are characterized by
narrow roads with a high proportion of pedestrian and slow moving traffic. Even if the there
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has been traffic restriction on the road in front of Mahakal temple, it is still under the
immense pressure of traffic and crowd due to which on and off it needs repair and it is very
difficult to do it frequently. Similarly unorganized parking and shops lead to the
heterogeneous crowding of vehicles and people in clusters. In this context existing road
parking and shopping area is proposed to be organised, widened and improved.
The capacity of the roads is further reduced by vehicles parked on the roadsides. This, in
fact, is one of the major bottlenecks to smooth flow of road traffic.
Following areas were identified as the places that can be developed as the parking areas in
order to reduce the congestion on streets as well as to manage the future vehicular growth
• Dussera maidan
• Freeganj commercial area
• Maksi road,sabji mandi
• Bharatpuri administration area
• Kothi area
• Mahakaal commercial area
• Traffic Elements
A city street comprises four components. The first is the pavement, which is a civil
engineering element. The second is the traffic that runs on it. The third is the traffic
policeman that controls traffic and the fourth is traffic furniture, signage and road markings.
The fourth element is nearly missing in Ujjain. This element is the most visible, and not only
lends character and aesthetics to the city, but plays a major role in making the road safe for
its users. Some of the serious shortcomings that have been observed are:
• Footpaths are missing in most of the roads
• Where footpaths are provided, pedestrian railings are missing
• Improper channel islands
at junctions
• Absence of road
markings
• Absence of signage
• Absence of street name
boards
• Absence of organized and
marked on-street parking.
9.2.1.1 Core area
Considering the perspective of
Ujjain’s historical, cultural and
religious importance, the road
and transportation projects need
Figure 9-5 Core city area (Mahakaal)
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to be incorporated in the core area. The area mainly covered under core city can be roughly
delineated as Chardham to Har Siddhi temple road on west side, Ramghat road an north side,
Hariphatak bridge road on east side and Jaisinghpura road on southside. Following major
pilgrim tourist spots fall in the delineated area and are as follows:
• Mahakal Temple
• Ramghat
• Har Siddhi Temple
• Chardham Temple
• Bada Ganpati
• Ram Mandir etc.
This area is about 2 Sq.Km in which the estimated existing population remains about 15000
and floating population varies from 10,000 to 10,0000 per day on festive occasions and
during Simhastha it ranges from 10,00,000 to 15,00,000 people per day.
Maaj joorr PPrroobbl leemss (ccoorree ( aarreeaa) )
With respect to the present traffic and transportation systems following problems are
analysed
• Congested approach roads, inadequate for heavy vehicles.
• Inadequate drainage, poor lighting and encroachment on approach roads.
• Improper zigzag shape on turnings causes hindrance to the smooth traffic flow
• Unorganized insufficient parking spaces.
• Lacking signage system, leads to accidents
• Traffic system is not properly organized
• Need of new roads to be developed to cater increased traffic demands
• Dilapidated existing roads need repair improvement
Looking to the problems following projects should be incorporated:
• Approach and Parking provision near Mahakal Temple
• Improvement of existing road in front of Mahakal Temple
• Improvement of existing road on south side of Mahakal Temple
• Improvement of south approach road to Ramghat
• Development of parking area at south side of Ramghat
• Development of parking area at north side of Ramghat
• Improvement of Chaubis Khamba marg
• Improvement of Ramghat marg
• Widening of existing Harsiddhi marg
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• Improvement of Mahakal to Bada Ganpati road
• Construction of Rudra Sagar east embankment road
• Construction of Rudra Sagar west embankment road
• Improvement of Bhagat Singh marg
• Improvement of Jaisingh pura road
• Improvement of Mahakal marg from kot mohalla square to Mahakal
• Construction of new road linking, proposed parking near Mahakal to Rudra
embankment
• Sagar embankment road
• Development of parking at north side of Ramghat near Chardham mandi
9.2.1.2 Future Requirement
To meet the growing demand of an efficient city road network, UMC through inputs from the
CDP workshop, and an internal assessment has identified the requisite road works to be
undertaken. It is proposed to increase the area under roads in the city by linking up the poorly
connected areas of Ujjain, restoring and widening up the major roads, which would help
relieve congestion.
Based on public consultation and meeting with UMC officials, several junction
improvements and traffic management are being undertaken. Several road improvement
projects, bridges and other development projects have been proposed phasewise for the next
16 years up to 2021 to improve the traffic scenario in Ujjain. These are listed in Table and the
total project cost is estimated to be Rs 20,000 lakhs.
9.3 Issues
The key issues regarding planning and providing for traffic and transportation in Ujjain city
are:
• Lack of coordination among agencies involved in planning and providing for traffic
and transportation;
• Reduced capacities of major corridors and roads in core city and market areas due to
encroachments, high proportion of slow-moving traffic and absence of pedestrian
paths and organized parking facilities
• Limited coverage of public transport system and poor quality of service and associated
infrastructure (like bus terminals and tempo stops)
• Absence of a comprehensive and scientific traffic management system – existing
traffic management measures arbitrary (one-way systems in core city and market areas
and ban on truck entry into city) and signals improperly designed;
• Absence of appropriate safety and visibility enhancement parameters like signage,
markings, channel islands, street name boards and other street furniture
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• Inadequate organizational and human resource capacity and lack of finances in UMC
to plan and provide for traffic and transportation facilities.
SWOT analysis
Issue strength weakness opportunity Threat
City road network
Road condition
Absence of
Authorized
parking facility in
UMC
Absence of an
integrated public
transport
transport system in
the city
The Citv has Good
road network that
covers most part
of the city
Most of the roads
are in satisfactory
condition
presently
If properly
undertaken, UMC
can generate good
revenue out of it.
Most people of the
city are dependent
on mass transit
system
The road network
of the town is
unplanned
Improper
maintenance and
on road parking
Haphazard
parking all along
the main roads
No initiative in the
field of public
transport
The transport
infrastructure can
be strengthened
under the
JNNURM scheme
Maintenance and
road development
projects will get a
boost under the
above scheme
Thousands of
tourist visit the
city daily, the
better parking
options can exploit
the chance
Daily available
tourist passengers
Most of the
intersections in the
city are
characterised by
poor geometries
and ‘y Shape'
which increases
conflicts and is not
conducive to
smooth traffic
movement.
-
The present
parking scenario is
constantly
reducing the
existing road
capacity.
Public transport,if
not initiated the
private transport
providers can start
doing monopoly .
9.4 Strategies
The strategies are towards covering the entire area and population of the city with an
effective road network by 2021 and improving the surface conditions of the roads to
withstand all weathers by 2021. In fact keeping in mind the next Simhastha the basic
transport infrastructure must be finished before 2016.
Auuggmeennt taat tioonn aanndd Asssseet t Reehhaabbi ilitaat
tioonn.
..
Action - While the peripheral areas are to be provided with surfaced roads, up-grading of the
existing roads shall be taken up to extend, renovate and enhance the roads (with an emphasis
on Dewas, Indore, Agar and Maksi road ). Plans shall be taken up in a phased manner so as to
optimise cost and surface condition. The programme shall also include completion of the ring
road and avoid discontinuity.
Widdeenni
inngg aanndd SSt trreennggt thheenni inngg oof f Rooaadd SSt trruucct tuurreess aanndd Reemoovvaal l oof f EEnnccrrooaacchhmeennt tss. ..
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Action - With due consideration to growing traffic intensity, major roads, corridors in the
city are to be extended and expanded. This shall involve construction of fly-overs, bridges
etc., the proposal works on which are already in progress. This shall also involve removal of
encroachments on margins of the roads and strengthening of road structures with pavements,
footpaths.
TTrraaf fficc SSt trreeaaml linni
inngg aat t IInnt teerrsseecct tioonnss
Action - Channelizers, Traffic islands, Traffic Signals, Dividers, Lane separators and Traffic
Police Control shall be introduced at all important junctions based on ‘Traffic Management
Plan’ The study has proposed detailed improvement designs/plans for the junctions in the
city.
IImpprroovveemeennt t oof f PPaarrkki inngg aanndd PPeeddeesst trri iaann FFaacci ilitieess.
..
Action - All new commercial developments would have to adhere to the minimum provision
of parking facilities. Apart from providing public parking spaces on important roads steps
shall be initiated to avoid parking at junctions. Footpaths of enough width, pedestrian
crosswalks and subways should be introduced and vehicular traffic should be banned and
made limited to just access lanes in certain stretches of the CBD and core city areas near
Mahakaal where the Bus Stand and Railway station exists.
Coompprreehheennssi ivvee sst tuuddyy oonn TTrraaf fficc aanndd TTrraannssppoorrt taat tioonn
Action - A study needs to be undertaken on traffic and transportation as a whole. Earlier
study was largely focussing on the intersections. In order to look into the problem
holistically, it is imperative to take all the parameters in consideration at one time and evolve
an overall traffic and transportation management plan for the city.
Deeccoonnggeesst tioonn oof f thhee t CBBD aanndd ool ldd cci ityy aarreeaa. ..
Action - Proposals shall be drawn to decongest the core and CBD, which has a mix of
commercial and public activities taking place inviting a lot of traffic. Options at alternate site
location for the existing Bus Stand shall be explored. The existing terminal can be utilised as
an alighting point. Also possibilities of shifting certain wholesale activities to new locations
can be explored.
IInnt trroodduucct tioonn oof f nnoonn –– ppool lluut
tinngg trraannssppoorrt t t foorr f hheerri itaaggee toouurr t
The initiatives should be taken to introduce non-polluting vehicles (mainly battery operated)
for transporting tourists who would like to take a ride and appreciate the rich heritage of the
town within the time limit.(the project can be adopted by Pondicherry’s Asia – Urbs
initiative.)
The heritage tour can be managed by INTACH in the partnership with local Tourism
authority.
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Coonnccl luussi ioonn
Transport Sector is a very important sector for the development of the city owing to the
Strategic location. However the current status and trend of growth in Ujjain reveals the
inherent problems and issues in the transportation system. It is needless to remind that an
inefficient transport system causes avoidable social, economic and financial wastage,
increasing the costs and driving out investments. To achieve the principle of Liveability in
the concept of CDP, it is important to improve the transport infrastructure, which is a basic
and critical component of the overall infrastructure sector. And it is essentially needed to cut
costs for the economy and improve competitive position of the region.
Looking to the importance of the Urban Transit to the city’s economy and quality of life,
upgradation of public transit has been suggested since a full fledged Bus Rapid Transit
System (BRTS) may not be immediately viable given the size of the town. A BRTS can be
considered up at an adequate scale and required design in the second phase.
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10 Ciitty Enviironmentt
10.1 Introduction
The rapid increase in industrial and economic development has led to severe environmental
degradation that undermines the environmental resource base upon which sustainable
development depends. The economics of environmental pollution, depletion and degradation
of resources has in fact been neglected as compared to the issues of growth and expansion.
Historically health and safety have been the major concern in the field of environment
management. Sustainable Development as defined by Brundtland Commission emphasis the
synergy between economic development, social equity and environment.
The exponential growth together with rapid urbanization and tourist pressure in Ujjain over
the years has substantial impact on the environment management of this city. Ujjain is a place
of great sanctity and hence attracts devotees for almost all the major festivals like Amavasya,
Shivaratri, Panchakroshi, Nagpanchami etc. Thus, there is always a great pressure on the
environment of the city.
Figure 10-1 Ujjain city ghats
Urban environment is an important component for the sustainable development of a city. This
chapter attempts to assess the existing status of the urban environment of the Ujjain City.
This chapter has been structured into five sections. The first section gives the study approach
followed in analyzing the urban environment; fig below shows the study approach. The
second section gives the status of the components of the environment, the third section
assesses the environmental status using the selected parameters, which helps in evolving
ecologically sensitive zones and protected zones. The fourth section gives the problems and
issues related to these sensitive zones. The policies and Environmental Management
strategies needed for these ecologically sensitive zones are discussed later.
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Figure 10-2 Methodology adopted for Environmental Assessment
10.2 Climatic analysis
TTeemppeerraat tuurree
May is the hottest month with the mean daily maximum temperature at 40°c and mean daily
minimum at 24°c. Days are extremely hot with temperature rising to 45°c. With the onset of
monsoon by about second week of June there is considerable drop in the temperature. After
the withdrawal of monsoon there is slight increase in the day temperature but the nights are
progressively cooler. After October, both day and night temperature decrease. January is the
coldest month with mean daily maximum temperature at 26°c and mean daily minimum
temperature at 8°c. cold waves affect the district in the rear of western disturbances passing
across north India during the cold season. The table below shows average temperature for
each month in Ujjain.
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Table 10-1 Temperature Monthly Averages
Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Temp
°c
17.8 19.9 24.5 29.0 32.3 30 26.05 25.1 25.15 24.15 20.45 24.4
The climate of this region on the whole is dry except during the south- west monsoon season.
The year can be divided into four seasons:
• Cold season, from December to February
• Hot season, March to middle of June
• South west monsoon season, till September end
• Post monsoon season, October and November
Raai innf faal lll
Records of rainfall in the district are available for 5 stations. The average annual rainfall in
the district is 892.9 mm. The rainfall increases from West to East. About 92% of the annual
rainfall is received during the monsoon months, July being the rainiest month. On an average
there are 42 rainy days (250cm or more) in a year in the district. The average rainfall for the
city is 900 mm. Ujjain witnessed very low rainfall in the year 2000-01.
Rainfall (mm)
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1965-66
1968-69
1971-72
1974-75
1977-78
1980-81
1983-84
1986-87
1989-90
1992-93
1995-96
1998-99
2001-02
Year
Figure 10-3 Decadal Rainfall Data of the Ujjain city
Winnddss
During the monsoon season winds blow from directions between northwest and south-west.
In the post monsoon and cold season winds are easterly and north easterly in the mornings
and blow from directions between southwest and northeast through west in the afternoons. In
the summer winds are predominantly from west or North West.
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Table 10-2 Mean Wind Speed (km/hr)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
5.5 5.8 7.1 9.1 15.7 20.5 17.6 15.6 10.7 4.6 4.1 4.8 10.1
Source: IMD , New Delhi
Huumi iddi ityy
Except during the monsoon season the air is dry, afternoons being drier than the mornings. In
the post monsoon and winter months, relative humidity in the afternoon is between 30 to 40%
while in the summer season the relative humidity is less than 20%.
10.3 Land and physiography
The city lies on the Malwa Plateau at a general level of 500m. The slope is very gentle being
about 2º-3º .The variations of the altitude ranges from 450m in north to 558m at southern
isolated peaks. The present city occupies relatively plain land with few hillocks like
Jogeshwar, Tekri, Mashya Tekri and cut up along river Kshipra .The general slope of the city
is towards the North.
SSooi ill
The whole area is covered with Black cotton soil underlain by basaltic lava and trap rocks on
mounds and hills residues along the water divides. The presence of alluvium along the river
and basaltic lava with varying degree of vesicular determines the rate of percolation of water.
The western part of the Ujjain urban area has a thick alluvium cover of 10 to 20 m. Alluvial
soil with sticky clay does not allow surface water to percolate down. The North-Western
parts of the area near Chakrawada, Azampura, Jogikheri has basaltic lava flows containing
thick massive basalt and fragmentary basalt which has less vesicularity. The south-eastern
and eastern parts which have vesicular basalt in each lava flow is suitable for artificial
recharge. The eastern parts upto 5 km away from River Kshipra have basaltic lava flow with
thick vesicular basalt and thick weathered massive basalt.
Geeool looggyy
The lava flows of Upper Cretaceous to Eocene age collectively named as Deccan trap and
locally in Madhya Pradesh as Malwa trap form one of the most prominent and widely spread
rock formation in the region. The lava flows are generally 10 to 20 m in thickness of which
top 25 to 40% is vesicular/ fragmentary. The vesicles are filled with secondary minerals like
calcite and zeolites. The characteristic red bole beds form the marker horizons between
successive lava flows.
Hyyddrrool looggyy aanndd waat teerr rreeoouurrcceess
General slope of the land is towards the northern side. The important rivers in this region are
Chambal, Gambhir, Kshipra, Khan, Choti Kali Sindh etc with their tributaries flowing from
south to north. The other rivers are Chamla ,Lakhunder, Kudel and Bageri. Kshipra also
known as Avanti nadi flows through Khachrod, Ujjain, and Mehidpur tehsils in the district
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and finally joins Chambal. Its not navigable and the water of Kshipra is used for irrigation as
well as drinking purpose. River Khan which is a tributary of Kshipra carries industrial waste
of Indore and pollutes River Kshipra. The city drains its stream water and sullage water
through nallahs locally known as Hanuman nalla, Sombaria and Grand nalla into river
Kshipra on the downstream side. During rainy season the low-lying areas of Ramghat,
Indore gate, Railway colony, Kartik Chowk, part of Harsiddhi etc are flooded.
Water bodies called sagars are conspicuous by their presence in Ujjain. Rudra Sagar,
Pushkara Sagar, Ksheer Sagar, Govardhan Sagar, Purushottam Sagar, Vishnu Sagar,
Ratnakar Sagar are the seven sagars. Among these, Ksheer Sagar has been partially reclaimed
and converted into a playing field; Pushkara Sagar is also under the process of reclamation.
Rudra Sagar has become a part of the inhabited area
Most of these Sagars and Kunds rely on rainfall. Some of them have inlet only at one foot
below, to drain the water during the rainy season.
Water table varies from 15’ to 40' deep in Ujjain. Good aquifer exists from Freeganj to
Chhatri Chowk with a width of 0.8 km and with a thickness of 35’.
FFl loorraa
Around 80 types of trees are present in Ujjain. Amongst them seven of them are commonly
found in the region: Mango (Mangifera woka), Shisham (Delbergia sisoo), Gulmohar
(Delonix regia), Ashoka (Saraca indica), Kachmar (Bauhinia acuminata), Champa (Bauhinia
pwipurea), Neem (Azadirachta indica)
The general composition is disturbed by nature on few sandstone hill tops and moist areas.
Under former conditions Salai (Boswellia serrata), Dhaora (Anogeissus latifolia), jhingan
(Lannea grandis)and Khair (Acacia catechu) are seen. In the moist areas Chhind (Phoenix
acauhlis) and Jamun (Eugenia jambolana) are seen.
The streets in central areas have no vegetation, they are only found in and around the city
limits and along the road leading to Dewas, Indore, Maksi and Kotni. In organized open
spaces the common shrubs which can be identified are: Hemeroeallis, Gramineae, Rose,
Euphorbia cease, Aspala, Compasitae. Gondrali(Anthistiria ciliata), Phuli(Apluda aristata),
Bhur bhusi (Erogrostis tenella) Paonia(Sehima sulkata) are the common species. ( Ujjain
Development Plan,1991)
FFaauunnaa
The faunal composition comprises of mainly terrestrial species and aquatic species. As a
result of pollution in river Kshipra due to domestic and industrial wastes and due to stagnated
water in water bodies, the aquatic life has reduced greatly. Only few wild animals are
occasionally seen. Amongst the birds Peacock, Bhat-titar, Kabutar are most common.
Common amongst them are fowl and semi aquatic type of ducks. Sarus crane is common in
the fields. Bagula is common in the watercourses and ponds. Common pet birds are Parakeet
and Grey Partridge.
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10.4 Pollution Profile
The burgeoning population and various human activities have led to the concentration of
pollutants in our natural resources. Pollution of air and water is detrimental to our health
since these two elements are vital for our survival.
Waat teerr Quuaal lityy
• DO level at Ramghat and Mangalnath is very low which is unsuitable for the survival
of most plants and animals living in water.
• Decrease in DO levels at Ramghat and Mangalnath is due to slow moving water,
discharge of sewage decaying plants and animals and religious waste.
• High DO levels at u/s and d/s is due to moving water and the availability of more
water for dilution of wastes coming into it.
• Total hardness is within the limits and thus safe. The hardness values increases at
Gaughat and Mangalnath, which is due to domestic and industrial discharge coming
from Khilchipur nallah at Mangalnath
• Chloride values are safe within limits from upstream to down stream of the river.
Ramghat has the highest chloride value along the river that is due to discharge of
domestic waste that contains human excreta (6mg/day/person). Chloride ions are due
to dissolutions of salt deposits, discharge of effluents from industries, irrigation
drainage.
PPool lluut
tioonn inn i thhee t Rivveerr Ksshhi ipprraa
• River Kshipra faces serious problems of pollution and consequent decrease and
deterioration of water quality and quantity respectively. The sources of pollution can
be classified as follows:
• Pollution due to Khan river - River Khan joins Kshipra at Triveni. At times, during
mansoon season, the discharge in river Khan is more than that of Kshipra. Khan
carries industrial waste and domestic sewage of Indore town.
• Religious functions Lakhs of devotees come to take a dip in the sacred rive all the year
round. The river ablution is also an important factor for various festivals where a large
number of devotees throng the river for a dip. Also, Ujjain being a major centre for
after death rituals large no of people visit Ujjain for post cremation rituals like pinddan
in river Kshipra with a belief of attaining moksha to the departed.
• Flow in the river seizes few months after monsoons and religious ceremonies in the
stagnant water further deteriorate the water quality. Cremation along the riverfront
adds to the pollution profile of the river.
• Religious waste is a major contributor to the river pollution with almost all the
religious offerings from flowers, hair, ashes to post cremation waste being thrown in
the river.
• Discharge of sewage: Earlier a lot of sewage was discharged directly into the river
from many nallahs. With NRCP project it was minimized reducing pollution loads on
river Kshipra.
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Sewage pumping station for Somwaria nallah at Chakratirth Ghat
Agricultural practices: River also gets contaminated by the chemical fertilizers used in the
surrounding agricultural fields that flow into the river during monsoon. Though no
comprehensive data is available but considerable impact on the river is seen.
Others sources: Brick kilns at Datta Aakhada Kshetra dump the waste into the river and also
pump out water from the river at different points. A study done by Pollution Control Board
revealed that the most critical points in terms of pollution are Gaughat, Ramghat and
Mangalnath. This might be due to high religious potentiality of this area that is visited by
maximum religious tourist.
Potential Areas for Intervention and Development
For determining the most critical area various parameters studied were superimposed as
shown in the graph.
Figure 10-4Potentiality (use-wise) index for various Ghats and landmarks
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
Accessibility
Popularity
Existing Use
Infrastructure (Amenities)
Infrastructure (Toilets +
Changing Rooms)
6
4
2
0
Tri
ve
ni
Ga
ug
hat
Bh
oo
khi
Ma
ta
Na
rsi
ng
h
gh
at
Ra
mg
hat
Dh
obi
gh
at
Ch
akr
ate
ert
h
Ra
nje
et
Ha
nu
ma
n
Raj
am
al
Rin
Mu
kte
sh
wa
r
Bh
arti
har
i
The above analysis shows that Triveni, Ramghat and Mangalnath are the major areas of
concern
Vik
ran
t +
Kal
Bh
air
av
Ga
ng
ag
hat
Ma
ng
aln
ath
Sid
dh
aw
at
Kal
iad
eh
Existing Condition -
Maintenance
Relative Importance
River W ater Availability
Potential
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Reecceennt t inni i itiaat
tivveess
Rudra Sagar is situated on the west side of the Mahakaal Temple Complex. Being part of the
Sapta Sarovar the tank has a great religious and historical significance. During festivals like
Panchkroshi Yatra and Simhastha it is ritual to take holy dip in the lake. Apart from this
Rudrasagar acts as recharge zone. At present the tank has a densely populated slum area on
its southern side, Mahakal Temple Complex on eastern side, Settlements and temple
complexes on western side and Ramghat on North West side.
Due to rapid urbanization and absence of public sewerage and drainage system in Ujjain, the
tank at present is converted in to a collection tank of the dirty water. The present system of
carrying the sewerage is not functioning properly due to many reasons. Out of those most
important are mixing of solid and liquid waste and inadequate sizes at the disposal points.
UMC took the initiative for revitalization of the Rudra Sagar recently.
10.5 Urban greening
Considering the density of human influx within the Ujjain city, the rather limited existing
green areas are under severe stress. Schemes should be developed for soft and hard
landscaping and upgrading some green spaces.
10.6 Issues
• Sustainable Riverfront Development: The stress of the city is being felt on the river
and development is likely to continue all along the river that would have large scale
impact on the river.
• Pollution Due To Religious Activities: This is major issue threatening the survival of
the river and is closely linked to the religious nature and functions of the city.
• Water augmentation throughout the year: Low rainfall, lack of flow in the river
substantiates the pollution problems and also threatens the religiosity of the city which
is closely linked with the river.
Other major issues of the city
• No proper collection of solid wastes.
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• Direct mixing of untreated sewage.
• Direct disposal of solid waste on streets and drains.
• Solid waste disposal site creating air and land pollution.
• Open defecation on riverbed.
• Continuous honking of rickshaws around hospitals and schools.
• High noise pollution.
• High RSPM, during peak hrs.
• Erosion of soil from the banks of the rivers.
• Intensive agricultural land use along the river and high dependency on river water for
irrigation.
• Utilization of ghats for washing and bathing.
• High levels of use for religious activities like mass bathing, pind-daan etc.
• Polluting activities like cremation, commercial washing of clothes.
• Water resourcing for brick kilns and agricultural purposes.
• High siltation rate due to erosion prone area
• After death rituals along the ghats - Ritual waste being thrown directly in the river.
10.7 Strategies
Strategy -1
Prevention of Localized Damage to the River
Action
• Manage and control developmental activities at the waterfront.
• Manage and prevent polluting factors and activities on the riverfront with alternatives
for disposal methods.
• Religious activities- Many alternatives measures for preventing throwing of ritual
waste has been taken by providing kunds for disposal ,it has been not very successful
due to lack of awareness and strict enforcement. Strict enforcement and penalty for the
polluter should be taken as a measure for prevention of this.
• Dhobighat - Though new structures for it have been built as a part plan of NRCP,
water supply and other facilities need to be provided at these points
• Cremation - Awareness to use the electrical crematorium should be done. Practices
like dumping of the ashes directly in the river need to be controlled.
• Awareness within the local population
• Awareness programmes and creation of local groups for action against polluting
activities can be done.
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• Regular cleaning and maintenance
• Maintenance should not be concern only for Municipal Commission but peoples’
participation programmes should be worked for cleaning of river Kshipra.
Strategy 2
Erosion control and Control of usage of water from the river for agricultural and other
activities.
Action
Afforestation for prevention of soil erosion from the banks of the river could be done. Since
most of the land is under agricultural holdings agro-forestry can be propagated with high fruit
yielding trees of local variety of fruiting trees depending on the market saleability of the agro
products.
Strict enforcement should be done for prevention of water usage for agriculture practices.
People should be encouraged to have ‘ Dabri system’ ponds to conserve water and use it
judiciously for the agriculture
Strict enforcement for prohibition of sand mining practices.
Strategy 3
Maintaining a minimum flow in the river for pollution abetment
Action
• No pollution prevention scheme can be effective if some flow is not maintained in the
river. This would require a detailed study and analysis of the river bed, depth, flow
velocity etc. a working and management system of check dams and release of water
should be designed to maintain the flow throughout the year.
• University of Roorkee’s study on river Kshipra
10.8 Ingenious attempts at improving water quality
The attempts at reviving water bodies have been found to be too energy intensive, the
approaches rely on the round the clock use of expensive aerators- fountains, which spray
water upwards, increasing the dissolved oxygen levels in the process. Recently, however,
S.K.Billore, professor at the Institute of Environment Management and Plant Sciences in
Vikram University, Ujjain, M.P. has devised a cost effective technique to revive water
bodies. Billore’s method relies on artificial floating islands (AFIs).
The islands are made up of local riparian reed grass, Phragmites Karka, which is known to
draw away nitrogen and phosphorous from soil. The plants have a special root system which
enable them to hold the organic waste and digest it as well. The reed grass also has a hollow
shoot system which pumps oxygen into water, improving its dissolved oxygen level.
This process improves the quality of the water body over time. But Billore says, “ Floating
plants do treat waste water, but they are rarely found in the quantities sufficient enough to
treat the pollution load of our water bodies. This gap has to be filled by eco-engineering
AFIs.
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In 2004, the Union ministry of water resources commissioned Billore to undertake a threeyear
research project, the main goal of which was to restore water quality of Kshipra in
Ujjain. For starters, Billore’s team installed a 200sqm AFI in the least turbulent part of the
river. Floating islands are widely used in many countries including Japan and China, but
Billore’s project was the first of its kind in India.
In fact, the Vikram university professor had been working on the concept for a while. In
1994, he had treated wastewater from 400 household in Ujjain’s Ravinder Nagar, using the
reed and bed system. The project’s success spurred Billore to conduct more extensive
research on reed beds. And in 2005, he upscaled the same concept to treat Kshipra River. The
scientist points out, “ Kshipra is the lifeline of Ujjain, but now sewage from fast growing city
of Indore has virtually sounded the death knell of the river.” He installed the eco-engineering
AFIs in Kshipra near Jiwaji observatory where phragmites were growin in 200 sqm float.
The coir base was made using locally available bamboo. Over a period of time, the root of
the grass extended to more than a meter and its dense root system helped in arresting
suspended organic matters.
This provides a congenial environment for the breeding of insects and micro invertebrates.
The system became a house for micro and macro organisms, which started sapping up
organic matters trapped in the root system. The root system became a home for beneficial
bacteria, which improved biological processes such as the nitrogen cycle. The AFI ecosystem
enhanced the self-purification capacity of water bodies with oxygen surging through the
hollow floating reed stem-rhizome-roots.
The AFI can effectively meet primary goals of removing nitrates, phosphates, suspended
solids and BOD by 50-80%. Besides improving water quality, AFIS protect the littoral zone,
improve the waterscape and provide a habitat for fish and birds. A comparative analysis of
samples taken below the floating islands and from a distance, in March 2006, shows a
considerable improvement in the river quality.
10.8.1 Floating islands work
Parameters in mg/l Away from AFIs Below AFIs Difference %
Dissolved oxygen 3.5 4.3 22.8
Biological oxygen demand
(BOD)
40 23 -42.8
Chemical oxygen demand
(COD)
62 32 -48.4
Oxygen nitrogen 4 2 -50
Source Vikram University Ujjain
Creating floating islands of the kind devised by Billore means a one-time cost of around RS
6.00 lakhs. The system requires minimum maintenance. During high currents, floods, or
when the Kshipra is in peak flow, the floating islands have to be dragged to the banks to
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prevent them from getting carried away by the river. This problem is, however confined to
floating islands in river. Islands in ponds do not face this problem. In June 2006, Billore and
his team successfully implemented the AFI system in the temple tank of Mahakalaleshwar
temple to reduce the algae growth.
After his success in Kshipra river, Billore and his team developed a wetland system Ekant
Park in Bhopal. The Ujjain university professor is today serving as a consultant to M.P.
Environment Planning and Coordination Organization for projects that aim to develop a
wetland system that will treat wastewater sources from Bhopal city. Installation of this
wetland is part of the Bhoj Wetland Projects that aims to conserve and manage the upper and
lower lakes of Bhopal.
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11 Techniicall Reviiew Muniiciipall Fiinance
11.1 Overview
Municipal governments have been assigned a range of functions related to the provision of
the public services. They strive to meet the costs of constructing and maintaining urban
facilities and services. Revenues must be raised to cover capital investments and recurrentrevenue
expenditures, as well as employee’s salaries and debt services. The raised revenues
must be utilized to attain the needs of the public as well enhance the development of the city
as a whole Meaning, management of revenues and expenditure planning is very important
aspect for any local body.
Ujjain Municipal Corporation maintains municipal Account for managing the finances of the
Municipal Council. The accounts of the municipal fund are maintained on an accrual based
double entry system (Under Process). Section 132 of Madhya Pradesh Municipal
Corporations Act, 1956, mandates the Urban Local Bodies (ULB’s) to levy and collect taxes
approved by the State Government and notified in the Official Gazette. This section contains
a description of the municipal finances, the sources and uses of funds, and an assessment of
municipal finances based on important financial indicators.
The Municipal Accounts code of Government of Madhya Pradesh prescribes the organization
of the municipal Accounts in to three broad categories of General Account and capital
Account. Data collected from the annual accounts of the UMC have been compiled and
analyzed under these categories. For the purpose of municipal fiscal assessment, financial
data pertaining to the last seven years (2000-01 to 2006-07) is mentioned below in Table
3Abstract for Municipal Fiscal Status of Ujjain Municipal Corporation
Table 3Abstract for Municipal Fiscal Status of Ujjain Municipal Corporation
Particulars 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-
07(Esti
mated
)
Rs. Lakh
Revenue Account
Revenue income 2217.15
Revenue expenditure
Surplus/Deficit
Capital Account
Capital income
Capital expenditure
Surplus/Deficit
2063.6 2390.43 2109.89 2370.18 2867.53 3123.84
2536.12 2727.44 2766.81 2888.57 3542.53 3292.51 3420.08
-318.97 -663.84 -376.38 -778.68 -1172.35 -424.98 -296.23
627.98 348.75 1356.75 4272.88 2480.18 1633.10 1027.24
163.83 292.15 489.88 3051.11 2195.29 360.99 405.38
464.15 56.60 866.87 1221.77 284.89 1272.11 621.86
Source: Ujjain Municipal Corporation and Financial analysis
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Further UMC is highly dependent on the Government transfers. Main revenue source is
the octroi compensation transferred by the GoMP, though its proportion is again
decreasing. The establishment expenditure is the major component in revenue
expenditure of UMC. Contribution from each elements of revenue and expenditure of the
corporation is given in the following
Table 4 Sectoral Contribution
Table 4 Sectoral Contribution of different streams of receipts and expenditure under the UMC
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Particulars 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 200607
218
(Estimated)
Revenue Receipts
Tax Receipts
Property Tax 6.72 8.00 8.61 10.58 10.36 10.99 10.72
Consolidated Tax 2.84 3.26 3.43 4.18 4.07 3.89 3.91
Miscellaneous Tax 0.28 0.69 0.39 0.42 0.44 0.43 0.52
Water Charges 22.19 22.42 14.91 14.90 12.59 13.19 13.93
Income from Municipal Property
Income from Municipal land and assets 2.01 2.00 2.24 2.15 1.77 1.58 1.29
Income from Market 3.37 3.87 2.94 3.28 2.40 3.05 2.56
Fees, Service Charges and Penalties
License Income 5.38 2.77 2.79 5.65 3.56 1.15 1.18
Income from Advertising 0.11 0.08 0.09 0.23 0.18 0.08 0.05
Income from Map sanctiomning etc. 1.17 1.25 1.57 1.89 1.75 3.75 4.32
Miscellaneous Income 5.07 3.16 4.22 2.86 2.22 1.24 2.70
Revenue Transfer
Octroi Compensation 41.21 43.09 51.34 39.97 49.38 47.23 43.22
Stamp Duty Transfers 2.06 1.94 0.54 2.59 2.73 5.94 4.40
Passenger/Motor Vehicle Tax 7.58 7.49 6.93 11.30 8.54 7.50 11.20
Total Revenue Receipt 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Capital Receipts
Grants- Water Supply 39.57 43.14 13.25 4.61 13.13 10.74 17.93
Grants- Other Infrastructure 23.81 34.12 14.23 3.61 8.33 11.90 22.69
SFC & Basic Services Grant 36.62 18.94 6.01 7.74 17.95 42.71 59.38
Central/State/District Grants for 0.00 3.80 66.52 84.04 60.59 34.65 0.00
Development / Singhstha 2004/MP/MLA
Total- Capital Receipts 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Revenue Expenditure
Administration &Establishment
Expenditure
Establishment & salary 53.01 59.43 51.20 53.72 48.59 57.44 59.23
General Administration 1.95 2.10 2.40 3.21 3.81 4.31 2.11
O & M Expenditure
Lighting 4.59 5.17 6.67 7.45 6.57 7.53 9.06
Water Works 28.91 23.93 26.71 20.44 18.00 16.24 16.42
Health 3.67 2.92 4.13 5.03 12.87 5.56 0.64
Public works & Roads 2.64 1.60 1.57 2.68 1.01 1.48 4.36
Wiorkshop &Stores 2.88 2.77 4.63 4.33 4.15 4.65 5.12
Miscellaneous 2.34 2.07 2.70 3.12 5.00 2.80 3.07
Total- Revenue Expenditure 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Capital Expenditure
Water Supply 19.54 47.07 54.36 26.12 35.69 0.00 0.00
Road Construction 8.01 2.94 16.97 53.16 38.06 39.13 40.99
Stadium & Swimming pool Construction 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.59 0.46 0.00 0.00
Drainage work for small localities 31.07 9.34 0.00 0.74 2.42 2.84 2.66
Other/Misc. 10.83 7.55 9.61 13.54 15.03 12.07 11.33
Recommendation work for all ward 30.55 33.09 19.06 5.85 8.34 45.96 45.02
members
Total- Capital Expenditure 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
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CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME

11.2 Revenue Account
The Revenue Account comprises of recurring items of income and expenditure. These are
essentially all financial transactions related to the day-to-day operations of the Municipal
Corporation. Table 5 Revenue Accounts of UMCsummarizes the status of the Revenue
Account. Overall revenue receipts of UMC are increased over the year which is also resulted
in reduction of revenue deficit.
Own Sources/Non Tax comprises of income from municipal properties, fees on municipal
services (building permission, etc.), user charges (water and sewerage tariffs) have not been
introduced yet and income from special services (educational and medical). On an average,
through the assessment period, own source/non tax income constitutes 12.10 percent of the
total revenue income.
The revenue transfer includes grants other than capital grants from Government of Madhya
Pradesh (GoMP)/State transfers of municipal income collected by the state line department.
The income items include surcharge on stamp duty, entertainment tax, motor vehicle tax, and
other transfers. Collection of entertainment tax has been discontinued for the last three years.
The amounts of funds transferred to the UMC under this head have fluctuated largely during
the assessment period, indicating irregular transfers. Revenue transfer constitutes average 56
per cent of the UMC’s total revenue income.
Table 5 Revenue Accounts of UMC
Revenue Receipts
2000-01 2001-
02
2002-
03
2003-
04
2004-
05
2005-
06
2006-07
(Estimated)
Tax Receipts 710.14 709.22 653.76 634.79 650.93 817.18 908.222
Income from Municipal Property 119.26 120.99 123.75 114.52 98.73 132.74 120.17
Fees, Service Charges and Penalties 260.25 149.70 207.15 224.36 182.76 178.03 257.91
Revenue Transfer 1127.50 1083.69 1405.77 1136.22 1437.76 1739.58 1837.55
Total Revenue Receipt 2217.15 2063.6 2390.43 2109.89 2370.18 2867.53 3123.84
Revenue Expenditure
Administration &Establishment 1393.95 1678.33 1482.90 1644.57 1856.38 2033.00 2097.93
Expenditure
O & M Expenditure 1142.17 1049.11 1283.91 1244.00 1686.15 1259.51 1322.15
Total Revenue Expenditure 2536.12 2727.44 2766.81 2888.57 3542.53 3292.51 3420.08
Revenue Surplus -318.97 -663.84 -376.38 -778.68 -172.35 -424.98 -296.23
Source: Ujjain Municipal Corporation and Financial analysis
11.2.1 Revenue Income
The revenue income of Ujjain UMC has increased gradually from Rs. 2217.15 lakh in 2000-
01 to estimated Rs.3123.84 lakh in 2006-07 – a CAGR of about 5 per cent. Revenue income
consists of the following major sources shown in the Figure 5 Chart showing contribution of
each component of revenue receiptgiven below.
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Figure 5 Chart showing contribution of each component of revenue receipt
3500
3000
2500
Passenger/Motor Vehicle Tax
Stamp Duty Transfers
Octroi Compensation
Miscellaneous Income
Income from Map sanctiomning etc.
2000
Income from Advertising
License Income
1500
1000
500
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Income from Market
Income from Municipal land and
assets
Water Charges
Miscellaneous Tax
Consolidated Tax
Property Tax
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Own Sources/Tax comprises of income primarily sourced from consolidated property tax 3
and consolidated tax (general purpose tax, water tax, lighting tax and scavenging tax,
educational cess, city development cess). On an average, through the assessment period, own
source/tax income constitutes average 28 percent of the UMC’s revenue income, with
consolidated property tax 4 constituting about 10 percent of the revenue income. UMC levies
a consolidated property tax of 6 to 10 per cent of the Annual Rateable Value (ARV). Income
from the aforesaid sources is showing an increasing trend over the assessment period with a
CAGR of 12 percent.
Revenue Grants and Contribution is comprises octroi compensation grants, State Finance
Commission (SFC) grants, special establishment grants and other special grants that the State
Government may transfer from time-to-time to the UMC. In case of Ujjain, octroi
compensation is the only significant grant and it accounts for an average of about 45 per cent
of the total revenue income over the assessment period. Income under this head has grown at
a CAGR of about 5.74% per cent over the assessment period.
11.2.2 Revenue Expenditure
The revenue expenditure of Ujjain Municipal Corporation has grown at a CAGR of 5 per
cent during the assessment period, slightly higher than the growth in revenue income.
Revenue expenditure comprises broadly of two categories of expenditure – establishment,
operation and maintenance.
3
As elsewhere in India, in Madhya Pradesh property tax is levied under the, M.P. Municipal Corporation Act, 1956
(Section 135) at the rate not less than 6% and not more than 10% of the annual letting value (ARV) of a building or
land. In 1991, a new method of levying property tax was introduced [MP Municipality (Determination of Annual
Letting Value of Buildings/Land) Rules, 1997] under which all ULB’s were required to switch to a zonal area-linked
system involving self-assessment of annual rental value (ARV) by the assesses. For this, the municipal corporation area
was classified in more than one zone on the basis of, as far as possible, similar locations of the buildings and lands
situated therein. These were then classified based on quality of construction, use of property and location. The ULB’s
were authorized to fix separate rates according to the zone-wise classification.
4 Introduced in 1998-99 allover MP, this tax is levied at a fixed annual rate and is collected along with property tax.
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Figure 6 Chart showing component of revenue expenditure
4000
Miscellaneous
3500
Wiorkshop &Stores
3000
Public Works & Roads
2500
Health
2000
Water Works
1500
Lighting
1000
General Administration
500
Establishment & salary
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
The accruals to the municipal fund are applied to carry out designated municipal functions
and services comprising:
General Administration and Tax Collection comprises expenditure on pay and allowances of
elected representatives, salary and other operational expenses related to general
administration and revenue collection, pension and gratuity payouts and provident fund
contributions. The annual expenditure under this head is to the tune of about Rs. 2097.93
lakh (2006-07) accounting for about 60 per cent of the revenue expenditure.
Water Supply Expenditure on water supply comprises salaries of all relevant staff and
operating expenditure incurred largely on electricity charges and purchase of chemicals for
water treatment. Water Supply expenditure accounts for average 21 percent of the total
revenue expenditure.
Street light and public health conservancy are largest expenditure head in the municipal fund,
account for an average of over 6 and 5 per cent respectively of the revenue expenditure over
the assessment period. This heads cover expenditure incurred in conservancy operations of
the UMC, including salaries of supervisory and field staff and operation and maintenance of
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a fleet of vehicles for solid waste collection and transportation. On an average, over 90 per
cent of expenditure under these heads is attributed to salary expenses, and electric bills.
Expenditure under these heads has increased at a CAGR of about 21 percent combine over
the assessment period.
Debt Servicing comprises interest payments on external borrowings. According to the
financial data provided by the UMC, there has been no debt servicing during the assessment
period. 5
11.3 Capital Account
The Capital Account comprises of income and expenditure, for and on capital works. The
below given Table 6 Capital Account of UMCdescribes the capital account of the UMC. The
capital surplus have positive trend. The capital grants are mainly raise in the ‘Singhstha’
years.
Table 6 Capital Account of UMC
Capital Receipts
2000-01 2001-
02
2002-
03
2003-
04
2004-
05
2005-
06
2006-07
(Estimated)
PHED- WTP/ Intake Maintenance 248.48 150.46 179.72 196.99 325.63 175.41 184.18
Grants- Other Infrastructure
149.54 119 193.02 154.27 206.51 194.36 233.06
(Road Cons.& Main & Slum Imp.)
SFC & Basic Services Grant 229.96 66.04 81.51 330.76 445.29 697.43 610
Central/State/District Grants for
0 13.25 902.5 3590.86 1502.75 565.9 0
Development / Singhstha 2004/MP/MLA
Total- Capital Receipts 627.98 348.75 1356.75 4272.88 2480.18 1633.1 1027.2
Capital Expenditure
water Supply 32.01 137.51 266.29 796.91 783.43 0 0
Road construction 13.12 8.6 83.14 1622 835.56 141.25 166.1
Stadium & Swimming pool Construction 0 0 0 18 10 0 0
5 The State Finance Commission devolution made by the State Government takes cognizance of outstanding
debt/liability of the urban local bodies (ULB) in Madhya Pradesh. Devolution is made after appropriating ULB dues to
financial institutions/lending agencies.
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Drainage work for small localities 50.9 27.3 0 22.49 53.13 10.26 10.7
Other/Misc. 17.75 22.07 47.08 413.27 329.99 43.56 45.93
Recommendation work for all ward
50.05 96.67 93.37 178.44 183.18 165.92 182.5
members
Total- Capital Expenditure 163.83 292.15 489.88 3051.11 2195.29 360.99 405.37
Capital surplus
464.15 56.6 866.87 1221.77 284.89 1272.11 621.863
11.3.1 Capital Income.
The sources of capital income comprise largely of grants under state/central government
schemes, loans, and own sources including consumer contributions towards one-time
connection charges for water and sale of municipal capital assets. The Figure 7 Chart
showing component of Capital Receiptsshows the contribution of each component in the
capital receipt of the UMC.
Figure 7 Chart showing component of Capital Receipts
4500
4000
3500
Central/State/District Grants for
Development / Singhstha
2004/MP/MLA
3000
SFC & Basic Services Grant
2500
2000
1500
Grants- Other Infrastructure (Road
Cons.& Main & Slum Imp.)
1000
PHED- WTP/ Intake Maintenance
500
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Major chunk of the capital grant comes from the State Finance Commission which
contributes about 60 percent in year 2006-07 followed by PHED –WTP grant. It can be
clearly defined that the ‘Singhstha’ year affects the capital receipts dramatically.
11.3.2 Capital Expenditure
Capital expenditure comprises all capital expenditure on creation of infrastructure systems
and purchase of plant, equipment and machinery. Most of the capital expenditure incurred
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during the assessment period has been on roads and water supply. Figure 8 Chart showing
capital expenditureshows the capital cost elements over the year.
Figure 8 Chart showing capital expenditure
3500.00
3000.00
Recommendation work for all ward
members
2500.00
Other/Misc.
2000.00
Drainage work for small localities
1500.00
Stadium & Swimming pool
Construction
1000.00
Road construction
500.00
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
water Supply
It can be derived that the road construction and water works has been done mainly during the
‘Singhstha’ which tends to be increased. While the recommendation of work from the various
stake holders is remains about to same for all years.
11.4 Key Financial Indicators
Financial sustainability of any institute can be judged by financial and performance ratio.
Here some ratio pertaining to income, expenditure and performance of UMC are given below
in Table 7 financial performance indicators for UMC.
Table 7 financial performance indicators for UMC
Particular
Income Ratio
Own sources of Revenue as % Of total
Income
Govt. Transfer as % of total revenue income
including revenue transfers)
2000-01 2001-
02
2002-
03
2003-04 2004-
05
2005-
06
225
2006-07
38% 41% 26% 15% 19% 25% 31%
79% 69% 116% 256% 165% 118% 92%
Tax Revenue
As a % of total income 25% 29% 17% 10% 13% 18% 22%
As a % of revenue income 32% 34% 27% 30% 27% 28% 29%
Property tax
(Estimated)
UJJAIN
CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME

As a % of total income 5% 7% 5% 3% 5% 7% 8%
As a % of revenue income 7% 8% 9% 11% 10% 11% 11%
Revenue transfer
As a % of total income 40% 45% 38% 18% 30% 39% 44%
As a % of revenue income 51% 53% 59% 54% 61% 61% 59%
Income from Municipal properties
As a % of total income 4% 5% 3% 2% 2% 3% 3%
As a % of revenue income 5% 6% 5% 5% 4% 5% 4%
Fee & User Charges
As a % of total income 9% 6% 6% 4% 4% 4% 6%
As a % of revenue income 12% 7% 9% 11% 8% 6% 8%
Expenditure Ratio
Establishment Expense
As a % of total revenue expenditure 53% 59% 51% 54% 49% 57% 59%
As a % of total expenditure 50% 54% 43% 26% 30% 52% 53%
As a % of income from own sources 123% 165% 144% 159% 185% 168% 157%
Administrative expense
As a % of total revenue expenditure 2.0% 2.1% 2.4% 3.2% 3.8% 4.3% 2.1%
As a % of total expenditure 1.8% 1.9% 2.0% 1.6% 2.4% 3.9% 1.9%
O & M Expenditure
As a % of total revenue expenditure 45% 38% 46% 43% 48% 38% 39%
As a % of total expenditure 42% 35% 39% 21% 29% 34% 35%
Capital expenditure as % of total
expenditure
6% 10% 15% 51% 38% 10% 11%
Performance Ratio
Income per citizen (In Rs.)
Revenue Income 515.62 469.58 532.24 459.66 505.25 598.12 637.55
Capital Income 146.04 79.36 302.09 930.89 528.70 340.64 209.65
Expenditure per citizen (In Rs.)
Revenue Expenditure 589.80 620.63 616.04 629.31 755.16 686.76 698.01
Capital Expenditure 38.1 66.47 109.0 664.7 467.9 75.29 82.73
Maintenance and Repair ex. Per citizen
(In Rs.)
265.62 238.73 285.87 271.02 359.44 262.71 269.84
Rev.Exp./Rev.income 1.14 1.32 1.16 1.37 1.49 1.15 1.09
Capital grant utilisation ratio 26% 84% 36% 71% 89% 22% 39%
Total Income / Rev.exp 1.12 0.88 1.35 2.21 1.37 1.37 1.21
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The following table described the efficiency indicators in terms of collection efficiency etc.
Concrete plans are afoot to increase the efficiency on these fronts as there is scope.
Table 8 financial performance indicators for UMC
EFFICIENCY INDICATORS
Tax Collection Performance
a. Consolidated Tax 13.53 %
b. Property Tax 28.40 %
c. Water Tax 23.49 %
d. Conservancy Tax 13.49 %
Property Tax Demand per Assessment 1,079.80
Population per P.T Assessment 5.97
Source: Ujjain UMC and analysis.
11.5 Key Issues and Conclusion
Key issues and conclusions are based on the review and assessment municipal finances and
discussions with relevant municipal officials.
Maai innt teennaannccee aanndd Reeppoorrt tinngg oof f Accccoouunnt tss. ..
The common municipal accounts code is not fully adhered to, especially in cases where new
transaction item heads are encountered. Apportionment of revenue and capital items of
income and expenditure is not carried out appropriately due to non-clarity in principles of
such apportionment at the local level, while it is reported that the State Government deducts
debt due by the UMC and then transfers funds (SFC devolution), the UMC records do not
capture such apportionment.
A common accounting and financial reporting code, updated annually, with interim updations
when required, supported with a user manual and organized training of municipal accounts
staff will help in streamlining financial accounting and reporting.
Reevveennuuee Reeaal lizzaat
tioonn.
..
Taxes and charges are major own sources of revenue income. Being more dynamic in nature
and within the control of the UMC, these revenue incomes have potential to contribute more
to the municipal fund. Besides low tax rates and charges levied, the actual demand itself is
not established. Key issues regarding the above comprise:
• Lukewarm response to the self assessment scheme of property tax assessment and
declaration;
• High reliability on revenue grants for operations – revenue grants contribute about 44
per cent of revenue income;
• Inappropriate record keeping with regard to property tax and water charge assesses;
• Unclear status on extent of outstanding taxes and charges collectable.
FFuunndd Appppl liccaat
tioonn.
..
Key issues regarding application from the municipal fund comprise:
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CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME

Most of the revenue expenditure (61.82 per cent) is accounted for by establishment item
heads, leaving very little for expenditure on operation and maintenance of services;
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12 IInssttiittuttiionall Frame Work
12.1 Introduction
In order to enable the urban local bodies “to perform effectively as vibrant democratic units
of self government”, the 74th Constitutional Amendment was introduced in the Parliament
and it became an Act in December 1992. This Act is a great reform act in the political context
as well as in the administrative and financial aspects concerning the urban local bodies in
India.
The 1992 amendments aim at empowerment of local bodies by requiring the state
governments to;
• Establish an adequately represented electoral base at local levels with a fixed tenure of
five years, and a provision for holding elections within six months in the event of
premature dissolution of local councils;
• Set up mechanisms for consolidating and coordinating planning and development
initiatives and actions of municipalities; and
• Consider expanding the role of municipalities, and correspondingly strengthen their
fiscal jurisdiction and power and authority.
Madhya Pradesh has been the leader in terms of progress on the front of decentralisation.
Since the Amendment in 1992, the State passed the conformity legislation in 1993, conducted
three rounds of elections to local governments and has been one of the first states to
constitute and implement the recommendations of the SFCs (1996 and 200).
In July, 1957, the State Government enacted the following legislation, replacing the diverse
legislations in operation in different parts of the state:
• The Madhya Pradesh Municipalities Act, 1961
• The Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1956
The following Acts were in operation earlier to the formation of new state of Madhya
Pradesh and were also continued in operation till their replacement by new legislations.
The Central Provinces and Berar Municipalities Act, 1922, as amended between 1927 and
1956, applicable to Mahakoshal region
The Ujjain Municipal Corporation Act, 1948
The Madhyabharat Municipalities Act, 1954
The Vindhya Pradesh State Municipal Act, 1954
The Madhyabharat Municipal Corporation Act, 1954
The Ujjain State Municipal Act, 1955
Heritage Related Acts
• Ancient Monuments and Antiquities Act 1951
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CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME

• A draft of Heritage regulations has been attached as annexure – 12.
The Constitutional amendment Act, 1992, gives local bodies a constitutional status, assigns
them a large number of functions (Annexure1-11), ensures them stability, provides a suitable
framework to function with greater freedom and also makes institutional arrangements for
devolution of larger financial resources. To meet the constitutional requirements and
aspirations, the Madhya Pradesh government made necessary amendments in the existing
legislations relating to local bodies in the state.
12.2 Institutions and Organisation
Urban management in India is facing new challenges in the form of large concentrations of
population in urban areas, opening of the economy and the resultant demand for quality
services, growing number of urban poor, inadequate financial resources and complexities of
urban situations. As a result, urban management has not remained an exclusive responsibility
of the municipal corporations. There are other organizations that are responsible for urban
management like urban development authorities, special purpose boards and corporations,
and the State Government department controlling the affairs of urban development. As a
result of these agencies and the definite roles assigned to them in overall urban management,
the municipal corporation is required to closely work with and share the responsibility of
urban management with them.
Besides Ujjain Municipal Corporation other agencies involved in urban management and
development in Madhya Pradesh (and in Ujjain) are:
12.2.1 Urban Administration and Development Department
With the enactment of the 74th Constitution Amendment Act, major urban related tasks have
been transferred to Local Bodies. The Government of Madhya Pradesh (GoMP) through its
Urban Administration & Development Department (UADD) is responsible for overseeing
urban sector reforms, in terms of capital investment in basic infrastructure for the Urban
Local Bodies (ULB’s). The UADD is also responsible for implementation of various public
welfare schemes sponsored by the Central and State Governments. Some such schemes
include Conversion of Dry Latrine Program, Swarna Jayanti Urban Employment Scheme,
National Slum Development Program, Social Security Group Insurance Scheme, Janashri
Insurance Scheme etc. These schemes are implemented through the District Urban
Development Agency.
Being the parent organization of Municipal Corporations, UADD monitors the functioning of
all municipal corporations in the state.
12.2.2 Town and Country Planning Department
The activities of Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD) are guided by the
provisions of the Madhya Pradesh Nagar Tatha Nivesh Niyam, 1973 (the Rules). The State
Government, as per provisions of the Rules declares a region including major urban areas and
its surrounding settlements as a planning area, and orders the preparation of a development
plan for the region.
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The implementation responsibility of the development plan proposals vests with the Ujjain
Municipal Corporation and the Ujjain Development Authority within their respective
jurisdictions. Enforcement of development control regulations and other guidelines vests
with UMC for areas within its territorial jurisdictions and with T&CPD in the rest of the
planning area. However, in case of large commercial and residential developments within
UMC, a “no objection certificate” from T&CPD is mandatory for sanctioning building plans.
12.2.3 Ujjain Development Authority.
The Madhya Pradesh Nagar Tatha Gram Nivesh Niyam 1973 (the Act) provides for
formation of development authorities in the State. The primary objective of UDA is the
implementation of the development plan prepared by the T&CPD for Ujjain planning area,
which includes the area under the jurisdiction of the Municipal Corporation of Ujjain (UMC)
and surrounding villages.
12.2.4 Public Health Engineering Department
PHED has been given the responsibility of planning, design and construction of the water
supply, sewerage and drainage projects of the municipal corporations (MC) since 1995.
Under this arrangement, the financial and administrative sanction for a project comes from
the PHED. The assets, however, have to be transferred to the MC on completion for
operation and maintenance. Though, the PHED staff’s works under tile functional control of
the MC, their administrative control remains with the PHED. There is therefore duality here
and accountability is blurred .
12.2.5 Madhya Pradesh Housing Board
Madhya Pradesh Housing Board (MPHB) falls under the administrative and functional
control of the Housing and Environment Department of GoMP. The operations of the Board
are governed by the provisions of the Madhya Pradesh Housing Board Act, 1972.
Although MPHB is a semi-governmental organization, GoMP rules and regulations
pertaining to establishment and administrative matters are applicable to it. The Ujjain office
of MPHB is actively involved in construction of housing colonies and other government
buildings like schools and buildings, as deposit works.
12.2.6 Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board and EPCO
Implementation, supervision and monitoring activities pertaining to Central Pollution Control
Acts and Rules vests with the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Government of India,
and the respective State Pollution Control Boards formed/constituted under its rules. Madhya
Pradesh State Pollution Control Board (MPPCB) headquartered in the state capital, Bhopal,
carries out its operations through seven regional offices, each located at the divisional
headquarters.
The main function of the regional offices is to monitor the implementation of provisions of
various Acts governing pollution control and prevention.
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12.2.7 Heritage related Agencies
12.2.7.1 Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)
Three areas are notified by the ASI under the Ancient Monuments and Antiquities Act 1951.
They are notified as :
• Vaishya Tekri
• Kumhar Tekri
• Garh Kalika
The notification does not define the boundary of the monuments and greater clarity is needed
in this case. The properties notified are however in the possession of private persons and also
needs to be acquired.
12.2.7.2 M.P.State Department of Archaeology, Archives and Museums
• Choubis Khamba
• Durgadas ki Chattari
• Tilkeshwar Mahadev
• Vishnu Chatushtika
• Shri Mahakaleshwar Mandir
12.2.7.3 Government Administered Devsthala
Zone 1
S
No
Name of Temple Place Ward Reg.
1 8 Shri Kapakeshwar Mahadev Virdurgadas Marg Path 4 9 346
2 57 Shri Ghanteshwar Mahadev Rajabhau Mahakal Marg 10 66
3 88 Shri Pushparanteshwar
Mahadev
Jawahar Marg Gali 2 11 99
4 59 Shri Kalkeshwar Mahadev Rajamau Mahakal Marg gali
6
11 248
5 58 Shri Apsareshwar Mahadev Jawahar Marg gali 1 11 351
6 152 Shri Mati Sahkari Shri Pal Marg gali 2 11 392/1
Shri Ramkrishna Mandir
7 60 Shri Nagchandreshwar Mahadev Shri Pal Marg gali 2 11 393/1
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UJJAIN
CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME

8 61 Shri Prathareshwar Mahadev Shi Pal Marg gali 2 11 394/1
9 Shri Ramji Mandir (Kailash
Narayan)
Jawahar Marg gali 2 11 97
10 Shri Bairavnath Mandir Jawahar Marg gali 2 11 26
11 Shri Ganesh Mandir Shri Pal Marg gali 2 11 418
12 Shri Ganpati Mandir Rajabhau Mahakal Marg 10 62
13 Shri Indradumneshwar Mahadev Ragabhau Mahakal Marg gali
6
11 276
14 Shri Indreshwar Mahdev Virdurgadas Marg Gali 4 11 367
15 54 Shri Mankameshwar Mahadev Kshipra Gandharva ghat gali
1
16 Shri Durdheshwar Mahadev Kshipra Gandharva ghat gali
1
10 375
10 381
17 220 Shri Abhimukeshwar Mahadev 93 Jawahar Marg gali 2 11 110
18 192 Shri Vireshwar Mahadev 38 Chandrashekhar Azad
marg
19 194 Shri Abhayeshwar Mahadev 102 Chandrashekhar Azad
marg
9 04
9 137
20 195 Shri Prashrukeshwar Mahadev 9 Kshipra Marg gali 1 10 146
21 72 Shri Bhuteshwar Mahadev 10 Virdurgadas Marg gali 1 8 406
22 78 Shri Trilokpaleshwar Mahadev 6 Kshipa Marg gali 1 10 373
23 Shri Riddhi Siddhi Ganesh Siddhavat Marg 1 112/1
24 Shri Ganpatiji ka Mandir Siddhavat Marg 1 235
25 Shri Duttatrey Mandir Sidhhavat Marg Bhairavgarh 1 372/1
26 Shri KalBhairov Mandir Siddhavat Marg gali 1 1 396
27 Shri Karmeshwar Mahadev Siddhavat Marg gali 1 1 397
28 Shri Kapthedkar Mahadev Siddhavat Marg gali 1 1 397/1
29 Shri Bhairavji ka Mandir Siddhavat Marg gali 1 1 398
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CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME

30 Shri Lumaeshwar Mahadev Siddhavat Marg gali 1 1 399/1
31 Shri Pataleshwar Mahadev Siddhavat Marg gali 1 1 400/1
32 Shri Ram Mandir Bhavand chak Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 1 635
33 Shri Siddheshwar Mahadev
Mandir
Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 1 706
34 Shri Jaieshwar Mahadev Mandir Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 1 708
35 Shri Badleshwar Mahadev Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 1 709
36 Shri Siddanath Mandir Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 1 710
37 Shri Bageshwar Mahadev
Mandir
38 Shri Neelkantha Mahadev
Mandir
Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 1 711
Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 1 711/1
39 Shri Radha Krishan Mandir Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 1 712
40 Shri Ganpati Mandir Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 1 713
41 Shri Angareshwar Mahadev
Mandir
Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 1 717/1
42 Shri Tejiji ka Mandir Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 1 719
43 Shri Radha Krishna Mandir Mahendra Marg gali 1
Bhairavgarh
1 760
44 Shri Radha Krishan Mandir
Urdupura
Lalbai Phoolbai Marg 1 1080
45 Shri GarhKalika Mata Mandir Garhkalika Marg 1 1164
46 Shri Siddheshwar Mahadev
Mandir
Garhkalika Marg 1 1165
47 Shri Ganesh ji Ka Mandir Garhkalika Marg 1 1167
48 Shri Hanuman Mandir Garhkalika Marg 1 1167/1
49 Shri Kedapati Hanuman Mandir Garhkalika Marg 1 1168
50 Shri Ram Mandir Chaturbhuja
Mandir
Chitragupta Marg 1 1175/1
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UJJAIN
CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME

51 Shri Ramjanardhan Marg Chitragupta Marg 1 1176
52 Shri Chitragupta Mandir Chitragupta Marg 1 1177
53 Shri Rameshwar Mahadev
Mandir
Mangalnath Marg 1 1207/1
54 Shri Ramji Ka Mandir Mangalnath Marg 1 1209
55 Shri Mahaprabhu ki Baithak Mangalnath Marg 1 1215
56 Shri Uttareshwar Mahadev
Mandir
57 Shri Gangeshwar Mahadev
Mandir
Mangalnath Marg 1 1228/1
Mangalnath Marg 1 1228/4
58 Shri Ganpati Mandir Mangalnath Marg 1 1229
59 Shri Bharthahari Gupha Bhartahari Marg 1 1231
60 Shri Smadhi Pir Matsyaendra Bhartahari Marg 1 1232
61 Shri Shankarji ka mandir Okhaleshwar Marg 1 1237/1
62 Shri Vishnu Chatushtika Okhaleshwar Marg 2 720/1
63 Shri Markpandeshwar Mahadev Mangalnath Mandir, Idgah
Rd.
2 720/2
64 Shri Siveshwar Mahadev
Mandir
65 Shri Ankureshwar Mahadev
Mandir
66 Shri Kusuleshwar Mahdev
Mandir
Mangalnath Mandir, Idgah
Rd.
Mangalnath Mandir, Idgah
Rd.
Mangalnath Mandir, Idgah
Rd.
2 722/2
2 722/4
2 722/1
67 Shri Jareshwar Mahadev Mandir Sandipani Ashram 2 732
68 Shri Shankar Mandir Idgah Marg 2 737/1
69 Shri Neelkantheshwar Mandir Lalbai Phoolbai Marg 3 367/1
70 Shri Girnari Hanuman Mandir Mahavir Marg 3 609
71 Shri Radha Krishan Mandir Bhairu nala, Chousath yogini
Rd
3 702
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72 Shri Radha Krishan Mandir Ankpat marg 5 321
73 Navdurga Mandir Ravindranath Tagore marg 5 155
74 Shri Revanteshwar Magh
Mandir
26, Magadh ji Marg 9 591
75 Shri Brahmeshwar Mahadev
Mandir
Zone 2
Chandrashekhar Azad Marg
12
9 321
1 21 Shrinath Mandir, Dhaba Rd. Chandrashekhar Azad Marg 14 67
2 27 Shri Badrinarayan Mandir 8 Gopal Mandir Marg gali 4 15 516
3 29 Shri Baleshwar Mandir Shankracharya Marg,
Lakhirwadi
4 41 Shri Ram,ji ka Mandir, Gola Madhi 7, Gopal Mandir Marg gali 4 15 514
5 63 Shri Kankateshwar Mahadev 47 Chandrashekhar Azad
Marg gali 11
6 64 Ganesh Mandir nr Narsimha temple 19/1 Kanahya lal Mannana
Marg gali 3
12 277
18 89/1
7 65 Shri Mahabaleshwar Mahadev 58/6 Mahadji marg gali 5 12 543
8 66 Shri Mukhteshwar Mahadev, behind
Siddheshwar temple
27 Chandrashekhar Azad
Marg
12 124
9 70 Shri Rameshwar Mahadev,
Rameshwar gali
10 78 Shri Nupureshwar Mahadev, Dabri
Peetha
5 Gopal Mandir Marg. 16 501
17 Tilak Marg gali 7 18 550
11 79 Shri Shaureshwar Mahadev,
Nardpatha Bambakhana
12 86 Shri Rajsthaleshwar Mahadev,
Bhagsipura
16/1 Shakracharya marg gali5 17 428/1
Shripal marg 14 613/1
13 32 Shri Ram mandir Ramji ki gali 6 Gopal Mandir Marg gali 4 15 514
14 102 Shri Ganpati mandir, Nagar kot 2, Lalalajpat Rai marg gali 1 24 495
15 130 Shri Murli manohar Mandir 3/2 Mahadji Marg gali 4 12 514
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16 114 Akhara Nagababa ki Talai Nazar Ali Marg, path 1
17 155 Shri Baleshwar Mandir,
JLakherwadi
Path 1
18 198 Shri Sheetla Mata Mandir 23/1 Nazar Ali Marg gali 1 23 262/1
19 199 Shri Vishveshwar Mahadev 27 Chandrashekhar Azad
Marg gali 11
20 203 Shri Siddheshwar Mahadev 27 Chandrashekhar Azad
Marg gali 2
12 249
12 124
21 204 Shri Mahgateshwar Mahadev 13 Ramratan Sharma Marg 15 210
22 203 Shri Saubhagyeshwar Mahadev 4 Jawahar Marg gali 3 12 278
23 206 Shri Roopeshwar Mahadev Patal Bhairav ke pas , 141
Jawahar marg gali 2
12 394
24 21 Shri Brajeshwar lalji Mandir Sarafa
(Purushotam Mandir)
Kanhaiyalal Mannana Marg 15 542
Zone 3
`1 57 Shri Khandeshwar 24 Khichipur 24 274
2 35 Shri Ventateshwar 01 Mahakal Marg 29 219
3 132 Shri Ram Mandir 10/2 Tilak Marg 30 643
4 37 Shri Omkareshwar
Mandir
5 38 Shri Mahadevji Kot
Rudra Sagar
6 65 Chandradeteshwar
Mahadev
151/5 Mahakal Marg 33 62/5
151/6 Mahakal Marg 35 62/6
151/2 Mahakal Marg 35 62/2
7 42 Shri Agasteshwar
Mahadev
8 52 Shri Kankateshwar
Mahadev
52/1 Choubis Khamba
Marg
49/1 Choubis Khamba
Marg
9 32 Shri Gopal Mandir Trust 19 Choubis Khamba
Marg gali 4 Yogipura
35 105/2
35 102/1
35 315
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10 33 Shri Venkateshwar Balaji
Temple
11 45 Shri Dudheshwar
Mahadev, Ramghat
12 46 Shri Damrukeshwar
Mahadev
13 48 Shri Swarnajaleshwar
Mahadev
14 62 Shri Sangameshwar
Mahadev
15 44 Shri Graheshwar
Mahadev
16 81 Shri Pishchamukteshwar
Mahadev
17 170 Shri Mankameshwar
Mahadev
18 35 Shri Kukandeshwar
Mahadev
19 181 Shri Buddheshwar
Mahadev
20 215 Shri Lokpaleshwar
Mahadev
9 Choubis Khamba
Marg gali 4 Yogipura
18 Choubis Khamba
Marg gali 4 Yogipura
11 Choubiskhamba
Marg gali 4 yogipura
17 Choubiskhamba
Marg gali 4 Yogipura
11 Choubiskhamba
Marg gali 4 Yogipura
20 Kshipra tat Marg
path 1
25 Kshipra tat Marg
path 1
25/1` Kshipra tat marg
path 1
25/2 Kshipra tat marg
path 1
25/3 Kshipra tat marg
path 1
25/4 Kshipra tat Marg
path 1
35 304
35 314
35 306
35 313
35 306
35 652
35 696
35 696/1
35 696/1/2
35 696/3
35 696/4
21 47 Shri Anadikalpeshwar
Mahadev
22 51 Shri Swargdareshwar
Mahadev
151/4 Mahakal Marg 35 62/4
15 Ahilyabai Marg 32 371
23 109 Shri Panchayati Malav
Prantiya Digamber Jain
24 158 Shri Hanuman ji Ka
Mandir
25 118 Shri Mandir char Bhuja
Radha Krishna Mandir
14, 15, 16 Jaisinghpura
Marg
7 Jaisinghpura Marg
gali1
5 Jaisinghpura Marg gali
3
36 268
36 343
36 349
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26 124 Shri Ganpati Bajrang
Ramdev Ka mandir
27 123 Shri Hanuman Mandir
Hanuman Naka
1 Pala Marg Marghat 36 1103
1 B Khurram sah Marg 34 1166/1
Zone 4
1 15401949 Shri Ram Mandir Undasa 54 252
2 15401950 Murli Manohar Mandir Undasa 54 253
3 15401951 Hanuman Mandir Pawasa 54 254
4 15401952 Shri Ram Mandir Pawas 54 255
12.3 Area of Fragmentation
The major reform to local administration in India resulted with the 74th Constitutional
Amendment Act in 1992, restoring local self-government in the form of mandatory elections,
and delegation of functions and finances articulated by SFC. But, functional decentralisation
will remain on paper, if a corresponding and commensurate financial devolution is not made
to different territorial governments.
Beyond the creation of the democratically elected bodies at the level of municipalities, the
progress on decentralization has, at best, been slow and tardy.
• No worthwhile decentralization of powers and responsibilities had occurred or is in
sight. There exists no evidence that powers and responsibilities of local governments
have, inde-acto terms, been expanded in accordance with Schedule XII. Far more
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disconcerting fact is the absence of clarity in respect of the functions of local
governments. 6
• Although the state governments have enacted the conformity legislations
incorporating the provisions of the Constitutional amendments, the formulation of
rules and byelaws to put those provisions into effect has lagged behind.
• It is not clear if the recommendations of the finance commission of states have been
acted upon, and if these have led to any improvement in the finances of local
governments.
•
12.3.1 MC and UDA/ TCPD/ HB
There is a proper co-ordination between MC-UDA as well as other development agencies. It
can be analysed from the successful conduction of Sinhastha two years back. More
importantly, the T&CP makes planning decisions and recommendations, which are mostly
accepted by the MC and only those recommendations are discussed which the MC feels is
inimical to the future growth / development of the city. A similar relationship exists between
MC and HB. Sometimes there emerge issues relating to Handing ,over-taking of assets
between the MC and the UDA or HB.
12.3.2 Inter - Agency Issues
At present, together with the city corporations, there are state agencies also operating in the
same urban space, independently of the ULB. These are the Urban Development Authority
State Housing Board, the Town and Country Planning Department, etc. Similarly there are
central government agencies. The activities of all these agencies impact on the same or the
peripheral urban space, which affect the spatial pattern and future growth direction. The
6 Except in a highly aggregative manner, no commonly accepted or nationwide approach emerges from the reports of
the SFCs. The SFCs have formulated the fiscal package for local bodies without having access to a clear statement on
what the functional jurisdiction of local bodies is or will be for the period of their recommendations. Thus, the
recommended package does not relate to the functions that the local bodies may perform over this period.
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functional jurisdictions of these agencies vis-à-vis the Municipal Corporations in respect of
the main civic services are shown in Table 13-1
Table 12-1: Agency responsibilities for City Services in Ujjain
S. No Sector Planning and
Design
Construction
Operation and
maintenance
1 Water PHED PHED PHED / MC
2 Sanitation &
Sewerage
On – Site
PHED
MC / UDA/
HB/NGOs
PHED
MC/ UDA/ HB/
NGO’s
PHED / MC
Households
3 Solid Waste MC MC MC
4 Roads/ Bridges
National
State
Local
GoI
GoMP (PWD)
MC/ UDA/ HB
GoI/ GoMP (PWD)
GoMP (PWD)
MC/ UDA/ HB
GoI/ GoMP (PWD)
GoMP (PWD)
MC/ UDA/ HB
5 Drainage PHED/ MC/ UDA PHED/ MC/ UDA PHED/ MC/ UDA
6 Slum Improvement MC/ DUDA MC/ DUDA MC/ DUDA
7 City Planning T & CP UDA/ HB MC (UDA/ HB)
8 Environment MPPCB/ EPCO MPPCB/ EPCO MPPCB/ MC
9 Public health MC MC MC
12.3.3 MC and PHED
PHED has been given the responsibility of planning, design and construction of the water
supply, sewerage and drainage projects of the municipal corporations (MC) since 1995.
Under this arrangement, the financial and administrative sanction for a project comes from
the PHED. The assets, however, have to be transferred to the MC on completion for
operation and maintenance. Though, the PHED staff’s works under tile functional control of
the MC, their administrative control remains with the PHED. There is therefore duality here
which can be sorted out.
The current arrangement between the MC and PHED is working and it is likely to improve in
a better way in the coming years.
12.4 Overview on Ujjain Municipal Corporation
12.4.1 Organisation Structure
The functioning of Municipal Corporation of Ujjain (UMC) is governed by the Madhya
Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1956 and amendments thereto. The organisational set up
of UMC comprises of a Political Wing (Deliberative) and Executive Wing. The Deliberative
Wing is an elected body of Councillors from different wards in the city and is headed by the
Mayor. The Executive Wing is headed by the Commissioner and looks after the day-to-day
functioning of the Corporation and assists the Deliberative Wing in the decision making
process.
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12.4.1.1 Deliberative Wing
The Deliberative Wing of UMC is headed by the Mayor and overall functioning of the
Corporation is governed by the Mayor-in-Council and the Departmental Advisory
Committees constituted by the Speaker from amongst the Councillors other than the members
of the Mayor-in-Council. 7
The provisions contained in the Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act 1956 regarding
the constitution of Mayor-in-Council, election of a Speaker and formation of Advisory
Committees are given under section 9. Under Section 18 of the Act, the Mayor and elected
Councillors of the Corporation shall elect a Speaker from the elected Councillors. Under
Section 37 of the Act, the Mayor-in-Council shall be constituted by the Mayor from amongst
the elected Councillors within 7 days from the date of election of the Speaker.
Coommi itteeeess sseet t uupp bbyy UMC uunnddeerr Maayyoorr- -inn-
-Coouunncci ill
As per Section 403 of the Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act 1956, UMC has
appointed an Appeal Committee to look into the appeals against an order passed by the
Commissioner or an officer subordinate to the Commissioner.
The Appeals Committee consists of the Mayor and four elected Councillors. Any aggrieved
person may appeal against any order passed by the Commissioner or any Officer within 30
days from the date of such order. The Appeal Committee may for sufficient cause extend the
period prescribed for appeal.
When an appeal is made against an order, all proceedings to enforce such order and all
prosecutions for breach thereof are suspended pending the decision on the appeal.
7 The Mayor-in-Council shall consist of the Mayor and ten members. The Mayor shall be the ex-officio
Chairman of the Mayor-in-Council and shall preside over meetings. The Mayor-in-Council may appoint
one or more sub-committees from amongst its members and may refer to it any matter pending before it for
inquiry and ask for report or opinion.
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Waarrdd Coommi itteeeess
According to Section 48-A of the Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, the Ward
Committees shall be constituted within 30 days from the date of election of the Speaker.
Every elected Councillor representing a ward within the territorial area of a Wards
Committee and two persons residing within the territorial area of such Committee shall be
nominated as members by the Mayor. The persons shall be nominated on the
recommendation of the Chairman of the Wards Committee and such persons shall not have
voting rights in the meetings.
The State Government has prescribed the duties, powers and the procedure for conducting the
business of Wards Committees. These rules are summarised in the Annexure.
12.4.1.2 Functional Review of MiC and General Body
After civic elections, the Mayor-in-Council was constituted by the Mayor in June 2005 as per
Section 37 of the Act. Similarly, the Speaker has constituted the following Advisory
Committees to advise in the affairs of the department concerned.
• Housing, Environment and Public Works Department
• Water works Department
• Health and Medical Department
• Market Department
• Education department
• Women and Child Welfare Department
• Food and Civil Supplies Department
• Rehabilitation and Employment Department
• Revenue Department
• Law and General Administration Department
The member of the Mayor-in-Council have been made Member-in-Charge of each of the
above departments and he is expected to convene the meeting of the Advisory Committee of
the department concerned at least once in every two months and preside over such meetings.
It is expected that the departmental proposals regarding the expenditure and developmental
works shall be first discussed in the Advisory Committee and if approved, subsequently put
to Mayor-in-Council or to other sanctioning authorities for sanction.
• The meetings of the Advisory Committees are held regularly and many times
expenditure proposals up to Rs.10 lakh are directly sanctioned by the Mayor-in-
Council. Sometimes there appears to be lack of proper coordination between the two
wings, which may be because of the composition of the Mayor-in-Council, and
General Body as different parties rule these bodies. The Advisory Committees are
functioning effectively and contribute effectively in the decision making process.
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• There is no mechanism for monitoring the progress of capital works or other
expenditure sanctioned by the Mayor-in-Council.
The organisation structure of the Deliberative Wing of UMC is presented in the enclosed .
Figure 12-1 Organisational Structure of Deliberative wing Executive Wing
Public Sphere
Of Ujjain
Mayor
Chair Person
Mayor in Council
Appeal Committee
Ward Committee
Advisory
Committee
Departments of MIC
1. Housing, Environment and Public Works Department
2. Water works Department
3. Health and Medical Department
4. Market Department
5. Education department
6. Women and Child Welfare Department
7. Food and Civil Supplies Department
8. Rehabilitation and Employment Department
9. Revenue Department
10. Law and General Administration Department
The Municipal Commissioner is the administrative head of the executive wing. According to
Section 69 of the Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, the entire executive power for
the purpose of carrying out the provisions of the Act vests in Commissioner and he shall also:
• Perform all the duties imposed or conferred upon him by the Act
• Prescribe the duties and exercise supervision and control over the acts and proceedings
of all municipal officers and servants and subject to the rules or bye laws for the time
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eing in force, dispose of all questions relating to the services of the said officers and
servants and their pay, privileges and allowances.
• Take immediate action on occurrence of any accident or unforeseen event and report it
to the Deliberative Wing of the Corporation and the costs if any, of such action and
not covered by the current budget provision.
The various Departments under Municipal Commissioner have been divided amongst 2
Additional Municipal Commissioners. This deputation of power has been done under Sec 45
of the M.P.M Co Act. There are three Deputy Municipal Commissioners who are in charge of
the central city functions of Finance, Engineering and the city planner deputed from the town
planning department holds the central position as a coordinator to the front line
administrative staff.
The implementation of the decentralisation process is in progress and there is no clarity
regarding the role of the Central and Divisional offices and the functions and powers. The
organisation structure of the executive wing is presented in the enclosed Figure- 12-2.
Figure 12-2 Organisational Structure of Executive Wing of UMC
Municipal Commissioner
Addl. Commissioner
Dy.
Commissioner
Dy.
Commissioner
Departmental Heads
Asst. Commissioner
Public Works Deptt.
Health & Sanitation Deptt.
Zonal Officers
Water Supply Deptt.
Finance & Accounts Deptt
General Administration Deptt.
Revenue & Tax Deptt.
Public Relation & Library Deptt.
Fire Brigade & Workshop Deptt.
Law Section & Legal Cell Deptt.
Planning & Development Deptt.
Garden & Parks Deptt
Technical Staff
Non technical
Staff
Ward Officers
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12.4.1.3 Functions of the Central Office
The operations of the UMC are organised on functional basis headed by the Commissioner to
whom the departmental heads at Central Office and Zonal Officers report. The functions of
the Central Office are as under;
• Policy formulation
• Planning
• Direction, control and co-ordination of activities of the zones and other departments
The departments of UMC and their functions are detailed in Annexure
12.4.2 Zonal Offices
For the purpose of better administration and delivery of services to the public, the area within
the UMC is divided in to 4 zones. The Zonal Officer, who reports directly to the Municipal
Commissioner, heads the Zonal Office. The officers that assist the Zonal Officer in the dayto-day
operations are;
• Officiating Engineer – Public Works
• Officiating Engineer – Water Supply
• Chief Health Inspector
• Senior Tax Collector
• Office Superintendent / Accounts Clerk
For effective functioning of Zonal Offices, the functions and the powers of the Commissioner
are to the Zonal Officers in three stages.
The decentralisation process is introduced in December 2001 and it is in transitory phase. It
will require some time to streamline the functioning of the Zonal Offices and for providing
adequate infrastructure, staff etc.
12.4.2.1 Functions of the Zonal Offices
The Zonal Offices will perform the following functions:
• Health and Sanitation
• Water Supply
• Property Tax assessments and Collection of taxes
• Lighting (Only Supervision)
• General Administration
•
12.4.3 Municipal Financial Powers
According to G.O.No. 24-F-1-65-05-XVIII-3 dated 14 th
functions of the Mayor-in-Council are as under:
July, 2005; the powers and
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Table 12-2Financial Powers
S No. Authority Cities with more than 3
lakh Population
Cities with less than 3 lakh
Population
1 Municipal Commissioner Up to Rs. 10 lakh Up to Rs.2 lakh
2 Mayor Exceeding Rs.10 lakh but not
above Rs.25 lakh
Exceeding Rs.2 lakh but not
above Rs 10 lakh.
4 Mayor-in-Council Exceeding Rs.25 lakh but not
above Rs.1Crore
Exceeding Rs.10 lakh but not
above Rs 25 lakh.
3 Corporation Exceeding Rs.1 Crore Exceeding Rs.25 lakh
Source: G.O.No. 24-F-1-65-05-XVIII-3 dated 14 th July, 2005
The financial powers described above shall be exercised only subject to the following
conditions:
• There should be budget provisions in the sanctioned budget and the amount available
in the relevant budget head for the work concerned.
• In the technical cases, there should be the technical obtained in the manner prescribed
in these rules.
• Such works which are of the policy nature or relevant to the whole city, irrespective
amount of expenses likely to be incurred therein, the prior approval of the council
shall have to be obtained.
• The prior approval of the Corporation or the Council, as the case may be, shall have to
be obtained for giving any grant or reward to any institution or person (excepting the
employees).
• In the proposal for construction work in any ward, the recommendation/concurrence
of the concerned ward councillor (if the office of the ward councillor in the concerned
is not vacant), Mayor/Commissioner/Local member of Legislative Assembly/Local
member of Parliament, shall be necessary.
• The tender shall be invited for construction work or purchase in accordance with the
provisions of Works Manual and the recommendation of the Tender Committee
prescribed in these rules shall be obtained thereon.
• Where the amount of expenditure exceed rupees one thousand and does not exceed
rupees ten thousand, it shall be necessary to call at least three quotations and it shall be
necessary for the sanctioning authority to ensure that the rate which is being
sanctioned is not more than the prevailing market rate.
• Provided that, prior to giving sanction, it shall be necessary for that sanctioning
authority to ensure that the provision for the concerned expenditure exists in the
budget.
• Provided further that the rate so sanctioned as per the quotation so called, shall be
limited to the concerned work and shall not be used for any other work.
• Each authority shall give information to the authority senior to him within 15 days of
the expenditure, exceeding fifty percent or more, of the maximum financial power
vested in him.
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• In case of exercise of the financial powers by the Mayor-in-Council or the Presidentin-Council,
as the case may be, information in all relevant cases shall be submitted in
the next meeting of the council.
• A proper communication system is necessary between the functional head at Central
Office and the staff looking after the relevant function in the Zonal Office.
It is necessary to establish a proper Management Information System (MIS) between Central
Office and Zonal Offices.
12.5 Key Observations and Issues
Key observations regarding municipal structure and functions are based upon discussions
with a wide range of municipal authorities and elected councillors and secondary information
available in the Corporation in the form of registers.
The observations with regard to structure and functioning of the deliberative wing and overall
organization of the executive wing of the corporation are discussed under this section. The
issues and program design elements with regard to functional departments of the executive
wing are elaborated in the next section, based on a review of organization, systems and
procedures of key functional departments.
12.5.1 Issues of Deliberative Wing
Key issues identified with regard to structure and functioning of the deliberative wing are:
• Inappropriate representation in the MIC constituted by the Mayor – includes members
from the political party that have majority representation from opposition party in the
General Body. This has resulted in occasions where there has been no consensus
among the General Body and MIC regarding city-wide development projects aimed at
improving delivery of civic services;
• Limited role of President of the General Body – restricted only to presiding over
meetings of the General Body. He does not have a significant direct role or powers in
the decision-making process, although he is a leader of the largest party in the General
Body;
• Absence of monitoring system for capital expenditure proposals sanctioned by Mayorin-Council
or General Body; and
• Ineffective functioning of the Wards Committees with regard to project identification
and budget preparation due to inadequate deployment of staff to the Zonal offices.
12.5.2 Issues of Executive Wing
This section discusses key issues regarding the overall structure of the executive wing and its
functioning. A detailed assessment of issues with regard to the organization, systems and
procedures and associated issues and program design elements for key functions of the
Corporation are presented in the following section.
The key issues regarding the structure and functioning of the executive wing are:
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• Several senior level posts lying vacant, many resulting from retirements, yet to be
filled with appropriately qualified/experienced personnel;
• Very large span of control of the Municipal Commissioner – almost all departmental
and sectional heads report directly to the Commissioner, thereby hampering effective
supervision and control over overall functioning of the Corporation;
• Ad hoc arrangements made to address vacancies in key posts, resulting in loading
individuals with additional functions of varied nature;
• Piecemeal efforts towards decentralization process due to lack of appropriate quality
and quantity of manpower and inadequate financial resources for establishing the
Zonal offices – decentralization not based on a clear reorganization plan;
• Inappropriately qualified persons placed as heads in zonal offices, and also in
specialized sections such as town planning, traffic management, accounts and audits,
etc.
• Inadequate co-ordination between various departments – especially the assessment
section to revenue section, town planning section to assessment section, water supply
department to revenue section;
• Absence of a feedback and monitoring system with regard to capital expenditure
proposals sanctioned by the competent authorities;
• Inadequate staff and infrastructure at Zonal office to execute decentralized functions;
and
• Absence of an effective system/plan for communication of day-to-day transactions,
between Zonal offices and central office.
12.5.3 Observations Regarding Creation of Zonal Offices
• The Executive Engineers and Assistant Engineers belonging to Water Supply or
Public Works Department have been posted at the Zonal Offices and are functioning
as Zonal Officers.
• The main function of the Zonal Officer is control and supervision over the functional
officers working under him and coordination with the Central Office He should
possess considerable administrative experience and authority for effective control over
the officers working under him. Hence, this position should be filled by Dy. Municipal
Commissioner. Each Dy. Municipal Commissioner may be given charge of 3 – 4
zones, depending on the number of wards in each zone.
• The Zonal Offices have not been provided with adequate manpower for office
administration as envisaged in the organisation structure. In the absence of adequate
manpower with requisite skills and experience, the decentralisation of activities may
not yield the expected results.
• Officers at Zonal level are mere dispenser of higher level authority orders. They don’t
possess adequate financial and execution powers.
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12.5.4 Key Financial Autonomy Issues
The limitations of Municipal Corporation is coming more and more to light against the
background of inadequacy of finances for serving the needs of growing urban communities,
though finance is not the only factor accounting for their unsatisfactory performance. With
the present level of revenue and expenditure, even obligatory functions are being
inadequately performed. Municipal services and amenities are chronically short of basic
requirements. With the present level of funds at their disposal, UMC is incapable of meeting,
leaving alone expanding, and existing facilities in their charge. Ugliness is the dominant
external characteristic of the city.
• Fiscal autonomy largely depends upon the extent to which own resources are raised by
the local bodies. It is a fact that level of resources that can be raised locally is
restricted by narrow economic base of local areas.
• But the reluctance of local bodies to tax people and poor administrative capacity at the
local level have also account for the poor financial position of local bodies.
• It has been examined empirically by the SFC as to what extent local bodies have
exploited their own resources and also to what extent power to levy taxes and
introduce changes in rates of taxes, is restricted by the state government.
• In a federal set-up some restrictions are inevitable.
• A highly decentralised tax system may distort the allocation of mobile resources or
factors of production and stand in the way of creation of a domestic common market.
• Since self-effort to raise resources may be one of the criteria for determining
devolution of resources from the state government to local bodies, the SFC has made
efforts to collect such data from local bodies and also ascertain reasons for poor
performance on this front.
12.6 Strategic Elements for Program Design
Some of the specific programs that UMC may have to undertake to address the issues
identified above are:
12.6.1 Strategies for Deliberative Wing
• Establishing a system to ensure proportionate representation of all political parties
constituting the General Body in the MIC, in order to improve co-ordination between
Advisory Committees set up by the General Body and Members-in-Charge of the
MIC. This will require amendment of the Act and rules at the State level;
• Establishing a Monitoring Cell for collection of periodic information on
developmental works sanctioned by the MIC/General Body and undertaken by the
Wards Committees. Such a cell could be set up within the Public Works Department
of UMC. The main function of this cell would be to collect periodic information
regarding the proposals sanctioned by the MIC/General Body and reporting the
progress of work to the MIC/General Body through the Municipal Commissioner; and
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• Establishing an appropriate and effective organizational set-up at the Zonal office
level, to support the Wards Committees in planning, decision-making and
implementation of developmental works.
12.6.2 Strategies for Executive Wing
• Regrouping of activities on functional basis in order to reduce the number of persons
directly reporting to the Commissioner and establishing reportability through Deputy
Municipal Commissioners and other departmental heads;
• Filling vacancies, especially at senior levels, with appropriately qualified personnel
through fresh recruitment or by promoting experienced internal staff with appropriate
training;
• Establishing a comprehensive municipal management information system (MMIS)
that facilitates communication between Zonal offices and the central office, the MMIS
needs to facilitate maintenance and management of functions related to all
departments of the Corporation;
• Establishing full-fledged, well-equipped Zonal offices and appointing officials of the
cadre of Deputy or Assistant Municipal Commissioners as Zonal Officers in the Zonal
offices and ensuring right-sizing of staff at the Zonal offices based on a plan for
executing the functions delegated to the Zonal offices.
12.7 Capacity Building
Capacity building in urban institutions is one area which is much talked about but has been
relatively neglected in terms of action. The restructuring of the roles of the elected ULBs has
to initially come about in the form of partnerships with the parastatals which have been
handling a variety of services. The public service element needs to be made more
professional and accountable to the people. Adoption of modern accounting systems,
improved practices of budgeting and planning, effective use of wards committees and other
means of peoples’ participation, and programme assistance should be put to use for
improving urban governance Capacity building is required for developing communication
and inter-personal skills among the people responsible for providing for the needs of the
urban poor, for improving the level of services and satisfaction of the beneficiaries, and for
providing coordinated services from a number of line agencies.
Good urban management without adequate capacity is a misconception
Training and development efforts are no longer viewed as peripheral to departmental goals.
The human resources are treated as assets rather than as costs and training is seen in the
government as an investment in future organizational capabilities. A two-pronged approach is
suggested for the same, Firstly, to build capacity for making the administration and the public
institutions more responsive. And, secondly to empower the citizens to create sustained
pressure for change.
The capacity building is not seen in isolation. The capacity building efforts are to be
accompanied with administrative reforms. Administrative reforms efforts aim at:
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(a) Improvement of delivery system; and
(b) Image building/correction of the public systems.
The overall goal of the Capacity Building in Public Administration Programme will
contribute significantly to the above objectives.
Capacity Building needs to focus on the entire stakeholder department to cover areas of
policy facilitation, system of restructuring, organization development, and training and
knowledge management. It is required for good government which will bring efficiency and
effectiveness of services and for “good governance” to deal with the empowering of more
and more stakeholders and bringing in transparency and accountability in the various systems
of delivery for city services.
12.7.1 Recommendation & Implementation Strategy
Before taking action on any recommended strategies there are certain issues that need to be
resolved. Unless the department has answers to these no programme undertaken to build the
capacities would be effective in principle.
There is a need to conduct an extensive research programme to analyze the present setup. The
authority at the highest level needs to ask and review the following issues:
• Is the present organizational structure ready to implement any development or training
strategy?
• Are the roles and responsibilities made clear at all the levels of hierarchy, are the
deliverables clear to employees in order to carry out their functions effectively?
• Is there any relevant pre-requisite for technical post or any provision of acquiring the
skill if need be?
• Are Manuals and technical instruction guidelines in place and made available to
relevant people?
• Is there any vision, a long term plan for the department apart from the short term plan
made for the fiscal purpose?
• In the absence of a long term plan, how do the officials plan to achieve a holistic
implementation of the already floated developmental exercises?
• Are the Discretionary and Obligatory Duties of the Corporation clearly formulated and
defined?
• Has the Act been amended to suit the present setup and requirement?
• Can the department make provisions for a fixed tenure of the key officials so that the
initiatives taken at the particular level does not suffer?
Unless there are answers to these issues it is in principal not possible to deliver an effective
training and capacity building programme.
It is very strongly recommended to undertake an in-depth organizational research to study the
various vertical and horizontal levels of hierarchy. To chalk and design the roles and
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esponsibilities at each level to enable the smooth transition of power when need comes. It
would enable each employee to understand his/her role in clearer terms and carry out the
responsibilities efficiently.
It would be the second phase which would address the issue of training and capacity building.
For smooth functioning and efficient execution of the assigned tasks any department would
like to undertake training programmes in the following areas:
• Technical Skills
• Upgradation of existing skills
• Knowledge of Reforms and Innovations
• Behavioral Skills
• Employee Development
• Success Stories and Best Practices
• Miscellaneous
In past there has been an assortment of training programmes that has taken place for the
municipal personnel as follows:
List of Training Programs for Ujjain Municipal Personnel
Training Module on ‘Land Management’.
Training Module on ‘Water Supply Management’.
Training Module on ‘Public health’.
Training Module on ‘Vital Statistics including Registration of Birth and Death’.
Training Module on ‘Environment Management’.
Training Module on ‘Solid Waste Management’.
Training Module on ‘Urban Planning and Development’.
Training Module on ‘Roads & Bridges Construction’.
Training Module on ‘Fire Services’.
Training Module on ‘Urban Poverty Alleviation’.
Training Module on ‘Urban Transportation’.
Training Module on ‘Community Participation’.
Training Module on ‘Provision of Urban Amenities and facilities such as Parks, Gardens, and
playgrounds’.
Training Module on ‘Slum Improvement and Upgradation’.
Training Module on ‘Municipal Finance and Resource Mobilization’.
These programmes can also be broadly classified into the above mentioned categories. But it
is apparent from this list that sufficient efforts have not been made and there is a need to
make more concerted efforts in the field of training and development to arrive at more
sustainable gains from it.
The training evaluation report of these programs further sums up to the fact that these
training have not achieved the desired results and require efforts to obtain significant and
sustained knowledge gain. As identified by most of the Corporation Employees, there are no
clear guidelines available for carrying out such programmes and there is no mechanism
available to nominate the employees for the same. These factors reiterate that fundamental
need at UMC is in-depth study of the Organizational Structure and ‘Capacity Mapping’ at all
the levels.
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Acct tioonn PPl laann
Following are the steps that should be taken extensively at the department:
HR Initiatives
• Prepare an organization chart based on personnel functions and assign appropriately
qualified personnel to identified posts.
• Establish an HR Department/agency
• Formulate an HR policy incorporating key HR elements (rewards, incentives, training
and career planning)
• Determine the areas of capacity building and training for the staff.
FFoorrmaat tioonn oof f aa FFOCUSS Grroouupp
A team of selected personnel would be constituted that will facilitate the process of training
and capacity building. As it is not possible for the department to implement the training
strategy without the professional help in the area and at the same time any outside agency
would not be able to do justice unless the programme is developed jointly by a professional
along with an internal department resource who has a detailed insight to the department.
Reevvi ieew oof f TTrraai inni inngg Neeeeddss
A comprehensive exercise with the selected personnel would be undertaken to assess the
training needs of the persons directly connected with the planning process. This stocktaking
will develop a training strategy in consultation with other states carrying the similar range of
activities hence facilitating the knowledge sharing and management.
The training strategy will develop profile of participants, training design and training
modules.
TTrraai inni inngg Maannuuaal l
A Training Manual is a set of guide lines, and instructions elaborating systems, procedures,
processes, and techniques required to be applied in planning, formulating, implementing, and
reviewing departmental training and development interventions by the organization. In
government departments also there is a need to develop training manual to provide direction
for formulating departmental training policy, implementation strategies, and programmes of
action.
TTrraai inni inngg ppl laann
The need for a training plan is to meet the short-term/long-term requirements of an
organization for improving the performance of valuable human resources at all levels. To be
successful, training programmes should not be created in isolation, but structured in line with
goals and the development plans of the individual/ organization. The training and
development plan must be an integrated system of the HR development process and must be
monitored periodically to measure progress.
Woorrkksshhoopp withh Reessoouurrccee PPeerrssoonnss
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A team of resource persons will be constituted to develop resource and learning material for
the training modules
TTrraai inni inngg oof f TTrraai inneerrss
A critical mass of trainer will be developed at multi-levels. This group will in turn take care
of the training down the line.
Coonndduucct tinngg TTrraai inni inngg
Depending on the number of trainers a series of training of trainers programme will be
conducted. The time frame of the same can be mutually decided by concerned personnel.
PPeerri iooddi icc Reevvi ieew
A team of experts and selected beneficiaries will conduct a mid-term review.
TTrraai inni inngg Reei innf foorrcceemeennt t & Coonnt tinnuui
ityy
Ideally, training should have reference to earlier programmes and build on them. Trainees
learn more when training is encapsulated and repeated with well-defined objectives concise
and yet comprehensive.
The other training and capacity building activities can be undertaken as per the Training
process flow given in the chart and the action plan as listed:
Broad Training Process Flow
Action Plan Indicators of Achievement Assessment of Assumption (Risk)
Indicators
1 2 3 4
I. BROAD OBJECTIVES
Capacity development through training.
II. IMMEDIATE
OBJECTIVES
2.1 To identify training
needs
To introduce systematic
training to identify
training needs of
identified target group
To develop training
strategy as per the need
Systematic approach introduced in
identifying training needs by
trainers while designing and
implementing training.
Recommendation/suggestion made
by the participants and feed in to
the development of training
strategy.
Formation of
Steering Group at
the Project level
Field trip
organized to assess
the training need
Steering Group
approves of the
training strategy
Knowledge and
skills are reflected
in the course
organized by the
trainer.
The Project
understand impact
of TOT will be
slow.
The field level
functionaries are
able to articulate
their actual needs
to make the project
successful
III. MODULE
DEVELOPMENT
To develop training
modules on identified
and agreed competence
Development of modules on
identified needs for capacity
building
Assessment of
quality of modules
on the basis of
contents and
Priority given by
the Project.
Effective
networking
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equirement at, Block
and District level
processes by
Project partners
amongst Project
partners.
Project partners
take training as a
serious business.
IV. PILOT TESTING
To test the training
module and its
effectiveness
V. TRAINING OF
TRAINERS
To develop critical mass
of trainer at block/sector
level
VI. TRAINING
To conduct and
facilitate training at
various levels
Course conducted for testing
training modules
Selection of Trainers
Collaborative development of
training and resources amongst
Trainers.
Trainers conduct courses for
identified client at various levels
Incorporation of
Feedback from
participants for
improved quality
Identified trainers
undergoes training
Number of courses
conducted and
number of people
trained
Timely release of
the fund for
module
development
Availability of
professionals
Willingness to
learn
Selection of trainer
Trained Trainers
remained in post.
Trainers get
opportunity to
demonstrate their
learned behavior
Availability of
trainees
Project able to
sustain the focus
and momentum of
training
12.8 Ujjain Municipal Governance Overview
In order to translate new policies and paradigm into practice, a framework of the objectives is
to be prepared. 8 It should clearly spell out economic, environmental, financial, social,
8 In the past, the solution to urban ills was often seen to lie in preventing further urban expansion. Now, the answer is
thought to be greater investment in cities. The problem is not urbanisation itself but more the inability of some cities to
afford the necessary infrastructure to keep pace with the rate of population change and increase in construction as
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constitutional and political objectives. With the ongoing economic liberalisation and
devolution of power to local bodies, gone are the days of armchair professionals. Their
insulation from the general masses and the political system may be catastrophic in the
changing environment, where participatory decision making is becoming institutionalised.
Among the professionals, who require expertise exercised with integrity, skills are necessary
to strike a balance between the political process and service delivery.
Ujjain Municipal governance is bound with the objective of better functioning, efficient and
effective service delivery to the inhabitants of Ujjain City, especially to the disadvantage
sections of the society as envisages in the recent policies and Good governance global
agenda.
12.8.1 Local conditions
The settlement pattern of the city mainly concentrated in and around Mahakaal mandir core
area, and recent new developments at the fringe of Municipal limits have come up as
Institutional development towards South of the city. The percentage of population that
commutes to work every day is 5 to 7% of the total. Ujjain being a prime religious centre and
one of the oldest settlements of the state also enjoys potential for diverse economic and
cultural development. Owing to the opportunities of the city location and available
infrastructure as compared to other in the state not many firms have been established in the
last few years, the traditional small scale industries are not getting the required boost in the
corporation area. The local society although remarked as progressive in certain fields,
actually not getting a favourable environment of flushing in the region.
12.8.1.1 Local Public life, Organisations and Media
Although as general perception local people of Ujjain are satisfied with the things going in
the country in general, contradictorily many of them were quit dissatisfied with the, way
income rise. Many now argue that with adequate public and private investment and improved urban management, most
cities should be able to improve their local environment and reduce their contribution to global environment
degradation.
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things are going in Ujjain city. A very common conclusion can be drawn on the question of
how things in the local community in five years from now would be, the answers were
mostly much better and a few exclaimed no change.
Regarding Social tension between people in the community the most prominent reason
quoted are the; Differences in ethnicity and regionalism, Differences in religious beliefs,
Differences in income, Differences in political opinions, Differences between residential
areas, Differences between long-time residents & those who moved here recently
Generally people trust each other, but they don’t respect and observe legal rules (such as
Traffic or tax regulations). Despite of small conflicts and agitation in and around, the city
could not be judged as hostile. But in the past few years the trust within the people has
decreased and so as the trust in local government. The power of civic organisation as always
remained out of the city development scenario.
The last few years have witnessed a crucial deficiency of drinking water in various parts of
the city especially in summers, this issues was a major concern of the people of Ujjain. Last
year there had been many public demonstrations. There are cases in which the local
government decisions have been challenged in the court of law by the local residents and
groups in the city. On the contrary the influence of the local residents on the decision making
of the local government is absent to a greater extent.
The role of civic organisations and local residents is limited in the decision making process
of the local government, an increasing trend of the big business house and local private
entrepreneurs is felt with the inception of the programme by UMC as Jankarya by Janbhagidari
with external financial support from many interested business associations
specially banks in the beautification of the city.
A limited number of occasions can be identified in which a civil organisation participated in
the preparation of a decision of local government, but certainly there are provisions in the
book of rules of the Municipal Corporation by which through membership in a committee or
subcommittee of the local government can be made. Recent cases has briefed that Municipal
corporation is now taking steps forward to consult the experts of the respective fields and
make the projects more implementation oriented.
The Municipal Corporation also gives assistance in terms of financial or in kind support for
civic societies working in the field of social and city level issues. But a clear symbiotic
relationship lacks in the process as civic societies are neither asked and nor they are bothered
of their role in any type of decision making in the government. This is clear from the fact that
despite of the efforts of the corporation and media in the city there could not be done much
with the privatisation or rendering of services to an external agency.
There are newspapers that, from time to time, give some coverage of public affairs in your
municipal corporation which include coverage from regional to national level news.
The medium of communication of majority of the city was claimed to be Hindi and so the
Hindi news papers are more prominent in the city to name some is Dainik Bhaskar, nai
Duniya, Dainik Jagran, Nav Bahrat etc, beside these many a evening news paper is also very
famous in the region named Sandhya Prakas. A local news paper published in the city which
regularly deals with city affairs is Swadesh.
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The news papers regularly publish the updates of the projects and programme of the local
government and also the arguments and counter arguments of the councillors in the local
assembly. 9
12.8.1.2 Political structure and composition
UMC has 54 elected members. The BJP is the dominant party with a clear majority of 26
councillors, 28 councillors are Congress and the remaining five are independent candidates.
In Ujjain, however, the Mayor represents the minority Congress party. The detailed
composition of the council is as follow
While the mayor is from Congress, the chair of the MiC who is elected from the majority of
councillors is, not surprisingly, from the BJP. Given the fact that the ruling party at State
level is BJP, the MiC chairman’s position and role in UMC is rather more prominent than
might ordinarily be expected.
In Ujjain, although there are multi-level dynamics between the majority party, where the
mayor commands neither a majority of members nor control over the MiC leadership, is a
situation where all key decisions first require consultation with BJP members to gain quorum.
This, in turn, means the process of achieving consensus is somewhat more protracted in
UMC than elsewhere, although the result is a high level of political transparency. MiC
members and State government on the one hand, and Congress and the mayor on the other,
there tends to be consensus on most development matters.. There have been instances when
the city-state dynamics have worked in favours of reform decisions.
9 In the view of the local representatives, now a days the influence of media cannot be ignored as it has become the
part and parcel of the city governance [Media is been used for both the purpose, but the increasing role of media in
decision making of local government cannot be ruled out completely, as a matter of fact Ujjain has a glorious history in
terms of Journalism, as electronic media has entered our life the flash news of every single second from every walk of
life is accessible by the common providing a better platform to the voice of the residents of the city and many a times
canvases a real picture of what is happening, where, when and why, the sad part of the story is, the use of media by
few influential individuals for their personal benefits in the name of public welfare which actually remarks the
authenticity of the facts as ‘questionable?’]
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12.8.1.3 Municipal Decision-making
The cooperation from civil organisation and voluntary cooperation from residents in
launching a program / project had never been that promising to the local government, in-fact
the decisions of the local government are received with a bit of animosity rather than being
supportive. Powerful vested groups in the society have incredible influence on the decision
making of the local government on the other hand the ordinary citizens play a role of
uninvolved critics. With the recent efforts under city consultation process have been initiated
with the surveys conducted by municipal officials and local representatives in the respective
wards [The problems are collected from each ward in a Prescribed forma,t by the ward
officers on regular basis. A new initiative of organizing Jan-sampark Abihyan has been
under taken for the same purpose, it is proclaimed in the GO’s of the authority UMC that
the case will be looked upon, discussed and shall be solved in a week time], but the
decision making process is quite slow [Very often the representatives of the local
government emerge from their long meetings without having reached a decision] and
the solution to even generic nature as Water supply, sanitation and solid waste management
were not resolved in many a cases except few.
Generally speaking, the implementation part of decisions made by the local government is
not very successful until and unless it is supported by the higher level government, one of the
reasons could be the existence of partiality in the dealings with individual representatives
The process of decision making generally takes a long path through various pipe lines as;
• Preparatory work undertaken by the Mayor’s Office.
• Pre-Consultation with authorities as the National Health and Safety Commission, the
Land Registry Office, or ministries.
• The deliberation of the committees of the municipal council
• When the Mayor develops an opinion on the matter.
• Discussions and negotiations between the councilors.
• Discussions and negotiations with the people directly affected by the decision.
• The debate on the floor of the municipal council monthly Outstanding.
12.8.1.4 Municipal Policy Making
The mandatory sessions of the council is to meet every month, the year 2004 Ujjain council
had a total of 18 sessions of which 6 were extraordinary. But the acts revealed by most
officials of UMC is it was a general trend that the session of the assembly ended , suspended
or cancelled because of lack of quorum. The reasons of several decisions postponed at
almost every session were;
• Lack of information, the councilors deem the proposal was insufficiently prepared
• Lack of time
• Some councilors try to prevent the adoption of a proposal through postponing the
decision
• No agreement is reached in the assembly
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• Some councilors or factions need more time to develop a firm opinion on the matter
Recently with the recommendations of SFC and financial and technical assistance from Asian
development Bank, HUDCO, and ICLIE, local government have taken initiatives to prepare
program, regulation, or action plan for basic services delivery, public sanitation and
environmental protection programme. The general programme of the Corporation includes
Programme on public education and health, Sports and cultural activities in the city. An
action plan for traffic and transportation is also prepared by the external agency. The work of
Computerisation is under process and the web site is likely to be launched in the near future
for facilitating and informing citizens about the activities of the corporation.
The administrative cost of local government office is regularly reviewed by the council and
provisions are taken in to account for reducing it gradually. More recently a FOP for the
infrastructure development in the city is under taken in the preparatory report formulated for
the sanction of funding from ADB 10 for the projects under different heads. Every three
months the review of the functional and financial status of the Municipal Corporation is done
by the head of the UADD Ujjain in presence of the departmental heads of UMC and
concerned Dept. The corporation has also make up mind to privatize or contract out functions
for the better service delivery to the citizens. Expression of interest for certain functions as
computerization and data base management have been invited by the UMC. But the degree of
privatisation is low as stated by the respondents as for many local hindrances in the system
itself. The respondents believe that the privatisation initiatives by UMC yet not very
promising in terms of reducing the number of local government employees infact many of
them felt in most cases this is the reason for not achieving the objectives of privatisation of
municipal services.
Inability of councillor to set priorities regarding different types of issues is an issue; the
reasons include the conflict within different groups of councillors and with municipal
administration, given the present resources the unclear responsibilities assigned to the
Municipal Corporation by the central and state are many that to, with restrictions of standards
and norms imposed. The discretion of Municipal authorities in determining local
10
ADB grants 1500 cr aid to MP Jul 9, 2004 ..."The ADB has approved the developmental projects at Indore,
Ujjain, Gwalior, Ratlam and Ujjain and Ujjain," Malayya told reporters here. ... Economic Times, India -
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development policies is little, the reason being lack of capacity in the Managerial and
technical front, but the municipal restructuring is also not very easy.
12.9 Ujjain Municipal Governance Status
Objectives of good governance are to ensure that “political, social and economic priorities are
based on broad consensus in society and that the poorest and the most vulnerable are heard in
decision making over the allocation of development resources. The section in particular
reviews the status of Ujjain Municipal Governance on the basis of certain parameters and
indicatiors. 11
12.9.1 Effectiveness
The functioning of the city depends to a large extent on the effectiveness of the local
government and the quality and cost of services it provides. The financial resources available
at Ujjain are 8% as the property tax and the government transfers constitute another half of
the total revenue. The over all revenue has increased by 16.4% as compared to the
expenditure by 11.3% in the year 2002-2003, showing a better financial performance.
The recent collection and balance between the sources of income provides an indication on
the viability, independence and control over resources of the local government, and thus its
effectiveness.
Predictability of transfers to the budget as effective tool for planning and implementation of
institutional development or project planning and implementation lacks in the Ujjain
11
Effectiveness: Major source of Income, Predictability of transfers in local govt. Budget, Published
performance delivery standards, Consumer satisfaction Survey, Existence of vision statement.
Equity: Citizen’s Charter: Right of access to basic services, % of Women Councilors, Pro-poor pricing
policies for water, Incentives for informal businesses.
Participation: Elected Council, Elected Mayor, Voter turnout and voter participation by Sex, Public forum,
Civic Associations per 10,000 population.
Accountability: Formal Publication (of contracts/tenders, budgets & accounts), Control by higher levels of
Government, Codes of conduct, Facility for citizen complaints, Anti-corruption Commission, Disclosure of income/
assets, Independent audit
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Municipal Corporation. Moreover, is set on the criteria of arithmetic projections in the
previous account heads by 10% increase every year. This imparts foul confidence of higher
level of government in local government and consequently regular support for local
development.
The corporation does not have published performance delivery standards, mechanism that is
required for the efficient delivery of key services. The presence of standards and benchmark
is a first step towards realizing the delivery of services.
It may also point to:
• Increased confidence of local population in the local government;
• Adherence of the government to equitable distribution of services;
• Popular public participation and influence over its administration.
On the same lines UMC also lacks frequent consumer satisfaction survey, infact few survey
held up till now are done by outside development agencies. It becomes difficult to understand
willingness of the local administration to receive critical feedback from the local population
and also the willingness to modify existing systems for working with the local population,
which is likely to enable them to be more effective. By asking for feedback from Local
Population, the Administration is holding itself accountable to the people.
UMC’s process of formulating a vision statement implies a first step commitment of the local
authority towards welfare and aspirations of its people. In principle, the vision statement
exemplifies all the components of good governance like accountability, efficiency, equity,
participation and security. A vision statement articulated in a participatory manner increases
its accountability and ownership.
12.9.2 Equity
Mandated number of women councillors in UMC council indicates the gender equity in
representation of women involved in municipal government decision-making processes as
fundamental to promoting more equitable policies, plans and projects. It also indicates:
• Participation: Equal participation of the women is a fundamental human right.
• Accountability: Representation of women in the local government to improve the
responsiveness of decision-making processes on specific women issues.
• Effectiveness: Policies, plans and projects to be more effective if the priorities of both
men and women are equally and equitably addressed.
Recent reforms and interventions of Pro-poor pricing policies (Under process) for Urban
Infrastructure services signifies commitment and measures undertaken by UMC for equitable
distribution of basic services (water as the key service) to its entire people commensurate
with their economical conditions, especially the poorer sections.
Hawker zones in the various city locations for informal businesses shows the efforts of
government in providing equal opportunities for informal businesses for the economic
welfare of society. It may also work towards reducing corrupt practices in the government
benefiting from such informal vending and provide security of employment to a large section
of society.
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12.9.3 Participation
Elected Council 12 indicates that the local population has had a role in identifying the
personnel most suitable for governing the city as part of the council and therefore signified
civil society participation.
Elected Mayor indicates involvement/participation of the local population in decisionmaking.
• Effectiveness: The decisions of an Elected Mayor are more likely to be representative
of the wishes of the local population, and hence the government is likely to be more
effective
• Accountability: An elected Mayor is more likely to accountable to the population that
he/she represents, than a nominated Mayor.
The lower voter turnout and voter participation by sex in the Municipal corporation election
(2004) indicates lack of interest and involvement of the public in local government. Low
participation in representative democracy may, however, be balanced by higher levels of
participatory democracy. It may also indicate:
• Equity: women’s inability to participate equally in formal elections. If disaggregated
by income levels, it may also indicate the meaningfulness of voting to the urban poor.
• Effectiveness: strength of local government’s development mandate; perceived
relevance of elections results for affecting the quality of life in cities
• Accountability: at the extreme, indicator may suggest that elected officials are not
accountable to the population.
The existence of People’s forum indicates the availability of informal or formal mechanisms
for the public to express their views and share their issues with peers.
The vibrancy of associational life in a city, with larger numbers indicates greater vibrancy.
Organized groups are vital for effective participation. It may also indicate:
12 An elected council is more likely to make decisions that are more representative of the wishes of the local population
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• Equity: larger numbers indicate the existence of organizations representing the urban
poor, women, minorities or other normally excluded groups.
• Accountability: civic organizations help ensure the accountability of local
government, through the mobilization of people behind the issues that affect them;
• Effectiveness: the existence of many civic associations also facilitate the formation of
partnerships for the delivery and/or maintenance of services
• Security: civic associations can foster a sense of community that can reduce the
individual member’s vulnerability to crime and corruption and act as a social safety
net
12.9.4 Accountability
The open flow of information is vital for good urban governance. Ujjain Municipal
Corporation has made provisions for formal publication of information regarding contracts
and budgets indicate the willingness of the local authority to be transparent in its activities
and accountable for its decisions. It also indicates a greater confidence of people in the local
government and integrity of auditing and monitoring. It may also indicate:
• Participation: willingness to involve the public in setting/debating budget priorities
and in the evaluation of its procurement processes
• Equity and Effectiveness: publication of financial information to encourage
participation in decision-making can not only help eliminate opportunities for
corruption, but helps to ensure that scarce development resources are used most
equitably and effectively.
Control by higher levels of Government to close local authorities or remove councillors at its
discretion, councillors is likely to be more accountable upwards rather than downwards to
their citizens. It may also indicate:
• Less effectiveness: possibly because the local authority does not have sufficient
autonomy and resources to act, but also possibly because the local authority has not
proved capable of carrying out its responsibilities
• Less Participation: if accountability is oriented upwards, a local authority may not feel
it necessary or worthwhile to promote local participation in decision-making;
UMC’s published code of conduct signifies the government’s commitment towards integrity
of its officials. It may also motivate and enhance the behaviour of its official and help reduce
corruption.
Facility for citizen complaints in public grievances cell indicates Ujjain Municipal
Government’s responsiveness towards integrity of officials and shows the willingness of the
government to be responsive for the welfare of its citizens.
Disclosure of income/ assets by the official and elected represented of the Municipal
corporation is made as a provision in the rule of law, but for the unforeseen reasons never
been practiced. Which imparts the accountability of the decision-makers in the government
and their genuine interest in the welfare of the local people as questionable?
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A regular independent audit made in the corporation after the adoption of double accounting
system indicates the accountability of the local government towards its taxpayers and
transparency in providing resources for development projects.
12.10 Urban Governance Issues and Strategies
Having the overview of the Municipal Governance, Structure, Procedures and Practices
involved certain major issues are identified and respective Strategies can be formulated to
design and implement programme and projects under JNNURM.
Table 12-3 Urban Governance and Institutional Strengthening Strategies
Issues Strategies Programme/Projects Responsible
Agency
The link
between urban
management
and
decentralisation
on the one hand,
and the district
planning and
governance on
the other has not
seen established
in operational
terms;
Coordination
and
rationalisation
of interinstitutional
relationship has
to be effected
for better result
between the
municipal
authorities and
Parastatal
Bodies
There are
inconsistencies
and
inadequacies in
the urban legal
frame work e.g.
municipal laws,
town and
country
planning law,
MC’s require
to coordinate
with various
authorities at
the district,
regional and
state level for
the purpose of
planning and
development to
enable MC’s to
participate
more
meaningfully
with DPC, DG,
Zilla
panchayats,
etc;
Clear
demarcation of
roles and
functions
between UMC
and Parastatal
Bodies
Review of
Urban legal
frame in a
more
comprehensive
manner.
Revamping existing
urban Planning laws &
legislations, and
Development control
regulations to meet the
current urban sector
demands
GoMP
GoMP
DPC/UMC/T&CPD/
BDA/CPA
Implementing
Agency
GoMP
GoMP
Private
Consultant
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district planning
law, etc;
Planning
capacity, human
resource
development,
financial
management are
not developed,
as a result of
which these are
operating
inefficient;
Overall there is
lack of
accountability
and
transparency;
The city is not
yet fully
equipped to take
up Physical
Planning
Actions in an
integrated
manner;
Given the lack
of experience in
formulating and
implementing
poverty
Mc’s may be
facilitated
with the
posting of
technical
officers
(Like Planners,
engineers,
resource
planners, with
or without
support staff
ect.) for one or
a group of
MC’s for such
time, in such a
manner and
conditions as
may be
mutually
beneficial.
Achieving
Good
governance
status in terms
of
Accountability,
Effectiveness,
participation
and equity.
GIS Survey
and detailed
Structural
plans for city
basic services
and asset
inventory.
Need
assessment of
personnel at
different levels
arising from
Review of managerial,
Technical gaps in UMC
and strengthening
project development
and management
mechanisms.
Mandatory training and
research programme for
elected councilors and
appointed officials
Incentives to promote
private participation and
NGO in service delivery
Awareness programme
for private
entrepreneurs regarding
city administration and
urban basic services.
Awareness programme
for Ujjain municipal
officials regarding
efficient working hours
and responsiveness.
Formulating E-
Governance Programme
Training and capacity
building programme for
employees of UMC to
adopt modern tools and
techniques.
Project inputs from
social planning agencies
with proactive
involvement of NGO’s
and CBO’s
GoMP/UMC
GoMP/UMC
UMC
UMC
GoMP/UMC
GoI/GoMP
GoMP/UMC
GoMP/UMC
UMC/Private
consultants
GoMP
UMC
UMC
NGO’s/ Planning
and management
institutions.
UMC/Private
sector
UMC /Private
Consultants/
Planning
Institutions
Social Planning
Institutes/
Private
Consultant
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aIleviation
programmes,
the central/state
programmes in
this respect
suffers from
lack of data,
convergence,
quality of work
and community
participation;
The city is more
used to design
and implement
location-specific
repair,
maintenance
and
improvement
works, rather
than city-wide
integrated
systems
development
planning and
execution;
Absence of a
relevant HRD
programme.
new
investment,
method of
recruitment
and placement;
subsequent
restructuring if
necessary.
Formulating a
city Vision as
shared
perception of
all stake
holders of the
city.
Functional
reorganisation
of and
delegation of
powers to the
departments in
the city is
necessary to
enable them to
perform better.
Formulation of a city
Development strategies
plan for Ujjain with
detailed CIP and FOP
Restructuring of
existing organisational
setup.
UMC
GoMP/UMC
UMC/Private
consultant
UMC/Private
consultant.
12.11 IT Solutions and Ward Level single window clearence
IT solutions and Ward level Single Window for Clearances.
Accounts of taxpayers and online payment facility is just one of the applications of
computerization, the benefits are immense and can be as listed below
• Online tax-payment facility
• Tracking of files, grievances and applications.
• Increased accountability for delays and inaction.
• Data backup and retrieval.
• Improvement in Ward-Zone-Head office communications via conferencing facilities.
• Mayor- Public contacts via conferencing facilities and public address system
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• Information disbursement via public address system/ publicly placed large screens
• Ward collection centers can be converted into single window clearing and
information center for the citizens of the wards concerned.
• This should result in increased
• Tax collections
• Efficiency of operations
• Accountability
• Transparency
• Improved public image
• Public participation
• Accessibility of information
• Right to Information
The Ward level Single Window should also act the window under the Right to Information
Act. This would inculcate faith towards the Municipal Corporation and gain goodwill.
12.12 Conclusion
Summing up, all the salutary recommendations as well as the constitutional amendment
clearly favours an unbundling of administration through decentralisation and is the very
essence of good governance which enables the people to share in the development decisions
as their own doing. While it is all very well to delineate the elements of good governance,
there appears to be a looming chasm between the percept and the practice.
The present changes in the political and administrative reforms have helped UMC in
strengthening of the Functions, Finances for the Functions and Functionaries to a greater
extent. This is reflected in the impact of institutional development, services and finances of
UMC. Although examined with an increasing trend, the activities under institutional
development still have not achieved the satisfactory levels. The recent Financial and other
reforms of restructuring and reorganizing suggest an overall shift in the traditional mind set
of the Government and the Governed.
The decentralisation initiatives envisaged in the CAA in context to UMC can be concluded
as, though local self government in Ujjain has deep regards to the objectives laid under the
agenda and few reforms are taken in the direction they shall be rated as average, though the
state may have higher index in comparison to the others. There is a wide scope an
unmistakable opportunity for UMC to fundamentally rethink on how they function and how
they intend to develop their localities. The Document intends to formulate Short term, Middle
term and Long term strategies in institutionalising better functioning and services to city
residents especially urban poor.
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13 Heriittage Managementt and Sttrattegiiess
The infrastructure developed at Ujjain, unlike any other city selected under JNNURM needs
following Management Planning- Strategy- Execution- Maintenance
• Visitors and Tourism Plan
• Environment Plan
• Historic Environment Plan
• Traffic Plan
• Heritage Monument Protection and Revitalization Plan
• Land use Plan
The Management Plan will act as a catalyst for various management initiatives to be
implemented with a set timetable, as presented here.
13.1 Methodology and Data Sources
The Plan implementation has to ensure full integration of two crucial elements, viz., the
process of consultation and the full involvement of all “stakeholders” especially the local
community.
The collection and full understanding of all available data relating to the broad spectrum of
the site’s significance.
13.2 Visitor Plan
• Questionnaire and Survey
A study of the visitor needs, expectations and movement to be undertaken. Visitor behaviour
and the characteristics of visitor groups who come to Ujjain during various festivals and
occasions should be studied from various sources such as consultation with the local
community by holding discussion workshops and a visitor questionnaire survey. Reports and
experience of Mela office and its officers is an important input into the making of Visitor
Plan.
• Traffic and movement
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Each festival or mela has its own rituals with the pilgrims following a predetermined path
and halts. Congregations at different occasions as well as studies with the data existing either
with Mela office, traffic police or Collectorate. The data collected from these sources as also
actual observation should form an important element into the Visitor Plan.
13.3 Environment Plan
• Water quality management Plan
The environment Plan is closely related to the visitors’ movement and rituals.
• Conservation Plan
The prime objective of the plan is to ensure the usefulness of the heritage in question and its
adaptation to housing and activities in the knowledge that the protection of cities is under the
auspices of urban management and cannot be limited only to aesthetic concerns. To be
effective at all levels, the protection plan has the status of an urban development plan,
thereby providing it with the legitimate authority to prescribe attributions and land use, traffic
regulation, the breakdown of various types of economic endeavor while it defines the
protection of ancient buildings and sets forth the rules for new construction. Depending upon
the provisions and objectives all operational and financial instruments will be brought to bear
in the application of restoration and urban development.
The Conservation Plan has to go along with actions at different levels such as:-
• Institutional
• Regulatory
• Financial
• Technical
• Cultural and
• Environmental
13.3.1 Institutional Measures
Authority in charge of framing the protection and revitalization plan.
It is proposed that the protection and revitalization plan of Ujjain must be placed under the
responsibility of the ULBs which, in conjunction with the State Government should fulfill the
objectives of JNNURM. Heritage Cell, which should comprise of conservation architects and
related professionals, should be established within Ujjain Municipal Corporation.
The local authority cannot by itself take on the responsibility of implementing the
conservation plan, as there are too many players on the scene. The management of the plan
would therefore have a commission presided over by a representative of the State
(Commissioner of Ujjain Division) that can bring under its wing different authoritiesterritorial,
technical, professional, financial --- and assess the programmes and projects free
from any direct pressures and constraints. In fact the aforesaid commission may even
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envisage an advance action plan in anticipation of its eventual completion and assess the
operations involved in each case so that the results are not unduly delayed. Finally, agencies
from outside municipality could also act in the name of the above commission and monitor
the plan on a daily basis. This does not however mean abandoning the town, its elected body
and its administration but rather supporting it. Periodic review by District Planning
Commission presided over by State Minister in charge of the District. All institutes involved
to find representation in the committee during review. Such a joint management backed by
the State and working in accordance with the local authorities, can free them from the
contradictions that they have to face on a daily basis. Similar management measures by the
Sate have been taken up in six other cities like Goa, Hyderabad and Chandigarh. They
provide us with sound examples to follow.
The best approach appears to be a “Centre for housing and heritage” comprising one single
entry point, an administrative, technical and financial counter.
13.3.2 Regulatory Measures
• Heritage Regulations
Heritage Regulations for the protection of heritage property are approved by the Government
and are awaiting notification. The notification would provide statutory back up to the unnotified
heritage properties.
• The framing of a protection and revitalization plan
Starting with the heritage inventory, a plan of protection would be drawn up for the entire
historical center providing a list of the buildings to be conserved, those which can be replaced
and those which must be demolished. The regulations accompanying the plan would
enumerate the prescriptions for restoration and for new construction and shall also determine
the right to construct, reserve the plots, which are to remain free and designate land use.
The plan would be sufficiently restrictive so as to foster restoration. The protection and
revitalization plan sets forth the “urban conditions of the project” but not the project itself.
• Introduction of a permit for demolition
This permit concerns all building and not only the entire building but also the elements,
which make it up and especially those subjected to trade. In case of buildings designated in
the plan, the permit for demolition is automatically refused. These buildings, protected by the
plan, are considered as a part of archaeology heritage and as such cannot be subjected to any
form of commerce.
• Introduction of a declaration preceding any sale and a right to preemption
This declaration provides the local authority with the right to pre-empt the property at the
same price as that stipulated in the transaction after checking to see that it is conform in
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elation to similar properties. This procedure makes it possible to observe transactions, to
purchase property and to control property prices.
• Increasing stringency of the building permit
This document must set forth the provisions of restoration or of new construction and be
followed by a certificate of completion and conformity. It is only upon receiving this
certificate that the owner may use, rent out or sell the immovable property. Likewise it is
necessary to expand the scope of building permits so as to encompass add-ons,
transformations or any change in the use of a building.
• Introduction of enforcement of obligation
This concerns the obligation, on the part of owners who have secured concessional financing,
failing which the community would intervene and carry out the prescribed works and recover
the expenses from the concerned owners over a time frame. Such a system is called for in
prescribing works especially in buildings in peril or degradation posing danger to persons,
property and patrimony.
• Clarification of property titles
The authority must take necessary measures to enforce the clarification of property
ownership titles and the obligation to have property sales registered immediately. The
jurisdiction of successions is highly complex and thus the great number of non-liquidated
successions raises problems of property title when filing for loans or subsidies. During a sale
the transfer of property requires that a contract be drafted. The validation as official title can
take anywhere from 3 to 4 years. Moreover, the sale of individually held property is subject
to a tax of 10% of its value. Whether successions or simple transfer has not been reported to
the administration. Thus property often remains in the name of a deceased head of household
or former owner.
• Sanctions
For the sanctions to be effective they should be perceived as being strict or perhaps even
disproportionate to the offence committed. Experience shows that such an attitude drastically
reduces breach of laws whereas week sanctions or leniency leads to lack of respect for laws
and also instills a competitive climate of willful non-compliance with the law. Apart from
refusing aid and subsidies to contraveners, the best sanctions seem to be those which bring a
stay on the work as well as those which block the use of property until the measures
recommended by the permit are strictly observed.
• Financial and Taxation Measures
Direct Subsidies to Owners
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The essence of any subsidy is that, in return, the beneficiary renders the required services
which, in the present case, is restoration. The rate of subsidy granted should be proportionate
to the restoration carried out, to the owner’s resources and also to public use, whether
functional or conservational. Subsidies can also vary according to the value of the building in
order to encourage priority-based restoration. For subsidies to be granted, the work must
conform to stipulations. Subsidies are usually granted upon completion of work though in the
meantime bridging loans may be granted.
The subsidies which can be envisaged are as follows:
• Direct municipal subsidy to owners
This subsidy is granted to the owners of protected buildings who occupy their house or in
certain conditions to those who let out their house. The source of financing is the restoration
fund which is fed from the “repair cell” levied on recent and vacant buildings.
Subsidies paid to owners who occupy their property: Grand conditions should depend upon
the aggregate income of the entire family with a ceiling on works.
Subsidies paid to owners who let out their property: the subsidy would be granted at a single
rate, e.g. 20% and increase to 40% of the total cost of works if the owner agrees to rent at a
rate below market.
• Subsidies for works of architectural value
The subsidies from the Madhya Pradesh department of archaeology could be increased to
50% of the prescribed work in order to provide an incentive to restore the buildings
earmarked for conservation. Financing must be secured from the archaeology fund and other
partners in the field of international projects.
• Subsidies for the renovation of water tanks
Water supply and connection to the sewage system constitute a hindrance to restoration. The
renovation of water tanks and the connection of sanitary installations must also receive
appropriate funding. Subsidies can be obtained within the framework of projects run jointly
with the European Union, the World Bank or private partners.
• Loans at special rates and conditions for restoration work
It is the “scissor effect” in other words the spread between rates applied, which produces the
desired effects. The greater the spread the greater the stimulus to restoration. The difference
can be obtained either through an adjustment introduced by the consortium of banks dealing
with the old city or an interest subsidy on lending. The term of the loan must be as long as
needed to accommodate the repayment capacity of the applicants. The community can plan
for the creation of a subsidy fund in order to help a maximum number of such owners who do
not have margin as required by the bank sector.
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• Low interest rate loans for restoration
Loans with an interest rebate are an incentive to the owners. The interest subsidy can be
based upon the current regulations for HUDCO Bank lending.
• The Initial loan
In the agreement by HUDCO with conservation of individual residents of heritage residences
at Ahemedabad, the initial interest rate, irrespectively of the amount borrowed at the
minimum current interest rate; the 11.5% rate was reduced. Take into account, in the
calculation of debt carrying capacity, the income of all families living in the home even
though they are not titleholders. The example can be followed in case of Ujjain.
Including the purchase price of the house in the case of a “purchase restoration” loan and
extending loans to a period of 15 years without increasing interest rate, is proposed.
• Exemption from entry rights and initiation fees
Determine the total annual amount of restoration loans to be granted permitting the reduction
of interests through a subsidy and set the conditions for the granting of this funding.
• The interest rebate
Interest rebate should be designed so as to incite on a priority basis occupant owners to
restore their houses and also to give incentives to renting owners whose houses are vacant, to
preserve their patrimony. A 50% subsidy applied to a loan ceiling of Rs 500,000 would
permit lending at 5.75%. Subsidy source would be the “Restoration Fund”. Up front subsidy
financing for the first two years could be secured through an Asia Urbs project with the
European Union. A Rs 10,000,000 fund for the subsidies would be enough for the financing
of 360 loans for annum.
• Taxation of recent buildings and vacant housing
As in Mumbai, a restoration tax should be levied on residential and commercial buildings
less than 25 years old and vacant building. The tax base could be the net rental value as
calculated in compliance with the current letting rate. Taxation rates would vary according to
the category of the building, e.g. 10% of the rental value for property less than 25 years of
age and for buildings vacant for more than 12 consecutive months the tax would be
progressive: 30% the first year, 40% the second year and 50% the third year. The tax
proceeds would be paid into the “Restoration Fund”. The average rental value of Rs 2,500
levied on 100,000 properties would yield Rs 25,000,000. The tax on vacant property is
estimated at Rs 750 per annum and when levied on 3,000 housing units (5% of the total)
would yield Rs 2,250,000. Te funds would allow for the financing of roughly 500
restorations per annum via direct subsides and subsidized interest loans.
• Exemption of land tax for restored old buildings
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The exemption of land tax on restored buildings for a period of fifteen years from the time of
completion of restoration work is a strong incentive. Land tax should continue to apply to
other buildings and could be adjusted in conformance with all the tax bases with the letting
rate as stipulated in texts of law regardless of the age and status of the building. This could
partly compensate the loss of tax income due to exemptions.
• Tax benefits
Owner-leaser have at present the possibility of deducing expenses incurred on their property
from their rental income. Owner occupants can deduct interest paid on loans from their
taxable income. This mechanism can be strengthened by permitting owners to deduce the
cost of work with no limit specified from the totality of their taxable income. Such a measure
would incite wealthy owners to carry our major work. This tax benefit would be subjected to
an authorization by the State which levies the taxes and to strict control measures regarding
the work performed.
The exclusion of restored buildings from the base of calculation of taxes on wealth for 10 or
15 years would also be strong incentive.
• Exemption from measures of the Rent Act of 1995 for restored buildings
Restored buildings must be given the same status as new buildings in so far as for 15 years
following completion of works they are out of the field of application of the law. This means
that the rent rate would be set by agreement with the possibility of modulating it in
accordance with the economic parameters of the market and other financial parameters. This
would also mean exemption from the obligation to maintain in the rented property the heirs
or beneficiaries of the lessee. The yearly rental increase could be indexed to inflation or to
another relevant economic index. To avoid abuse it would be advisable to keep the obligation
of a written lease contract and to apply the rules of protection of the lessee throughout the
duration of the lease especially concerning advance notice including in the event of the sale
of the property.
• The rehabilitation lease
The leasing of houses in exchange for financing the work and for a token rental fee, or
progressive overtime, is practiced in Ahmedabad. The extension of this practice would make
it possible to create social housing via NGO’s with the return of the rehabilitated property to
the owner at the end of the lease. In this case the leaseholder-organization would benefit from
the same subsidies and loans as private leasers.
• Constitution of land and property stock
This is a public land policy the purpose of which is to acquire buildings and plots of land so
as to be able to put low cost buildings on the market. This property could be transferred to
building organization, public or private whose role it is to restore buildings for exemplary
social and heritage reasons. Given the potential demands of the community in this regard it
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would be justified to transfer the property for a symbolic sum in exchange for full ownership
or in the form of a loan against an obligation to perform.
• Training craftsmen as well as financing of material
Craft industries are often penalized by the loss of traditional know-how and the high cost of
traditional materials or suitable replacements.
In Europe whereas for every two men employed in restoration work there is only one needed
for new construction. It therefore seems that if the public authority adopts a long-term policy
of restoration, it could create local as well as long-lasting jobs for artisans. The money spent
on training them becomes negligible if compared to the benefits reaped from it. As for raw
materials, an adjustment in the sale price in accordance with bulk purchase of such goods can
change the economics of the transaction and also guarantee the use of quality building
materials.
13.3.3 Environmental Measures
Public amenities in the heritage core of the city
It is important to enhance the image of the inner city in the eyes of the inhabitants and to
regulate their use so as to conserve the residential life there, to restore and enhance both the
facilities and housing in the inner city. These are measures that must be included in a
comprehensive and far-reaching urban policy where enhancement is to be achieved, not in a
piecemeal fashion but on the basis of ensembles having structural and social unity and which
consequently are fragile. Doors, bird feeders poles, water tanks and wells, temples and street
paving must be restored and some plots must be cleared to reduce density.
• Highlighting the major monuments of the city
The renovation of ordinary heritage houses alone is not enough for highlighting of the city.
Moreover, whatever be the distinctive cultural assets of India as compared to other countries,
long-term attractiveness cannot depend solely upon the picturesque character of a town
teeming with market and upon the hustle and bustle on the roads. Sooner or later both visitors
and inhabitants themselves will become more demanding and want to see improvements,
which keep pace with trends seen internationally. Thus the enhancement of the leading
monuments and sites of the city appears to be inseparably linked to the restoration of the
houses.
The restoration of the streets with wooden houses and the clearing of their surroundings
would provide Ujjain with an incomparable set of buildings to play a major urban role.
The development of the chowks could become the center of attraction and prestige of the
city.
The highlighting of Mahakal Kshetra and Gopal Kshetra would return these great works to
their splendour.
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13.3.4 Control of Traffic
The re-routing of traffic, the building of car parks at the periphery of the inner city to provide
traffic relief to the historical centre, to reduce pollution and to set aside wide areas for
pedestrians and shops are already indispensable.
At present we see that a number of cities have begun routing traffic away from their historical
centres and reducing the amount of space allotted to cars for, even at very high costs, the
efforts dedicated to improve traffic circulations can only be insignificant when compared to
increasing demands. The number of vehicles increases by 2% per annum in western Europe
whereas the space that can be devoted to them in historical centres can only be increased very
marginally. Thus we realize that it is impossible to wed a stable mass, i.e. the space in the
centre, with a mass under constant growth, i.e. that required by the increase in the number of
cars. Massive investment and works to solve the problem from rearing its ugly head again
very soon. Thus one would be fighting a losing battle if seriously trying to satisfy the needs
of motor vehicle traffic in historical centres especially in so far as Ujjain, the growth in the
number of vehicles increases periodically, given the low current level of vehicle ownership.
This situation has led cities such as Rome to prohibit the access of vehicles of non-residents
to fully one-half the area of the city centre, i.e. an area of 700 hectares. The city of Riga,
Latvia has prohibited cars from the city centre, acting swiftly before their limited numbers
increase. Cities in France are demolishing central car parks to keep cars at a distance and
others in Germany are prohibiting the building of parking in office and commercial buildings
to avoid attracting cars. It would be interesting if the city of Ujjain is to draw inspiration from
these examples, stop cutting new roads and shut down motor vehicle traffic in its historic
centre, introducing a system of entrances and exits which do not cross the centre.
13.3.5 Other Innovative interventions
Model Street Restoration: Facades of new development could be heritage sensitive and
respect the vernacular of the city.
Heritage Fund: Heritage building identification can be followed by important heritage
awareness-raising campaign. Establishment of Heritage Fund where donations can be
accepted would be formed under the Heritage Cell of the UMC this fund can be used for
providing matching grant of an amount equal to that contributed by the owner, for restoration
purposes.
Heritage Walk: a guided tour along the interested street stretches of the town that would be
preserved can be organized. The rich heritage of the city could be highlighted to tourists and
create better awareness among the local residents.
Historic City Signage System: An integrated signage scheme for all the Kshetras of the town
should be taken up to convey information of historical relevance of the city so as to guide the
tourists and inhabitants to major heritage sites. The signage system is envisaged as an
important support to the special heritage image of the town. Tourism information maps, fixed
indorrs at arrival points like the Railway Station, Bus Stand and Tourism Information Centre.
The information contained will be about heritage sites, landmarks, shopping and services. It
should also include a key plan of the city and its immediate environs. The idea is to help the
visitor to locate interesting places to visit and gather essential information before entering the
town.
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Heritage Plaques: information plaques fixed outside the heritage buildings on the historical
and architectural background of the heritage buildings will be provided.
13.4 PPP programme
Innovative projects with the objective of preserving the heritage resources are being thought
of in colloboration with the private sector in the PPP format.
13.4.1 Development of Sandipani Ashram
• Ancient importance of Sandipani Ashram
The fact that ancient Ujjain apart from its political and religious importance, enjoyed the
reputation of being a great seat of learning as early as the Mahabharata period is borne out by
the fact that, Lord Krishna and Sudama received regular instruction in the ashram of Guru
Sandipani. The area near the ashram is known as Ankapata, popularly believed to have been
the place used by Lord Krishna for washing his writing tablet. The numerals 1 to 100 found
on a stone are believed to have been engraved by Guru Sandipani.
The Gomti Kunda referred to in the Puranas was the source of water supply to the ashram in
the olden days. An image of Nandi, belonging to the Shunga period, is to be found near the
tank. The followers of Vallabha sect regard this place as the 73rd seat of the 84 seats of
Vallabhacharya where he delivered his discourses throughout India.
• Need for the Project development
As ancient importance of center of learning is align with the Sandipani ashram, it portrays the
immense opportunity for developing the Ashram as a famous tourist spot in the Ujjain city
through the ppp. This development could bring the value of the Krishna to the people and
also realize the ancient learning culture of the India.
• Project features
Hall of values
Universal values for humankind presented through audio-animatronics and light and sound
presentations from the life of Krishna.
Giant screen for multi media presentation
Multi media presentation portraying the student life of Sandipani Ashram where Krishna,
Balaram and Sudama , couple with other students went through the learning process.
Garden of learning
Replicated model of the Sandipani Ashram is to be developed where people go through the
actual ancient learning process by staying there for couple of days and hence could
experience ancient student life.
• Project structure
The following diagram describes the structure of the PPP project.
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PPP Project structure
UMC
Iskon trust
Vaishnav trust
Rehabilitate, operate and maintaining agreement
Executive
committee
The stakeholders of the project are UMC, Iskon and Vaishnav trust shall enter in to a contract
through the rehabilitate, maintain, and operate agreement. UMC shall make available
required land on lease and both the trust shall make required investment.
An executive committee shall be formed with members from the members from both trusts
and UMC .This executive committee shall be then empowered with the authorized power to
develop, maintain and operate the Sandipani Ashram.
13.4.2 Heritage walk
Ujjain has a long ancient history and strong architectural and urban character. With this
characteristics city can portray the opportunity for developing the program with the aim of
getting the city to the people.
Acute need for a holistic approach to the conservation and preservation of the heritage
resources at Ujjain is realized. This can be resolved by fostering the awareness of heritage
resources among the people .Heritage walk is the most effective tool or program shall be
undertaken with the aim of preservation of the heritage resources by fostering the heritage
resources awareness.
• Project features
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The heritage walk need not only be a walk but could be a holistic experience. It can start with
a half hour special slide show running through pages of city’s history unfolding its birth to
present time.The main activity would comprise a heritage walk through a pre-determined
route guided by a well informed and knowledgeable guide briefing the participants about
structures of religious and heritage importance.
Other activities involved would comprise illumination of monuments, city heritage award
etc.
• Project structure
The following diagram describes the ppp structure of the projects
UMC with the assistance from the NGO, shall set up the heritage cell. Main objectives of
heritage cell are to create basic awareness amongst the citizens, promote traditional built
forms, support participatory action programmes and to co-ordinate efforts of different
disciplines, stakeholders and authorities.
UMC and NGO shall enter in to a contract through management and operate agreement and
formed the heritage cell.
Heritage cell will comprising the members from the UMC, NGO and some respected citizen
from the city. This heritage cell shall be entrusted with the authority to organize the program.
NGO shall make available required investment and UMC shall cooperate in organizing
different program.
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14 Capiittall IInvessttmentt Pllan
14.1 Project Identification and Costing
High priority investment for the city of Ujjain, for two submissions of Jawaharlal Nehru
Urban Renewal Mission, JNNURM under (I. Urban infrastructure and Governance; II. Basic
services to Urban Poor) are identified and estimated cost for each of the core service sectors
of UMC based on a rapid assessment of the levels and status of urban basic services
discussed in Technical review of City basic Infrastructure and future demand (normative)-
supply gap assessment, using unit costs. Unit costs adopted are based on estimates of similar
projects planned/executed by UMC in consultation with the respective departments.
Basis for Project Identification
Projects identified under each of the core service sectors are broadly categorized as:
• Projects for system/infrastructure augmentation;
• Projects for system/infrastructure refurbishment; and
• Other developmental projects with special consideration on heritage, includes:
• Built Heritage conservation projects & Environmental conservation
14.1.1 Projects for System and Infrastructure Augmentation
The projects for system and infrastructure augmentation are derived based on a broad
demand-supply gap assessment for each of the service sectors, except for sewerage and fire
services, where detailed project specifications and estimates are worked out by PHED and
UMC respectively. The forecast population for the planning horizon (2021) used for demand
estimation is 6,88,000.
The norms adopted are based on sector norms derived from various sources including the
PHED, GoMP for water supply and CPHEEO for solid waste management. In sectors like
roads and street lighting, the norms for surface type of roads, streetlight spacing and
composition of streetlight fixtures are assumed based on existing levels of service so as to
improve the level of service from the current levels.
In case of sewerage, detailed cost estimates worked out by PHED on the basis of the
sewerage master plan are adopted, while in case of fire services, UMC’s proposals for
augmentation and modernization of the fire fighting and rescue systems are adopted.
14.1.2 Projects for System and Infrastructure Refurbishment
Projects for system and infrastructure refurbishment are derived based on a quick assessment
of system conditions and discussions with local authorities. Such projects are aimed at
ensuring optimal and efficient utilization of existing infrastructure systems.
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14.1.3 Other Developmental Projects
Other developmental projects include projects other than those from core service sectors.
Such projects are identified based on lists and/or reports prepared by UMC and Ujjain
Development Authority This includes the city level facilities like Parks, Sports stadium,
over bridges, subways, parking and tourism and recreational facilities.
Environmental conservation projects like Kshipra river conservation and improvement of
water bodies in Ujjain etc.
Heritage related projects include those mentioned in the chapter 3 and other required projects.
14.2 Sector-wise Project Identification and Costing
Waat teerr SSuuppppl lyy
The total investment requirement for the water supply sector is estimated at about Rs.
4138.10 Lakh. The investment requirement is estimated for various components of water
supply system, including Storage facility (ESR), pipeline for clear water transmission,
internal distribution network and installation of water meters. The investment requirement for
leak detection and rectification in the transmission mains and internal distribution system is
also estimated.
A summary of projects and corresponding capital investment requirement for augmentation
and refurbishment of the water supply system is presented in Table 14-1
Table 14-1 Capital Investment Required for Ujjain water supply Project
Sl. Component Norm Gap Unit
of
Gap
A
System Augmentation
1 Source
development &
R.W. transmission
2 Treatment facility 100% of
water
drawn
3 Clear water
transmission
4 Storage facility 35 % of
water
drawn
5 Distribution
network
Unit Cost Investment
Required
Rs. Lakh- 2005-06 Prices
135 lpcd MLD 0.00
MLD 0.00
- do Km 240 Rs/Capita 1651.52
60 % of
road
length
10% ML 98 Rs/ Capita 675
Kms 137 Rs /Capita 941
6 Water Meters 100% 100% 280.00
Sub-Total System Augmentation 3,547.52
B
System Refurbishment-
1 Leak reduction in -- -- LS 0
RW transmission
mains
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2 Leak reduction in
internal
distribution system
3 Repairs to water
treatment plants
-- LS 522.21
-- -- LS 68.37
4 Drive for --
0.5
regularization of
LS
illegal connections
and conversion of
PSPs to
community taps,
etc.
Sub-Total System Refurbishment 590.58
Grand Total Water Supply 4138.10
Implementing UMC/UDA/other Development Authorities
Agency
Source: PHED, Ujjain Municipal Corporation
SSeeweerraaggee aanndd SSaanni itaat
tioonn
Some of the Sewerage projects are analysed and adopted from the internal sewerage scheme
for Ujjain city prepared by Public Health Engineering Department for Ujjain. The project
costs are escalated by 6 per cent to derive the costs at 2005-06 prices.
In addition to the underground sewerage scheme, the investment requirement for construction
of public toilets and conversion of dry latrines to water-flush-based toilets is also estimated.
Table 14-2 presents a summary of the component-wise investment requirement estimated for
sewerage and sanitation.
Table 14-2: Capital Investment Requirement for Ujjain Sewerage & Sanitation
Sl. Component Norm Gap Unit
of
Gap
Unit
Cost
Investment
Required
Rs. Lakh- 2005-06 Prices
A
Underground Sewerage Scheme (based on PHED’s Project Report)
1 System
-- -- LS * 8291.76
Augmentation
*Includes investment requirement for construction of public
toilets and conversion of dry latrines to water-flush-based toilets
2 System
Refurbishment
-- -- LS * 6908.24
Implementing
Agency
Grand Total (Sewerage & Sanitation) 15200.00
UMC/UDA/other Development Authorities
Source: PHED, Ujjain Municipal Corporation
TThhee toot t taal l innvveesst i tmeennt t rreeqquui irreemeennt t foorr f thhee t oovveerraal lll sseeweerraaggee aanndd ssaanni itaat
tioonn ccoomppoonneennt t ccoomeess
oouut t too t bbee Rss. ..1155220000 LLaaccss. ..
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SSt toorrm Waat teerr Drraai innaaggee
The investment components for storm water drainage include upgradation of kutcha (unlined)
drains to pucca (lined) drains and construction of new roadside tertiary storm water
drains. In addition, investment requirement for improving ten major water bodies in Ujjain is
also considered in under the environmental improvement head.The water bodies’
improvement proposal is also expected to enhance the flood absorption capacity of the water
bodies.
The unit cost adopted for the costing of storm water drains is Rs. 800 per running meter for a
brick-and-cement-lined drain section of 0.45 m x 0.45 m, as per the PWD Schedule of Rates
of Madhya Pradesh. The unit cost for upgrading unlined - kutcha drains to lined - pucca
drains is Rs. 600 per running meter for a similar cross-section. The cost of construction of
new drains is estimated on the unit rate of Rs.1400 per running meter.
Table 14-3 Summary of component-wise investment for storm water drainage.
Sl. Component Norm Gap Unit
of
Unit
Cost
Investment
Required
Gap Rs. Lakh- 2005-06
Prices
1 Upgradation of 100% Pucca 205 Kms 6 1962.00
existing drains Drains
Drains
2 New Drains Drain length 100 Kms 14 5950.00
equivalent to
130% of road
length
Grand Total 7912.00
Implementing UMC/UDA/other Development Authorities
Agency
Source: PHED, Ujjain Municipal Corporation
SSool lidd Waasst tee Maannaaggeemeennt t
The current rate of solid waste generation in UMC is about 150 tons per day. The waste
generation rate is estimated to grow at the rate of 4 gpcd per annum, as experienced during
the last two decades. Assuming a linear growth trend at 4 gpcd per annum, the waste
generation rate in 2021 is estimated to be about 456 gpcd [416+ (4*(2005-2021)]. The total
municipal solid waste generated in 2021 by a projected population of 6,88,000 is estimated to
be about 300 tons per day.
Major components of capital investment in solid waste management are primary and
secondary collection infrastructure (dustbins and vehicles) for collection and transportation of
solid waste, and a sanitary disposal facility. The norms adopted for estimation of demand in
terms of these components are based on the CPHEEO norms of 1999-2000.
Capital investment requirement is estimated for infrastructure requirement to collect and
transport total waste generated in 2021. In addition, investment requirement for setting up a
sanitary engineered waste disposal facility and for improvements to the workshop is also
estimated.
Community participation and training of conservancy workers play a major role in ensuring
efficient solid waste management. The cost for creating community awareness and training
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of conservancy workers is also incorporated in the capital investment requirement for solid
waste management.
Table 14-4 presents the summary of capital investment requirement for improving
infrastructure for and facilitating efficient solid waste management.
Table 14-4: Capital Investment Requirement for Solid Waste Management
Sl. Component Norm-
No. per
Ton of
Waste
Requirement
Gap-
Nos.
Unit
Cost
Investment
Required
Rs. Lakh- 2005-06
Prices
A
Infrastructure & Vehicle Requirement
1 Containerized 3.75 1125 425 0.15 63.75
handcarts
2 Containerized 0.25 75 62 0.115 7.13
tricycles
3 Community bins 3.75 1125 400 0.5 200
4 GI Body Bin
340 0.165 56.1
(600 l)
5 Skip cotainer
50 0.175 8.75
(2500 l)
6 16 GVW Tipper 5 16.5 82.5
7 16 GVW
9 14 126
compactor
vehical
8 4.5 cum. skips 0.05 15 14 10 140
for construction
waste
9 Skip lifters 0.01 3 3 12 36
10 Small vans for 0.01 3 2 2.25 4.5
hospital waste
collection
11 Incineration 0.01 3 3 25.48 76.44
plants
12 Bulldozers/ 1 1 1 50 50
wheel-dozers
13 Asphalt /concrete 0.85 255 340 0.07 23.8
for flooring at
the waste storage
depots
Sub-Total Infrastructure & Vehicles 874.97
B
C
D
Composting and
landfill Facilities
Improvement to
workshop
Community
awareness &
training
100% of
waste
generated
1033 2.4 2480
-- LS 500
-- LS 150
Grand Total Solid Waste Management 4004.97
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Implementing
Agency
UMC/UDA/other Development Authorities
Source: Health Department, Ujjain Municipal Corporation
Rooaaddss aanndd trraannssppoorrt t taat tioonn
The investment requirement under roads is estimated for projects including construction of
new roads and upgradation of existing BT roads, water bound macadam and earthen roads.
The municipal corporation is responsible for construction of city-level roads (including
master-plan proposals for new roads and widening of existing roads and provision of missing
links), while the construction of internal roads is the responsibility of colonizers/land
developers.
The proposals for new roads and widening need to be arrived at based on a comprehensive
traffic and transportation study including a traffic volume-capacity analysis. However, in
order to estimate the investment requirement on roads, it is assumed that the current per
capita road length would remain static over the planning horizon (2021) and the additional
road length required for future population is determined accordingly. In case of road
upgradation, the composition of municipal roads by surface type is used as the basis for
identifying road upgradation projects.
Based on the adopted norm of 1.04 meters of road length per capita (existing level), the total
road length required by 2021 works out to 795.6 kms - about 400 kms in addition to the
existing 395 kms of municipal roads. The road upgradation and new formation requirement
by type of surface are derived based on the assumed composition of municipal roads by
surface type.
The unit costs adopted are based on the Schedule of Rates of the PWD, Madhya Pradesh.
The unit costs adopted are Rs. 60 lakh per km for construction of concrete roads, Rs. 20 lakh
per km for hot-mix bitumen surfaced roads, and Rs. 165 per sq.m. for water bound macadam
roads. The existing average road width of 8 meters is adopted to arrive at the unit rate per
running kilometer.
Table 14-5 presents the norms adopted for the estimation of new road formations and for
ascertaining the upgradation requirements and
Table 14-6 presents the summary of the capital investment requirement to achieve the
adopted norms.
Table 14-5: Norms Adopted for Estimating Investment Requirement in Roads
Sl. Component Norm- Unit
A
For Estimating Total Road Length
1 Total Road Length 1.04 meters per capita
B
For Estimating Upgradation requirement
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1 Concrete 40 % of total municipal road length
2 Black topped 60 % of total municipal road length
3 Water bound macadam 0 % of total municipal road length
4 Earthen/others 0 % of total municipal road length
Source: Public works Department, Ujjain Municipal Corporation
Table 14-6: Capital investment Requirement for Road Upgradation & Construction and Transportation 15.6 ii)
Sl. Component Gap -
Unit Cost Investment
Kms
Required
Rs. Lakh - 2005-06 Prices
A
Road Surface Upgradation
1 Black topped to 19 km 60 1,125.00
concrete
2 WBM to black 10 km 20 200
topped
3 Earthen to black 18 km 40 720.00
topped
Sub-Total Road Upgradation 2,045.00
B
New Road Construction
1 Concrete 108.54 60 6512.5
2 Black topped 162.81 40 6512.5
Implementing
Agency
Sub-Total New Roads 13,025.00
Grand Total Roads 15070.00
UMC/UDA/other Development Authorities
Source: Public works Department, Ujjain Municipal Corporation
TTrraannssppoorrt taat tioonn
Under traffic and transportation it has been proposed to introduce an improved and
augmented bus based transport system with some innovative measures. A full fledged BRTS
may not be feasible immediately given the town size. A total of Rs.2500 lacs have been
proposed to improve transportation facilities in the city and construction of bus terminals etc.
Table 14-6 ii: Capital investment Requirement forTranspotation
Sl.
Component
Unit Cost Investment
Required
Rs. Lakh – 2005-06 Prices
A
Transportation
1 BRTS (with 19 2500.00
innovative
techniques)
Grand Total 2500.00
Implementing UMC/UDA/other Development Authorities
Agency
SSt trreeeet t LLi igghht tinngg
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The Municipal Corporation executes the installation of streetlight poles, including the wiring
through the Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board (MPSEB). The cost of the material and
installation is borne by the Municipal Corporation. The cost of pole installation and wiring
payable to MPSEB by the Corporation is Rs. 4,206 per pole. The cost adopted for provision
of lighting fixtures with all fittings is Rs. 5,000 for a high power sodium-vapor type of fixture
and Rs. 4,000 for a fluorescent tube light fixture (based on local market prices).
At the aggregate level, the number of streetlights provided in Ujjain appears to be adequate
with respect to road length, with an average spacing of around 20 meters, compared to a
norm of 25 meters. However, about one-fifth of the total lighting fixtures are ordinary bulbs,
which need to be replaced with better illuminating and cost-effective fixtures. Also the
streetlight fixtures in some areas need to be upgraded to high power fixtures. Table 14-7
presents a summary of norms adopted for ascertaining the demand-supply gap and Table
14-8 presents a summary of the unit costs adopted and estimated investment requirement for
improving street lighting.
Table 14-7: Norms Adopted for Estimating Investment Requirement in Street Lighting
Sl. Component Norm- Unit
A For Estimating Number of Poles
1 Total Number of Poles 25 meters average street light spacing
B For Estimating Upgradation Requirement
1 High Power Fixtures 33% % of total street lights
2 Fluorescent Tube Lights 67% % of total street lights
3 Bulbs 0% % of total street lights
Source: Ujjain Municipal Corporation
Table 14-8: Capital Investment Requirement for Street Lighting
Sl. Component Gap-
Nos.
Unit Investment
Cost Required
Rs. Lakh- 2005-06
Prices
A
Street Light Fixture Maintenance
1 Tube Lights to High Power Fixtures 4,500 0.05 225
2 Tube Lights 2,500 0.014 35
Sub-Total Fixture Upgradation 260
B
New Poles
1 High Power Fixtures 2500 0.2 500
2 Tube Lights 3000 0.15 450
3 Central Lighting 50 0.5 25
Implementing
Agency
Source: Ujjain Municipal Corporation
FFi irree SSeerrvvi icceess
Sub-Total New Poles 975
Grand Total Street Lights 1235
UMC/UDA/other Development Authorities
The Fire Services Department of the Municipal Corporation lacks appropriate and modern
equipment and infrastructure for fire fighting and rescue operations. The department has
prepared a list of equipment and vehicles required for modernization of fire services. The
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Municipal Corporation also plans to establish sub-stations at three strategic locations so as to
enable timely response to emergency situations. Table 14-9 presents the requirements of the
Fire Service Department as per its own proposal.
Table 14-9: Capital Investment Requirement for Fire Services
Sl Item/ Description
Number
Required
A Purchase of Vehicles & Equipment
1 Rescue Van 1 2 15 30
2 Fire Water Tenders small 4 10 40
3 Fire Water Tenders 10 5 12 60
Unit Estimated Amount
Rate
Rs. Lakh @ 2005-06 Prices
4 Water laury 10 10 100
5 Advanced Fire-fire Equipment (Hose -- LS 150
Pipes, Search Lights, Gas Cutters,
Generators, Life Jackets, Wireless
Sets, etc.)
Sub-Total A 380
B Others
1 Fire Hydrants at Different Locations LS
2 Establishment of Sub-Fire Stations LS 100
3 Shifting of Main Fire Station on the -- LS
Main Road
Sub-Total B 100
Grand Total Fire Services 480
Implementing Agency
UMC/UDA/other
Development
Authorities
Source: Fire Department, Ujjain Municipal Corporation
Othheerr Deevveel looppmeennt taal l PPrrooj jeecct tss (Ci(
ityy leevveel l l FFaacci ilitieess)
)
Ujjain is a major Pilgrimage center and a potential tourist destination of Madhya Pradesh
renowned all over the world. Keeping in mind the future population pressure and growing
demand of urban space the city authorities through public consultation identified the problem
and potential area of the city with need an immediate renewal one in the very core of the city
Mahakaal and Ramghat area and in various other locations which demand a revamp before
the next ‘Singhast 2016’.
“Development of traditional Sports”
Identification of traditional sports and their development is one of the important areas that the
CDP addresses. An extensive program of developing akharas (a mud filled pits with
pahalwan instructors) and propagating the use of such facilities should be taken up. The
akharas were constructed with indigenous technology by mixing local mud, oil, sandalwood,
sawdust etc. was mixed in a predetermined ratio as filling. The exercises included wrestling,
malkham etc. and the body building traditions included massage of the body and yoga. There
were various padhatties that were followed for these sports. Character building and respect
for the teacher was an integral element of these sports. This is a comparatively less expensive
sport and apart from good training programs does not require expensive instruments like
health clubs. There is currently no active policy to pursue this program in the new
development. Hostels for the serious students, housing for ustads and other facilities are
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suggested in the development program. Other sports arenas to be developed include areas
along the bank and does not actually include active construction. Making lawns along the
slopes with clearing in the centre like an amphitheatre is suggested.
Project Summary
Item Work Description Amount in
Rs lakh
1 Akharas Designing and construction of the
infrastructure of 4 such facilities with
emphasis on different sports type including
hostels, Stadium, pits etc.
1200
2 Teachers and other
personals
3 Misc. for running the
institutions
Trained teachers and their accompanying staff
salaries for five years
250
50
Total 1500
AGENCIES
1 Sports Authority of
India/UMC/UDA
2 Private Sponsorship
etc.
Operation and Management/ Financing
Financing
The Tables 14-10 & 14-11 gives the gist of the identified area of investment and intervention
with the investment required.
Table 14-10 Summary of the investment required for city level facilities
Sl. Component Investment Required
1 New Construction for Public facilitation 112.5
2 Bridges 5100
3 Subway 110
4 Parking 425
5 Upgradation of 132 existing Parks 560
6 Working Women Hostel 300
7 Old Age Home 300
8 Sports facilities ( Stadiums,Hostels) 1500
Grand Total investment 8407.50
Implementing Agency
UMC/UDA/other Development Authorities
Othheerr PPrrooj jeecct tss
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Apart rom the above, a sum of Rs. 2333 lakhs has been allocated for the following activities
- training,
- capacity building
- GIS Mapping with the assistance of National Instittute of Remote
Sensing, Dehradun.
Heerri itaaggee
The Heritage projects have been already discussed in the Chapter 4 and Chapter 5 of this
report.Following is the summary of all the earlier mentioned projects.Table 14-11 gives the
overall investment required in the Heritage sector as well as in Environmental Improvement.
SSuummaarri izzeedd Heerri itaaggee pprrooj jeecct tss
S.no Project details
Rs. In lacs
1 Project summary-bh-svt-1/1 26.0
2 Project summary- bh-mn-1/2 12.0
3 Project summary-bh-kb-1/3 44 .0
4 Project summary-bh-gk-1/4 18.0
5 Project summary-bh-vdch-1/5 13
6 Project summary –bh-bg-1/6 18.7
7 Project summary- bh-spa-1/7 98.0
8 Yantra mahal- jspk-ym-8/1 64.00
9 project summary – prau- bh-1/ds 1 7710.0
10 Project summary – pragyv- vuk-12/ds 1 6755.0
11 Proposal summary – fm-mkk-7/ds1 1100.0
12 Project summary-kdr-kdsk/5/ds1 1150.0
13 Project summary- hc-mkk/gk/bk/ytk- /res/1 10600.0
14 Project summary-mk-mkk-2/1 149.0
15 Project summary gd-gk-3/1 150.0
16 Project summary-harp-mmk-2/3 120.0
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17 Project summary rjmp-bk-1/3 72.0
18 Project summary- cgmp-bk-2/4 73.0
19 Project summary- kp-vuk-12/1 505.0
20 Project summary- rkm-bk-2/6 14.0
21 Project summary- cy-nkrk-13/1 9.0
22 Project summary- bnm-nkrk-13/2 3.4
23 Project summary nkkr- nkrk-13/3 4.6
24 Project Summary KS-GH-10/1 1120.00
Total 29784.00
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Table 14-11 Summary of the investment required for City Religious Core area development and Heritage conservation
Sl Item/ Description Quantity
Required
Unit Rate
Estimated
Amount
Unit
Rs. Lakh @ 2005-06 Prices
A. Heritage conservation and Urban renewal
1 Beautification of Squares,
LS 600
Landscaping and street furnitures for
road, Plantation, etc.
2 Under Ground cabling of street lights. LS 100
3 Kshir Sagar Stadium
4 Kalidas Udyan, Kattik mela and
Someshwer Thirth
5 Mukti Dham (Chakra Tirath)
6 Summarized Heritage projects
300
40
50
29784
7 Development of Akharas
8 Renovation of Grand Hotel
9 Restoration of Palace Kothi
10 Tourist Information System
11 Conservation of Chaurasi Mahadev
Sub Total
B Environmental Improvement
1500
300
2000
2000
1000
37674
1 Restoration and Rejuvenation of 10
LS (As per DPR) 5000
Water Bodies
2 Environmental upgradation and Study
10000
and conservation of Kshipra River and
Rejuvenation of Ghats
Sub Total 15000
Grand Total 52674
Source: Ujjain Municipal Corporation
BBaassi icc sseerrvvi icceess too t Urrbbaann PPoooorr
With the focused attention to integrated development of Basic Services to the Urban Poor in
Ujjain city, provision of Basic Services to Urban Poor including security of tenure at
affordable prices, improved housing, water supply, sanitation and ensuring delivery through
convergence of other already existing universal services of the Government for education,
health and social security.
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Care has been taken to see that the urban poor are provided housing near their place of
occupation. Secure effective linkages between asset creation and asset management so that
the Basic Services to the Urban Poor created in the cities, are not only maintained efficiently
but also become self-sustaining over time.
The project has intended to ensure adequate investment of funds to fulfil deficiencies in the
Basic Services to the Urban Poor and Scale up delivery of civic amenities and provision of
utilities with emphasis on universal access to urban poor.
Table 14-12 presents the capital investment required for the basic services to urban poor in
Ujjain city with the gap to the present level status.
Table 14-12: Capital Investment Requirement for Basic Services to Urban Poor in UMC
Sl. Component Norm Gap Unit
of
Gap
Unit
Cost
Investment
Required
Rs. Lakh- 2005-06 Prices
A. Slum Improvement and rehabilitation project,
(Integrated development of Slums )
1 Housing 5000 H/H 1.0 5000
2 Roads
a. New Proposed Road 7.5 Km 20.00 150
b. Upgradation of Existing
42 Km 12.50 525
Road
4 Water supply distribution
400 H/H 1230.76
line
5 Sewerage/ Sanitation
a. Sewerage system
b. Individual Toilets to H/H 10000 0.05 500
6 Drainage
a. upgradation 45 Km 565
b. New Construction 18 Km 569
8 Environmental
LS 150
improvement/ solid waste
management
9 Street Lighting 250 +700 123.00
10 Civic Amenities,
LS 500
community hall, child care
center.
11 Convergence of health,
LS 50
education and social
security schemes for the
urban poor.
12 Operation and maintenance
of assets created under these
components.
Grand Total Investment 9618
Source: Ujjain Municipal Corporation.
4% of the
Project
Cost
255.24
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14.3 Total Capital Investment Requirement
Figure 14-1 Investment Composition Sector wise
7%
2%0%2%
3%
12%
Water supply
Sewerage and sanitation
8%
Solid waste mgmt
3%
Roads - ULB owned
Storm Drains
Street lightning
12%
Fire Service
Heritage,Urban renewal and
environment improvement
Basic service to urban poor
City basic facilities
6%
Traffic transportation and bus
terminal development
Workshop upgradation
44%
1%
0%
Others
The total estimated capital investment requirement for providing basic services for the
population of the Municipal Corporation of Ujjain by the year 2011 works out to about Rs.
123772.63 Lakh (at 2005-06 prices).
Simhasta 2016’.
Table 14-13 presents the summary of sector-wise investment requirement for the core service
sectors. The largest share is enjoyed by heritage and conservation (44%).
Sewerage and sanitation (12%) accounts for the estimated investment required in UMC. This
is primarily due to the proposed underground sewerage system.
Water supply, which accounts for about 3.3% per cent of the total estimated investment
requirement, is constituted mainly by system Distribution works for the 2021 population.
Investment in storm water drains, which accounts for about 6.4% per cent of the estimated
investment requirement, is constituted primarily by investment for construction of new
tertiary drains and upgradation of kutcha to pucca drains.
The share of roads in the total estimated investment is about 12.2% per cent. About 13.57
per cent of the investment in roads is for road upgradation from black-topped to concrete
surface and earthen to black-topped surface, while the remaining 86.43 per cent is towards
the construction of new black-topped roads.
Solid Waste Management (3.2%), street lighting (1%) and fire services together account for
only about 4 per cent of the total estimated investment requirement.
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The major thrust area is concentrated to be Basic services to urban poor constituting an
overall 8% per cent of the total investment and City level facilities 8.28 per cent keeping in
mind the demand of the city for the forth coming Simhasta 2016’.
Table 14-13: Summary of Sector-wise Capital Investment Requirement in UMC
Sl. Sector/ Component Investment
Requirement- Rs.
Lakh @ 2005-06
Prices
Share in
Total/
Grand
Total
1 Water Supply
a System Augmentation (S.A) 3,547.52
b System Refurbishment (S.R) 590.58
Total Water Supply 4,138.10 3.3%
2 Sewerage & Sanitation
a System Augmentation (S.A) 8,291.76
b System Refurbishment(S.R) 6,908.24
Total Sewerage & Sanitation 152,00.00 12.30%
3 Storm Water Drains
a Construction of New Drains (S.A.) 5,950.00
Upgradation of existing Drains (S.R.) 1,962.00
Total Storm Water Drains 7,912.00 6.4%
4 Solid Waste Management
a Purchase of Vehicles & Equipment (S.A.) 874.97
b Sanitary Engineered Disposal Facility (S.R) 1780.00
c Improvement to workshop and Community 1350.00
awareness & training (S.R.)
Total Solid Waste Management 4004.97 3.2%
5 Roads
a Upgradation of Roads (S.R.) 2,045.00
b Construction of New Roads (S.A.) 13,025.00
Total Roads 15,070.00 12.2%
6 Traffic management and Bus Terminal development 2500.00 2%
7 Street Lighting
a Upgradation of Lighting Fixtures(S.R.) 260.00
b Installation of New Poles (S.A.) 975.00
Total Street Lighting 1235.00 1%
8 Fire Services
a Purchase of Vehicles & Equipment (S.A.) 380.00
b Others (S.R.) 100.00
Total Fire Services 480.00 0.4%
9 Work Shop Upgradation 200.00 0.2%
10 Heritage conservation ,Urban Renewal and
52674.00 42.6
Environment improvenment
11 Basic Services to Urban Poor 9618.00 7.8%
12 City Public facilities 8407.50 6.8%
13 Other 2333.10 1.9%
Grand Total Investment Requirement 123772.6 100%
Source: Ujjain Municipal Corporation
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14.4 Financing Plan
The Project is proposed to be financed with assistance from GoI and State Government of
Madhya Pradesh and a share of Ujjain Municipal Corporation on 80:10:10 basis under the
national level Jawaharlal Nehru Urban renewal Mission.Out of the total estimated investment
of Rs.123772.6, The GoI shall disseminate Rs. 99018.10 Lakh as its share to the state level
Nodal agency and then with prior approval of projects through the procedures set under the
project financial and technical arrangements for the project funds shall be made available to
UMC to implement the projects.
GoMP will further sub-lend a sum of Rs. 12377.26 lakh and the proceeds of the GoI
assistance to the Ujjain Municipal Corporation in a mix of soft loan and grant/grant cum loan
as per stated terms under the mission.
The remaining amount of about Rs 8664.08 Lakh (7% of the Investment) will be contribution
of beneficiaries of area improvement facilities and Ujjain municipal own resources. The
balance 3% (3713.18 lakh) will be contributed by Financial Institution This amount will
finance the cost of city basic infrastructure services Part A, basic services to urban poor under
Part B and the costs of Design and Construction Supervision consultants and incremental
administration under Part C. The proposed financing plan is summarized in Table 14-14.
Table 14-14 Project Financing Options plan
Financing Options
Estimate of additional Percentage
Resources
Government of India, GOI (Grant) 99018.104 80%
Government of Madhya Pradesh, GoMP (Grant/soft loan/
Grant cum loan)
Ujjain Municipal Corporation and Local resources
including NGOs, Trusts and Pvt Sector.
Financial Institutions
12377.26 10%
8664.08
3713.18
Capital Market -
Off-shore Financing -
Total 123772.63 100%
7%
3%
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15 IInvessttmentt Sussttenance Pllan
15.1 Overview
The investment sustenance of the Ujjain Municipal Corporation is assessed using a Financial
Operating Plan (FOP) model, which is essentially a forecast of the local body’s finances
based on certain realistic assumptions relating to revenue generation and expenditure, in
order to assess impacts of proposed investments. The capital investments required for the
identified 7-year high priority interventions (HPI) are to be initiated from FY 2005-06.
The FOP is worked out for three scenarios, viz.
1. Base Case;
2. Full HPI; and
3. Sustainable HPI.
In the base case scenario, the finances of the UMC are forecast in a “do nothing” wherein the
revenue account of the ULB is forecast based on certain realistic assumptions. Since the FOP
model is developed to ascertain the HPI investment sustaining capacity, the base case
scenario is developed assuming that there will be no new capital account transactions – this
will indicate the UMC’s capacity to generate revenue surpluses to service capital
expenditure.
In the full HPI scenario, the estimated investment for HPI is phased over the FOP horizon
and the implications of this investment in terms of external borrowings required and resultant
debt service commitment and additional operation and maintenance expenditure are worked
out to assess their impact on the municipal finances. This scenario also takes into
consideration the additional revenue generation potential due to large-scale investments in
water supply and sewerage projects and the applicable funding structure for capital works.
The outcome of this scenario will indicate the extent of fiscal support required by the
municipality to sustain the identified HPI.
The sustainable HPI scenario is worked out when the full HPI scenario indicates inability of
the municipality to sustain the full identified investment. In this case, the identified
investment is sized down through an iterative process to assess the maximum investment
sustainable by the municipality. The criteria for assessment of investment sustenance are a
positive year-to-year closing balance of the municipal account. The outcome of this scenario
will give an indication of the actual level of investment sustainable by the municipality
without any additional external support.
This section elucidates the major assumptions and basis for forecast of the municipal finances
for the FOP plan period, the impact of undertaking full HPI on the overall municipal fund
and actual investment sustainable by the ULB.
The FOP horizon is determined so as to assess the impact of full utilization of the High
priority sectoral investment. The proposed capital investments are phased over a 7-year
period from FY 2005-06 to 2011-12, implying that the last loan/Grant draw down would
occur in FY 2011-12. Considering a 7-year moratorium period adopted, the maximum debt
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servicing commitment will fall in year 2012-13. The FOP is thus worked out for the period
2005-06 to 2021-21.
In the absence of final financial data for FYs 2005-06, 2004-05 is considered as the base year
and the finances are estimated / forecast for the period 2005-06 to 2020-2021.
15.2 Key Assumptions
The FOP is based on a whole range of assumptions related to income and expenditure. These
are critical to ascertain the investment sustenance and would also provide a tool to test certain
specific policy decisions regarding revenue and expenditure drivers on the overall municipal
fiscal situation. This section elucidates the key assumption adopted for the three FOP
scenarios.
15.2.1 Revenue Account
The following section details out the basic assumptions adopted for forecasting income and
expenditure.
Assumptions for Forecasting Income and Expenditure
The assumptions and working sheets for forecasting municipal income and expenditure for
the three scenarios – base case, full investment and sustainable investment - are presented in
Tables below. The assumptions adopted are primarily based on past trends (5-year average
growth trend or 5-year compound annual growth rate - CAGR, whichever is lower), subject
to minimum and maximum annual growth rate ceilings.13
13 In case of recurring items of income and expenditure, a CAGR would be more appropriate, while in case of nonrecurring
items, the average growth rate would be a better representation. However, to be on a conservative
side, the lower of the two growth rates are adopted for forecasting items of income and higher growth rate
figures are adopted for forecasting items of revenue expenditure, subject to minimum and maximum ceilings
of 5 and 15 per cent respectively.
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15.2.1.1 Municipal Taxes
The primary tax sources, viz. property tax, water tax/charge and consolidated tax are forecast
based on assumptions on the base (number of assessments) and basis (tax demand per
assessment) and the collection efficiencies. In addition to the above taxes, provision is also
made for estimating income from sewerage tax/charge, subject to implementation of the
proposed sewerage scheme.
(i(
i) ) PPrrooppeerrt tyy TTaaxx
Number of Assessments
In case of property tax, the total number of property tax assessments in 2004-05 as per UMC
records adopted as the base.The number of properties in UMC has increased from 41746 to
72113 at a CAGR of 10.66 per cent during 2000-01 to 2004-05. A nominal growth rate of
1.73 per cent (equivalent to forecast population growth rate of 1.5 per cent during 2005-06 to
2020-21) is adopted for forecasting the number of property tax assessments.
Tax Demand per Assessment
The average annual property tax demand per assessment in 2004-05 is 358.23 Rs. The same
demand per assessment is adopted for 2005-06 to 2010-11 and is assumed to be revised once
in 5 years by 30 per cent beginning from 2006-07, at a conservative simple growth rate of 5
per cent per annum.
Collection Efficiency
The average property tax collection efficiency during 2000-01 to 2004-05 was 29.15 per cent
and 24 & 42 per cent of arrears and current tax demands respectively. It is assumed that
UMC would gradually increase its tax collection performance to 50 per cent and 75 per cent
against arrears and current tax demand respectively.
Table 15-1 Key Assumptions for Forecasting income from property tax
Sl. Description
Current Assumptions
Level Base Case Full HPI Sustainable
Scenario Scenario HPI Scenario
1 Annual growth in number of -- 1.5 1.5 1.5
assessments (%)
2 Annual growth in ARV of new -- 3 3 3
assessments (%)
3 Average ARV per Property (Rs. 579 579 579 579
Per Annum)
4 Tax Rate (% of ARV) 6-10 10 10
5 Periodic increase in ARV (%) 5
2005-06 -- 30 30 30
2010-11 -- 30 30 30
2015-16 -- 30 30 30
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2020-21 30 30 30
6 Collection Performance (% of 29.15
Demand)
Arrears 24 50 50 50
Current 42 85 85 85
7 Growth in revenue from propertyrelated
taxes
13.19 10 10 10
(i(
ii)
) Waat teerr TTaaxx/ /Chhaarrggeess
Number of Assessments
There are about 45,403 registered house service connections in UMC, which accounts for
only about 58.89 per cent of the property tax assessments. In addition, as reported by UMC
officials, there are an estimated 15,000 unauthorized house service connections.
For the base case scenario, it is assumed that the 15,000 unauthorized connections would be
regularized in 2006-07, thereby increasing the number of HSCs to 77,099 (83.76 per cent of
the number of property tax assessments). In the absence of additional investment in water
supply, the number of water tax/charge assessments is assumed to stagnate at the 2004-05
level. At a nominal regularization fee of Rs. 1,000 per connection, the income from
regularization accruing to UMC would be Rs. 150.00 Lakh.
In the full investment scenario, it is assumed that due to augmentation of the water supply
network, UMC would cover 90 per cent of the property tax assessments through house
service connections (HSCs) in a phased manner by 2007-08.
Tax Demand per Assessment
The average monthly water tax demand per assessment in 2000-01 is Rs. 126.82. The same
demand per assessment is adopted for 2001-02 to 2002-03 and is assumed to be revised once
in 5 years by 30 per cent beginning from 2006-07, at a conservative simple growth rate of 5
per cent per annum.
Collection Efficiency
The average water tax collection efficiency during 2000-901 to 2004-05 was 24.38 per cent
and only 11 per cent of arrears and 43 per cent current tax demands respectively. It is
assumed that UMC would gradually increase its tax collection performance to 50 per cent
and 75 per cent against arrears and current tax demand respectively.
Table 15-2 Key assumptions for forecasting income from water charges
Sl. Description
1 % water connections to property
tax assessments
Current Assumptions
Level Base Case Full HPI Sustainable
Scenario Scenario HPI Scenario
58.89 58.89 80 66.2
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2 Avg monthly water charge per 60 60 60/120 60/100
connection (Rs.)
3 Periodic revision in water charges
2005-06 -- 30 30 30
2010-11 -- 30 30 30
2015-16 -- 30 30 30
2020-21 -- 30 30 30
4 Collection Performance (% of 24.38
Demand)
Arrears 85.71 50 50 50
Current 61.11 75 75 75
5 Growth in income from water
charges (% p.a)
9.51 5.54 5.54 5.54
(i(
ii ii)
) Coonnssool liddaat
teedd TTaaxx
Number of Assessments
The number of assessments for consolidated tax is the same as that for property tax, and the
same is adopted for future years.
Tax Demand per Assessment
The average annual consolidated tax demand per assessment in 2000-01 is Rs. 159.47. The
same demand per assessment is adopted for 2005-06 to 2007-08 and is assumed to be revised
once in 5 years by 30 per cent beginning from 2007-08, at a conservative simple growth rate
of 5 per cent per annum.
Collection Efficiency
The average consolidated tax collection efficiency during 2000-01 to 2004-05 was 13.52 per
cent and 6 per cent of arrears and 37 Per cent current tax demands respectively. It is assumed
that UMC would maintain a 50 per cent collection performance against arrears demand and
gradually increase its collection performance to 75 per cent against current tax demand.
(i(
ivv) ) SSeeweerraaggee TTaaxx/ /Chhaarrggee
UMC does not levy a sewerage tax/charge currently. Hence this tax is not considered in the
base case scenario. However, if the sewerage scheme, envisaged as part of the CIP is
implemented, it is assumed that UMC would levy a sewerage charge.
Number of Assessments
The ultimate number of assessments for sewerage charge, or the number of sewerage
connections is assumed at 75 per cent of the total water connections. It is assumed that the
75 per cent coverage will be achieved in three annual phases of 25 per cent each beginning
from 2006-07. From FY 2005-06 onward, a proportion of 75 per cent will be maintained.
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Tax Demand per Assessment
An average monthly sewerage tax/charge demand of Rs. 100 per connection from FY 2006-
07 is assumed to compute the demand from sewerage tax/charge. The sewerage tax/charge is
assumed to be revised by 30 per cent once in five years, beginning from 2007-08, at a
conservative simple growth rate of 5 per cent per annum.
Collection Efficiency
A collection efficiency of 50 per cent of the current demand of sewerage tax/charge is
assumed for the first year of the levy of the charge, i.e. 2006-07. From 2008-09 onward, a
collection efficiency of 50 per cent and 75 per cent of the arrears and current demands
respectively, is assumed.
Table 15-3 Key assumptions for forecasting income from Drainage Charges
Sl. Description
1 % drainage connections to
PT assessments
2 Avg. monthly drainage
charge per connection
Current Assumptions
Level Base Case Full HPI Sustainable HPI
Scenario Scenario Scenario
- - 60 30
- - 50 50
(Rs.)
3 Periodic revision in
drainage charges
2005-06 -- 30 30 30
2010-11 -- 30 30 30
2015-16 -- 30 30 30
2020-21 -- 30 30 30
4 Collection Performance (% --
of Demand)
5 Arrears -- 50 50 50
6 Current -- 75 75 75
7 Growth in income from
drainage charges (% p.a)
-100 -100 -100 -100
(vv) ( ) Othheerr TTaaxxeess
Other relatively insignificant taxes like wheel tax, cinema tax, entry tax, etc. are forecast to
grow at a nominal rate of 10-15% per cent per annum, as against a CAGR of 4.3 per cent.
The very low CAGR in realization from other taxes is due to the decrease in the Assigned
revenues of cinema and passenger tax came into effect only in 2000-01. However, based on
reports that entry tax would not be levied from FY 2001-02, the income from other taxes is
forecast based on the 2000-01 realization.
The CAGR of income from all taxes forecast based on the above assumptions for the period
2000-01 to 2004-05 works out to 9.92 per cent, against the actual 5-year CAGR of 26 per
cent during 1996-97 to 2000-01.
Noonn- -TTaaxx SSoouurrcceess
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• The non-tax sources of revenue income, viz. municipal own sources, compensation
and assigned revenue and revenue grants are forecast based on past trends.
The establishment expenditure of UMC has grown at a CAGR of about 7.22 per cent during
the last five years. The same growth rate 7%-8% per cent per annum is assumed for
forecasting establishment expenditure.
Coonnt tinnggeennccyy/
/O&M EExxppeennddi ituurree
The expenditure incurred by UMC in operation and maintenance and minor repairs of its
infrastructure systems and properties has grown at a CAGR of 22.58 percent during 2000-01
to 2004-05. This high growth is primarily due to inappropriate booking of expenses by UMC
in terms of capital and revenue items. It is likely that some capital expenditure items have
been accounted under revenue account. A nominal growth rate of 15 per cent per annum is
assumed to forecast operation and maintenance and contingency expenditure.
Employee Terminal Benefits, Pensions, etc.
Expenditure on employee terminal benefits and pensions has grown at a CAGR of 16.34 per
cent during 2000-01 to 2004-05. The same growth rate of 16.34 per annum is adopted for
forecasting expenditure under this head.
Table 15-4 Key growth rate assumptions for forecasting revenue expenditure
Sl. Description Current
Level
1 General Administration & revenue
Collection
Allowance to Elected Rep. 8.51 5
Overall General Administration 29.24 15.00
Tax Collection Expenses 23.49 15
Pensions and Gratuities -- -
Contribution to Provident Fund 20.92 15
Total-General Admin. & Revenue Collection 14.97
2 Municipal Services - -
General Expense 43.45 20
Water Supply 9.26 9.26
Sewerage & Sanitation -- -
Solid Waste Management 16.83 15
Public Works (Roads, Drains & Bldgs) -- -
Street Lighting 36.42 15
Public Health (Medical) 5.4 5
Education -- -
Other Services & Misc. -4.6 5
Total- Municipal Services 32.35 15.00
Debt Servicing
Assumption (All three
Scenarios)
The outstanding debt liability of UMC as on 31st March 2005 was reported to be nil. The
additional debt taken on for JNNURMA at 3% of the total size is Rs. 3713 lakhs which is
assumed to be borrowed at 9% pa repayment in five equal instalments beginning 2013-14.
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However, the disbursements will start in 2006-07 itself. The interest payments are made
assumed to be made concurrently without any moratorium.
Clearing of Non-debt Liability
The outstanding non-debt liability of UMC is primarily in the form of power charges due to
Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board (MPSEB). According to information collected from
the office of MPSEB in Ujjain, the outstanding power charges due from UMC is Cleared.
But UMC officials claim that some reconciliation had been carried out based on MPSEB
dues to UMC in the form of property tax and there was no outstanding amount due to
MPSEB. Thus this amount is not considered in the forecast of expenditure.
Based on the above assumptions, the CAGR of total revenue expenditure for the period 2005-
06 to 2020-21 works out to about 9.06 per cent, against the actual CAGR of 13.4 per cent
during 2000-01 to 2004-05.
Additional Recurring and Debt Servicing Expenditure due to CIP
(i(
i) ) Addddi itioonnaal
l Reeccuurrrri inngg EExxppeennddi ituurree
The capital investments envisaged as per the CIP are bound to impose additional
establishment and O&M expenditure on UMC. Such additional expenditure is estimated
based on percentage of capital costs as estimated by the consultants from their experience in
other projects. The percentages thus adopted are presented in Table 15-5
Table 15-5: Basis for Additional Recurring Expenditure due to Envisaged CIP
Sl. Sector Recurring Expenditure as % of Capital Cost
1 Water Supply 2.5
2 Sewerage & Sanitation 2.00
3 Solid Waste Management 8.00
4 Roads 1.00
5 Storm Water Drains 5.00
6 Street Lighting 5.00
7 Fire Services 5.00
8 Others 1.50
Caappi itaal
l IInnccoomee
Grants
UMC receives project-related capital grants from GoMP for specific schemes like provision
of basic services and environment improvement in slums, NRY and SJSRY, flood relief,
sinhastha etc. The CAGR of such grants during 2000-01 to 2004-05 was 31.62 per cent.
However, a nominal 5-10% per cent increase is assumed while forecasting receipts in the
form of capital grants.
In addition to the above regular capital grants, the FOP has a provision for incorporating GoI
and GoMP grants for funding large capital investments under the JNNURM Project,
especially in the water, Sewerage, Road and sanitation sectors.
Loans
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Capital income in the form of loans is forecast based on phased capital investment identified
as part of the CIP. It is assumed that regular scheme-based capital grants received by UMC
would be used to fund the identified CIP, and UMC would mobilize the balance amount to
fund the capital investment through loans. The additional debt taken on for JNNURMA at
3% of the total size is Rs. 3713 lakhs which is assumed to be borrowed at 9% pa repayment
in five equal instalments beginning 2013-14. However, the disbursements will start in 2006-
07 itself. The interest payments are made assumed to be made concurrently without any
moratorium.
Caappi itaal
l EExxppeennddi ituurree
The capital expenditure in the base case scenario is assumed to be equivalent to the receipt of
capital grants on the basis that all capital receipts would be applied only for capital works.
15.3 Investment Phasing
In the investment case scenarios, the identified CIP capital investment of Rs. 123772.6 Lakh
at 2005-06 prices is phased over 7 years in consultation with UMC officials and based on
UMC’s cash flows. The investment phasing schedule is presented below in Table-15-7 and
the investment figures at current prices and at escalated prices at 6 per cent per annum are
presented in Table-15-8.
A summary of investment in augmentation and refurbishment of different works in different
sectors has been given below :
Table 15-6 Ujjain Investing Phasing for Full capital investment
Sl. Sector Total
Investment
Rs. Lakh
(2005-06
prices)
Investment Phasing %
2006-
07
2007-
08
2008-
09
2009-
10
2010-
11
A. System Refurbishment/Rehabilitation works
1 Water Supply 590.58 10 20 20 25 25
2 Sewerage & 6,908.24 10 50 20 20 -
Sanitation
3 Solid Waste 3130 10 50 20 20 -
Mgmt
4 Roads 2045 20 20 20 20 20
5 Storm water 1962.00 20 20 20 20 10 10
Drain
6 Street Lighting 260 30 20 20 20 10
7 Fire Services 100 20 30 50
8 Heritage,Urban
Renewal and
Enviromental
improvement
22890.00 20 20 20 20 20
9 Basic services
to urban Poor
10 City Basic
Facilities
3292.7 30 20 20 10 10 10
2102 20 20 20 25 15
2011-
12
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11 Trafic
2500 10 30 20 20 20
Transportation
and Bus
Terminal
Development
12 Workshop 200.00 20 20 20 20 20
upgradation
13 Others 443.00 10 10 20 20 20 20
Sub-Total A 46424.0 - - - - -
B. Systems Augmentation Works
1 Water Supply 3547.52 25 25 25 25 -
2 Sewerage & 8,291.76 25 25 20 20 10
Sanitation
3 Solid Waste 874.97 25 50 25 - -
Mgmt
4 Roads – ULB 13025 20 20 20 25 15
owned
5 Storm water 5950.00 - 20 20 35 25
Drain
6 Street Lighting 975 - 20 20 30 30
7 Fire Services 380 20 30 50
8 Heritage,Urban 29,784.00 10 20 30 40
Renewal and
Enviromental
improvement
9 Basic services 6325.3 20 20 20 10 15 15
to urban Poor
10 City Basic 6305 25 25 25 25
Facilities
11 Trafic
0 25 25 25 25
Transportation
and Bus
Terminal
Development
12 Others 1889.46 10 10 20 30 30
Sub-Total B 77348.635
Grand Total
Investment 123772.63
Table 15-7 Investment Phasing and cash Project cash flow
Sl. Sector Total Investment Phasing %
Investment
Rs. Lakh 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
(2005-06
prices)
A. System Refurbishment/Rehabilitation works
1 Water Supply 590.6 59.1 118.1 118.1 147.7 147.7
2 Sewerage &
Sanitation 6908.2 690.1 3454.1 1381.7 1381.7 0.0
3 Solid Waste
Mgmt 3130.0 313.0 1565.0 626.0 626.0
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4 Roads – ULB
owned 2045.0 409.0 409.0 409.0 409.0 409.0
5 Storm Drains 1962.0 392.4 392.4 392.4 392.4 196.2 196.2
6 Street Lighting 260.0 78.0 52.0 52.0 52.0 26.0
7 Fire Services 100.0 20.0 30.0 50.0
8 Heritage ,Urban
Renewal and
environment
Improvement 22890.0 4578.0 4578.0 4578.0 4578.0 4578.0
9 Basic services
to urban Poor 3292.7 987.8 658.5 658.5 329.3 329.3 329.3
10 City Basic
Facilities 2101.9 448.0 448.0 448.0 560.0 336.0
11 Trafic
Transportation
and Bus
Terminal
Development 2500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0
12 Workshop
Upgradation 200.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0
13 Others 443.6 44.4 44.4 88.7 88.7 88.7 88.7
Sub-Total A 46424.0 1833.6 8230.5 12333.9 9013.2 8908.5 6241.8
B. Systems Augmentation Works
1 Water Supply 3547.52 886.88 886.88 886.88 886.88
2 Sewerage &
Sanitation 8291.76 2072.94 2072.94 1658.35 1658.35 829.17
3 Solid Waste
Mgmt 874.97 218.74 437.48 218.74
4 Roads – ULB
owned 13025 2605 2605 2605 3256.25 1953.75
5 Storm Water
Drains 5950 1190 1190 2082.5 1487.5
6 Street Lighting 975 195 195 292.5 292.5
7 Fire Services 380 76 114 190
8 Heritage ,Urban
Renewal and
environment
Improvement 29784 2978.4 5956.8 8935.2 11913.6
9 Basic services
to urban Poor 6325.3 1265.06 1265.06 1265.06 632.53 948.8 948.8
10 City Basic
Facilities 6305.63 1855 1855 1855 1855 987.5
11 Trafic
Transportation
and Bus
Terminal
Development 0
12 Workshop 0
13 Others 1889.46 188.94 188.94 377.89 566.84 566.84
Sub-Total B 77348.635 1265.06 12146.96 16767.1 18744.59 23460.72 7066.06
Grand Total
Investment 123772.63 3098.63 20377.42 29100.99 27757.74 32369.21 13307.9
Escalated Cost 158078.68
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3,284.55 22,896.07 34,659.74 35,043.51 43,317.30
18,877.51
Source: Ujjain Municipal Corporation
15.4 Results of FOP
Based on the above assumptions, the FOP is worked out for three cases, in order to assess the
investment sustaining capacity of UMC.
BBaassee Caassee
UMC receives substantial income from State/Central Government in the form of grants and
aids during Sinhastha. A lot of city’s develop works and refurbishment works are completed
uring this time, reducing the burden during others. Hence in spite of low collection efficiency
with regard to property and water, the town has been able to maintain its assets and maintain
the pace of its development works.
The FOP for the base case is worked out without considering the identified CIP investment.
The closing balance of UMC by the terminal year of the FOP, i.e. 2020-21 would be Rs.
25881.4 Lakh.
FFuul lll IInnvveesst tmeennt t SScceennaarri ioo
In the full investment scenario, the entire estimated investment of the CIP is loaded on the
FOP as capital expenditure, as per the investment phasing presented in Table 15-7, 15-8 and
the additional recurring and debt servicing expenditure are considered under revenue
expenditure. The entire FOP is presented as annexures.
The closing balance of UMC by the terminal year of the FOP 2020-21 in the full investment
scenario would be minus Rs. 13069 Lakh, indicating that UMC would be able to sustain this
investment after taking into account the O&M expenses etc. While certain stress years are
observed during the JNNURM implementation years (2007-08 to 2010-11), the value of the
deficit is small and cane be met through contingencies by reducing the expenditure proposed
under the Others category. UMC plans to undertake significant significant reforms in
taxation, aimed at full cost-recovery and improve its tax and charges collection efficiency,
and introduction of new taxations, which will also assist in investment sustenance.
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16 Projjectt IImpacttss and Polliicy IIntterventtiionss
16.1 Project Benefits and Impacts
16.1.1 Financial
A financial analysis was undertaken for direct revenue-generating components, i.e. water
supply, sewerage and SWM. However, since water supply sub-projects are primarily
rehabilitation works, the sub-projects do not translate as monetary benefits. Sewerage
projects are proposed in the view of environmental improvement and currently no pilot ULB
levies a sewerage charge Hence, in view of the plausible tariff applicable – initial connection
and monthly rent – sewerage projects indicate either negative cash flows. A similar scenario
is experienced in case of solid waste management project, where there is no history of tariffs.
Hence, all sub-projects identified have a strong economic rationale but indicate poor financial
returns. On a stand-alone basis, none of the projects are financially viable but at the
municipal/local-level, the municipal fund bears the financial burden of sub-project cash
flows. However, municipal funds are not robust enough to bear the entire HPI cost – sizing of
sub-projects is imperative for sustenance.
The socioeconomic survey shows that there was willingness to have piped water connections
and pay for them. However, the willingness to pay was generally low as a result of present
inadequate level of water supply services, low water tariffs and reliance on alternative
sources. The affordability analysis shows that the proposed tariffs for water supply and
sewerage surcharge are within the generally acceptable limits. 14
16.1.2 Economic
The economic rationale is based on three key principles: (a) basic human requirements for
urban services, both for social development and for economic activity; (b) the contribution of
14 As per the surveys conducted under IUDMP Project Report 2002
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efficient and integrated urban services to sustainable economic development and poverty
reduction; and (c) prioritization of need and cost effective (least cost) solutions
All sub-projects have a strong economic rationale since they provide minimum acceptable
standards for basic living conditions and assist in removing existing constraints on social
development and economic growth. Similarly, all sub-projects shall be detailed and designed
along sound principles of priority need; consultation and targeting; demand management and
rehabilitation before new investment.
Alternatives considered in sub-project design included types of wastewater treatment process,
sites and location and design of sewer network; and sites and type of solid waste disposal
process. In all cases the most appropriate technical and least cost solution was preferred.
Basic services to urban poor are a key focus area under JNNURM since most areas would
experience severe water distribution inadequacy. While the UMC continues to implement
projects to supply water to the City wide network, reduction of UFW and ground water
recharge are key recommendations for water augmentation. Without the sewerage/sanitation,
solid waste and drainage components, the prevailing unhygienic and unacceptable living
conditions will continue.
16.1.3 Social
The project is designed to maximize the number of poor beneficiaries, aimed specifically at
improving conditions in under-served areas. The project should benefit all notified slum
population (50 percent of the City population). It will extend or improve the service delivery
to previously under-served areas, particularly for poor settlements. The combination of
project components will lead to sustained poverty reduction through demonstrable health,
livelihood benefits.
Institutional components of the project should empower and lead to demonstrable
improvement in “Quality of Life” of Citizens of Ujjain. Awareness of affected population in
particular the poor will be increased and improved through dedicated education programs,
thereby increasing the quality of dialogue and informed participation between communities
and local government. Proposed changes in planning processes involving slum networking
will enable the participation of community (especially poor communities) in planning,
construction and O&M.
Indirect benefits will be available to residents of the project to the People of Ujjain, through
improved living conditions, a healthier living environment and the prospect of improved
health status of the population. This and the prospect of accelerated economic development
should increase employment and raise living standards. The capacity-building initiatives
should lead to a more efficient, effective and responsive state and local government, better
able to understand and respond to the needs of the population, especially the poor.
Negative impacts will be minimized in requiring minimum resettlement or loss of productive
or non-productive assets. A social impact assessment shall be carried out for identified subprojects
and translated as a risk mitigation matrix. The sub-project minimizes other negative
impacts on poor men and women such as an increased cost for services (time and money),
unemployment and health risks.
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16.1.4 Environmental Examination
The proposed Project is fundamentally aimed at environmental improvement in the urban
areas, and as such, the overall impact should be beneficial to the urban population and their
environment. The Project will thus contribute significantly to achieving one of its overall
objectives, which is to improve the living conditions and thus well-being of the urban poor.
The urban population and particularly the urban poor, will run less risk of incurring
infectious diseases through exposure to waste and contaminated water.
On the basis of an initial evaluation, the proposed project is unlikely to result in any direct
adverse environmental impacts. Adverse impacts relate almost entirely to the construction
phase, and particular attention will need to be paid to ensuring that contractors comply with
good engineering practice and avoid creating unnecessary inconvenience to the public during
construction. Thus, on the assumption that the construction process is well managed, the
short-term negative impacts of the project will be far outweighed by the major positive
impacts of a more sanitary urban environment. An evaluation of whether the proposed waste
and wastewater disposal sites projects will require preparation of a detailed EIA will need to
be made by the proposed executing agency in the period leading up to loan negotiation and
effectiveness, based on requirements by GoI. A risk mitigation matrix captures the
prospective environmental risks and the associated mitigation measures.
16.2 Policy Interventions
Institutional Arrangements: Institutions at the State-level and local-level play an important
role in project implementation. At the State-level, the State Steering committee and State
Nodal agency would manage infrastructure investments and institutional development. At the
local-level, the project UMC would undertake Mandatory and optional reforms as prescribed
under the mission for the selected Urban local Bodies (say Double entry accounting, e-
governance MIS, GIS mapping for the improvement in tax rationalization, expenditure
control and resource base enhancement) with in the suggested time frame.
Resource Mobilization and Expenditure Control: Analyses indicate that sub-project
viability is dependent on equity contributions (ULB and customer) Since the cash flow at the
municipal fund level determines investment sustenance, it is imperative that adequate
resources are mobilized to meet sub-project sustenance. Hence, prior to project
implementation, it is pertinent that Ujjain Municipal Corporation shall undertake resource
mobilization drives including but not limited to enhancing the tax base, raising tariffs and
taxes, enhancing the water connection database (detecting illegal/unauthorized connections),
and planning for accurate management information systems to capture the demand for
revenue. Water charge enhancement and revisions are proposed on a nominal and pragmatic
basis, with due consideration to the prevailing political environment; a similar approach was
adopted while recommending sewerage charges and connection fees. Expenditure controls on
establishment, staff salary and pensions, and maintenance and repairs are key to long-term
sustainability of Mission sub-projects.
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17 Devellopiing a Viissiion ffor tthe Ciitty
The development plan is an evolving plan for accomplishing vision. Developing strategies to
achieve Ujjain vision will necessarily involve additional planning processes designed to
systematically identify components of major themes and the complex interaction between
them. The development plan sets the stage for more comprehensive planning necessary to
complete strategy.
17.1 Objectives
• Strengthen the physical, social and cultural participation of citizens
• Promote public health and wellness by providing opportunities for residents to be
physically, socially and culturally active.
• Poverty alleviation and slum up-gradation
• Initiate up-gradation programmes and provide basic services to the urban poor of
Ujjain so that the city becomes slum free by 2021.
• Manage growth
• Balance modest growth with environmental sustainability and community values.
• Protect & enhance air, water and land quality
• Restore and protect air, land and water quality to support a healthy local ecosystem for
plants, animals and people.
• Support economic development
• Take a leadership role in the promotion of a strong and growing local and regional
economy.
• Enhance public safety
• Engage in problem solving partnerships with the community.
• Increase emergency preparedness
• Develop and implement a comprehensive emergency preparedness strategy involving
emergency services, municipal staff, business and community associations.
• Enhance the Cultural and Heritage image of Ujjain through better tourism
infrastructure.
• Develop the city of Ujjain with all tourism facilities and provide the city with all
required infrastructure.
• Enhance transportation alternatives
• Provide a range of transportation alternatives to enhance mobility of all citizens. Plan,
design and construct transportation infrastructure that promotes and enhances safety.
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The city of Ujjain has a strong, vibrant and attractive identity, delivered by building on the
strengths of its community, heritage, culture and religious strengths. The ambitions of it’s
citizens for 2021 are:
The year 2021 will be an year when:
People and Communities are included, services are accessible and vulnerable people are
supported to be safe, healthy and have choice and independence to improve their
opportunities in life.
There is support and enthusiasm for a vibrant Local Economy, where investment and
innovation are invited and welcomed, where there is a well-balanced housing market that
provides housing for all, and where the heart of the holy city, the core area will be revitalized.
The advantages of Ujjain as a Pilgrim Centre are complemented by excellent local transport
and traffic arrangements providing easy, safe and affordable movement throughout the city.
The administration has responsibilities for Culture, Heritage and Religious feelings, and it
makes every effort, with partners, to offer exciting high quality life and facilities for all.
The Environment and Heritage are protected, promoted and enhanced, therefore increasing
even further its attractiveness as a place to live and work.
Vision statement
“To make Ujjain a knowledge and pilgrim centre –
maintaining its great religious and cultural image
providing a better and sustainable environment to all walks of life.”
Ujjain will be
Knowledge centre
Pilgrim centre
Environmentally sustainable
Beautiful and self reliant
A city with Better quality of life to all sectors of the society
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Sewerage and sanitation
Vision and goals Sewerage and sanitation 2010 2015 2020
Need
Ujjain city does not have
a sewage collection and
disposal system. Septic
tanks used by some
houses are inadequately
designed and the partly
treated effluent from
these tanks flows to the
open drains. The
indiscriminant disposal of
sewage, waste from dry
latrines or open
defecation is common in
several areas. The
collection of night soil
and its disposal to water
channels still exists in the
city. The absence of
appropriate sanitation or a
sewage collection and
disposal system pollutes
the river Kshipra (revered
as a holy river by
millions) and exposes the
city population and
numerous pilgrims to
high environmental and
public health risks.
Healthy
Community
Improving on
the basic
Infrastructure
gaps.
Environmental
upgradation of
city.
Incorporating
Cost
effectiveness
for the
sustenance of
the project.
100 %
coverage of
the
population.
Incorporation
of efficient
system to
maintain and
operate the
assets.
Regular
monitoring
and
reviewing of
the
performance
of the
system.
Building a
self
sustained
sewerage
system
equipped to
cater the
peak
population
flow at city
festive
occasions
Major ٭issues No underground
sewerage system
Strengths -
Strategies
Installation of city level
Sewerage system
System Management
Improvements
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The٭ issues regarding Sewerage and Sanitation have been discussed in detail in the chapter
on urban services
Aim : To exploit all the available water resources in the city vicinity and improve supply
network so as to provide water for all.
Water supply
Vision
goals
and
Water supply 2010 2015 2020
Need
Ujjain city is presently
supplied with 90 mld of
treated water. Ujjain will
need a total of 107 mld of
water production capacity
to fulfil the requirement
of 2021 population with a
per capita supply rate of
135 lcpd.
Presently Ujjain has
water adequacy up to
2020 but the city needs
optimisation of existing
system through
replacement of old
distribution pipes of
inadequate size,
rehabilitation of old
equipment and additional
service reservoirs to
optimise the water supply
service in terms of
quantity, pressure and
duration.
Efficient and
Effective
coverage of
distribution
with
accessibility to
each and every
House hold of
Ujjain city.
Capacity
building of the
institution to
cater to the
rising
demands of
future
envisaged.
Designing pro
poor water
policy for poor
of the city.
100% metered
Connections.
Full Cost
recovery of
the
investment
made.
Regular
monitoring
and
reviewing of
the
performance
of the
system.
Conservation
of the water
resource and
Reduction in
the real cost
of water
through
better
demand
management.
Major ٭issues Inadequacy in water
supply coverage
Strengths
Strategies
Lack of interlinked
networking
The city has adequate
water till 2020
Optimisation of Existing
Water Supply System
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Water
Supply
Distribution Expansion
Making water meters
compulsory
The٭ issues regarding water supply have been discussed in detail in the chapter on urban
services
Drainage system
Vision
goals
and
Storm water 2010 2015 2020
Need
There is no planned storm
water disposal system in the
city. Small and medium
surface drains constructed
along the roads carry
household wastewater and
discharge it to open areas or
small water courses like
Hanuman nallah, Sombaria
nallah, etc. These nallahs in
turn discharge to the river
Kshipra.
None of the city nallahs are
capable of carrying storm
water and overflow
immediately after heavy
rain. Further, due to
construction activities
without proper regard to the
drainage there are several
disruptions in the alignment
leading to stagnation of
water in residential and
business areas. The
situation is aggravated due
to dumping of solid waste
in the drains, blocking the
Design and
development
of city
Drainage
master plan.
Control on the
disposal of
Untreated
waste water to
the surface
water
resources.
Integration
of tertiary
Household
drains
Connections.
O& M,
Training and
capacity
building
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flow There are about 12
major flood prone areas in
the city like Somwaria,
Kartik Chowk, Begampura,
Singpuri,Khatriwadi,
Sakhipura,
Jasingpura,Awantipura,
Ramghat, Indore Gate,
Indira Nagar and K D Gate.
These suffer an unhygienic
environment during the
monsoon.
٭issues Major
Strengths
Poor condition of drains
Improper maintenance
Satisfactory coverage
Strategies Construction and
Renovation of Drains
Solid Waste Management
System Management
Improvements
Vision
goals
and
Solid waste management 2010 2015 2020
Need
In Ujjain the main source
of waste generation is
from households, hotels
and market. Waste
generated from hospital
and clinics, which could
be toxic/hazardous in
nature, is currently not
separated from domestic
waste. There are no
industries in the area
hence the problem of
industrial waste is nonexistent.
Solid waste
generated in civil area is
not segregated into
biodegradable and nonbiodegradable
category.
Waste is collected in open
70%
Coverage
80%
Coverage
100%coverage
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trolleys/tractors daily in
the morning hours.
Major ٭issues No provision of
segregation
Strengths -
Existing open dumping
system
Strategies Provision to collect
infectious biomedical and
hazardous waste
separately as per law
Improve working
conditions for sanitary
workers through better
equipment and material,
and more effectives
procedures
Improve transportation by
mechanisation and
enhancing workshop
facilities
Improve final disposal
from uncontrolled
dumping to sanitary
landfill
Roads and Transportation
Vision
goals
Need
and
Roads andTransportation 2010 2015 2020
Like all other cities the
road network in the old
city area, with little or no
scope for widening, is
quite inefficient and
inadequate for the present
day traffic. Moreover,
there is a very high degree
Better
connectivity
to all parts of
the city.
Decongesting
the pressure
core areas of
Encouraging
local public
transport
system
Cost
recovery of
the assests
created with
Building
road
infrastructure
to cater rapid
transport
system
owing to the
increasing
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of pedestrian traffic,
commercial activities
including the informal
sector, absence of any
organised parking space
make the situation worse.
Though some traffic
management measures in
the form of banning of
heavy vehicles, one-way
operation etc. are in place,
but due to lack of strict
enforcement measures it
fails to give any relief to
the core area.
the city.
Constructing
roads to suit
the local
traffic and
city
environment.
O& M
capacity
building of
Institution.
congestion in
the city.
Major ٭issues Absence of of public
transport system (like
BRTS etc.) and poor
quality of service and
associated infrastructure
(like bus terminals and
tempo stops)
Absence of a
comprehensive and
scientific traffic
management system
Strengths
Strategies
Good percentage of road
Coverage .
Decongestion of the CBD
and old city area.
Widening
and
Strengthening of Road
Structures and Removal of
Encroachments.
Introduction of an
Integrated transportation
system
Introduction of public
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transport system
The issues regarding Roads and Transportation have been discussed in detail with the ٭
chapter on Roads and Transportation
Urban Poor
Vision
goals
and
Urban poor 2010 2015 2020
Need
A large slum population in
Ujjain, some of which are
as yet, unidentified
squatters without any legal
standing or secure tenure,
translate into miserable
and unhealthy living
conditions, which affects
the slum dwellers’
economic productivity and
cumulatively, that of the
city as a whole. The
absence of water supply,
disposal of human waste
and garbage collection
may be identified as the
three most important
factors that endanger the
health and wellbeing of
people living in slums.
Provision of these basic
urban services has
traditionally been a
municipal function.
Hence, in this context, it is
important to examine
characteristics of slums
and slum population in
Ujjain, and most
importantly, the level of
access to basic services
and how best Municipal
Major ٭issues The absence of water
supply, disposal of human
waste and garbage
Integrated
slum
infrastructure
development:
for sewerage
and
supply
Deliver
quality
services
water
to
urban
city
poor,
effectively
and
efficiently.
100 %
coverage of
population
with access
to water
supply and
roads
Integrating
slum
dwellers in
the city
development
mainstream
and
enhancing
their social
and
economic
base through
local
employment
generation.
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collection may be
identified as the three most
important factors that
endanger the health and
wellbeing of people living
in slums
Strengths
Strategies
Many of the slums have
been provided with basic
services earlier .
Involvement of NGOs for
speedier implementation
of the SNP.
Explore options for private
sector participation in this
project
Evolve strategies for
provision of housing for
the Economically Weaker
Sections to accommodate
the urban poor in
proximity to major
industrial areas,
commercial hubs etc., by
reserving adequate lands
for EWS housing.
Channelise all programs
and activities of various
government agencies for
the urban poor through the
Special Purpose Vehicle.
Motivate private sector to
participate in slum
upgradation projects.
٭
The issues regarding urban poor and slums have been discussed in detail in the chapter on urban poverty and slums
People of Ujjain have given their significant contribution in the preparation of this
development plan and the aim is to make this plan come true.
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City Development Plan Ujjain
Annexure
Annexure – 1: Twelfth Schedule - Constitution
Urban planning including town planning
Regulation of land use and construction of buildings
Planning for economic and social development
Roads and bridges
Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes
Public health, sanitation conservancy and solid waste management
Fire services
Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects
Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and
the mentally retarded
Slum improvement and upgradation
Urban poverty alleviation
Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, playgrounds
Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects
Burials and burial grounds, cremations, cremation grounds and electrical crematoriums
Cattle pounds; prevention of cruelty to animals
Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths
Public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops and public conveniences
Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries.
Ujjain Municipal Corporation
City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City Development Plan Ujjain
Annexure – 2: Obligatory and Discretionary Duties of the Municipal Corporation
Matters to be provided for By Corporation:
(1) The Corporation shall make adequate provision, by any means or measures which it may
lawfully use or take, for each of the following matters, namely:-
(a) Lighting public streets, places and buildings.
(b) Cleaning public streets, places and sewers and all spaces not being private property,
which are open to the enjoyment of the public, whether such spaces are vested in the
corporation or not; removing noxious vegetation, and abating all public nuisances;
(c) Disposing of night soil and rubbish and, if so deemed desirable, preparation of
compost manure from night soil and rubbish;
(d) The maintenance of the fire-brigade for extinguishing fire, and protection of (life)
[Substituted by Section 3(2) of the M.P. Act 13 of 1961] and property when fires occur;
(e) Regulating or abating dangerous or offensive trades or practices;
(f) Removing obstructions and projections in public streets and places, and in spaces not
being private property, which are open to the enjoyment of the public whether such spaces
are vested in the Corporation or the Government;
(g) Establishing and managing cattle ponds;
(h) Securing or removing dangerous buildings or places;
(i) Acquiring and maintaining, changing and regulating places for the disposal of the dead
and disposing of unclaimed dead bodies and dead bodies of paupers;
(j) Constructing, altering and maintaining public streets, culverts and Corporation
boundary markets, latrines, urinals, drains, sewers and providing public facilities for
drinking water; watering public streets and places;
(k) The management and maintenance of all municipal water works and the construction
and maintenance of new work and means for providing a sufficient supply of suitable
water for public and private purposes;
(l) The erection in proper and convenient situations on municipal land of water closets,
closet accommodation, urinals, and other conveniences for the public and the maintenance
and the cleansing of the same;
(m) The construction and the maintenance of public market and slaughter houses and the
regulation of all markets and slaughter houses;
(n) *[Omitted by M.P. Act No. 13 of 1961.]
(o) The maintenance of an ambulance service;
Ujjain Municipal Corporation
City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City Development Plan Ujjain
(p) Naming streets and numbering houses;
(q) Registering births, marriages and deaths;
(r) Public vaccination;
(s) Establishing and maintaining primary schools;
(t) Taking measures to prevent the out-break, spread or recurrence of infectious diseases;
(u) The maintenance of municipal office and of all public monuments and other property
vested in the Corporation;
(v) Provision of traffic signs;
(w) Printing and publishing such annual reports and returns on the administration of the
Corporation as the Government may by general or special order, require the Corporation
to submit;
(x) The maintenance of Public Park, gardens, recreation grounds, public places and open
spaces in existence and vested in the Corporation;
(y) Fulfilling any obligation imposed by this Act or any other law for the time being in
force;
(z) Construction and maintenance of veterinary dispensaries.
(2) No suit for damages or for specific performance shall be maintainable against the Corporation
or any officer or council or thereof, on the ground that any of the duties specified in sub-section
(1) have not been performed.
Matters which may be provided for by Corporation at its discretion - In addition to the other
powers and duties, conferred or imposed on it by or under this Act or any other Act for the time
being in force, the Corporation may in its discretion provide from time to time either wholly or
partly for all or any of the following matters, namely:-
(a) Reclaiming healthy localities, laying out, whether in areas previously built upon or not,
new public streets, and acquiring land for that purpose, including plots of land for building
on such streets;
(b) Constructing, establishing or maintaining public parks or gardens, library, museums,
halls, theatres, stadiums, offices, sarais, rest houses and other public buildings;
(c) Constructing and maintaining residential quarters for municipal officers and servants;
(d) Construction, maintenance and cleansing of washing and bathing places;
(e) Furthering educational objects other than the establishment and maintenance of
primary schools and making grants to educational institutions;
(f) Planting and maintaining road side and other trees;
(g) Taking a Census and granting rewards for information tending to secure the correct
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registration of vital statistics;
(h) Making a survey;
(i) The destruction or the detention of ownerless dogs or stray pigs, or detention of
animals causing nuisance;
(j) Securing or assisting to secure suitable places for the carrying on offensive trades or
practices;
(k) Supplying, constructing and maintaining pipe and other fittings for the supply of water
to private premises from water-works maintained by the Corporations;
(l) Supplying, constructing and maintaining receptacles, fittings, pipes, and other
appliances on or for the use of private premises for receiving and conducting the sewage
thereof into sewers under the control of the Corporation;
(m) Fairs and exhibitions, or athletics or games competitions or tournaments;
(n) Constructing and maintaining such roads and buildings and other Government works
as the Government may transfer to the Corporation;
(o) Organisation and management of chemical or bacteriological laboratories for the
examination on analysis of water, food or drugs, for the detection of disease or for
researches connected with public health; and
(p) The construction and maintenance in the public streets of drinking fountains for human
beings and water - troughs for animals;
(q) The prevention of cruelty to animals;
(r) The playing of music in squares, gardens or other places of public resort;
(s) The construction, purchase, organization, maintenance or management of tramways or
motor transport facilities for the conveyance of the public;
(t) Preparation and presentation of address to persons of distinction;
(u) Prevention of vagrancy; establishing and maintaining poor houses;
(v) Establishing and maintaining a farm or factory for the disposal of sewage;
(w) Organization and maintenance of maternity homes and infant welfare centres;
(x) The organization, maintenance or management of institutions, for the care and training
of blind, deaf, dumb or otherwise disable persons;
(y) Swimming pools, public wash houses, bathing places, and other institutions designed
for the improvement of public health;
(z) Dairies of farms within or without the city for the supply, distribution and processing
of milk or milk products, for the benefit of the residents of the city;
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(aa) Establishment and control of gwala colonies and cattle pans within or without the
city:
(bb) The purchase of any undertaking for the supply of electric energy or gas or starting or
subsidizing of any such undertaking;
(cc) The acquisition and maintenance of grazing grounds within or without the city;
(dd) Granting rewards for information regarding the infringement of any provisions of this
Act or of any other Acts, the enforcement of which is entrusted to the corporation by
regulation or standing order there under;
(ee) The construction and maintenance of sanitary stables for animals or vehicles, or
garages;
(ff) measures to meet any calamity affecting the public in the city
(gg) The regulation of lodging houses, and boarding houses in the city;
(hh) The grant of loans for building purposes or for purchase of conveyance to municipal
officers and servants, on such terms and conditions as may be prescribed [by bylaws] by
the corporation;
(ii) Any other measures for the welfare of municipal servants;
(jj) contribution towards any public fund raised for the relief of human sufferings within
the city or for the public welfare;
(kk) Establishing and maintaining pre-primary schools;
(ll) Establishing and maintaining public hospitals and dispensaries and carrying out other
means necessary for public medical relief;
(mm) Any other matter likely to promote the public health, safety or convenience of the
public.
(nn) Urban planning including town planning;
(oo) Regulations of land-use and construction of buildings;
(pp) Planning for economic and social development;
(qq) Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects;
(rr) Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped
and mentally retarded; and
(ss) Urban poverty alleviation.
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Annexure – 3: Taxation Powers of Municipal Corporation
Taxes to be imposed under this Act.- (1) For the purpose of this Act, the Corporation shall,
subject to any general or special order which the State Government may make in this behalf,
impose in the whole or in any part of the Municipal Area, the following taxes, namely:-
(a) A tax payable by the owners of buildings or lands situated within the city with
reference to the gross annual letting value of the buildings or lands, called the property
tax, subject to the provisions of Sections 135, 136 and 138.
(b) A water tax, in respect of lands and buildings to which a water supply is furnished
from or which are connected by means of pipe with municipal water works.
(c) A general sanitary cess, for the construction and maintenance of public latrines and for
removal and disposal of refuse and general cleanliness of the city.
(d) A general lighting tax, where the lighting of public streets and places is undertaken by
the corporation.
(e) A general fire tax, for the conduct and management of the fire service and for the
protection of life and property in the case of fire.
(f) A local body tax on the entry of such goods as may be declared by the State
Government by notification in the official Gazette into the municipal area for
consumption use or sale therein at a rate not exceeding four percent of the value of goods.
(6) In addition to the taxes specified in sub-section (1), the Corporation may, for the purpose
of this Act, subject to any general or special order which the State Government may make in
this behalf, impose any of the following taxes, namely:-
(a) A latrine or conservancy tax payable by the occupier or owner upon private latrines,
privies or cesspools or open premises or compounds cleansed by Corporation agency;
(b) A drainage tax, where a system of drainage has been introduced;
(c) A tax on persons exercising any profession or art or carrying on any trade or calling
within the city.
(d) A tax payable by the owners on all or any vehicles or animals used for riding, driving
draught or burden or on dogs, where such vehicles, animals or dogs are used within the
city, whether they are actually kept within the city or not;
(e) A toll on vehicles and animals used as aforesaid entering the city but not liable to
taxation under clause (d).
(f) Fees on the registration of cattle sold within the city;
(g) Market dues on persons exposing goods for sale in any market or in any place
belonging to or under the control of the Government or of the Corporation;
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(h) A betterment tax on properties whose value may have improved as a result of town
planning scheme undertaken by the Corporation;
(i) A tax on pilgrims resorting periodically to a shrine within the limits of the
Corporation;
(j) A tax on persons occupying, houses, buildings or lands within the limits of the
Corporation according to their circumstances and property;
(k) A toll on new bridge constructed by the Corporation;
(l) A tax on advertisements other than advertisements published in newspapers;
(m) A tax on theatres, theatrical performances and other shows for public
amusement;
(n) A terminal tax on goods or animals exported from the limits of the Corporation; and
(o) Any other tax which the State Government has power to impose under the Constitution
of India, with the prior approval of the State Government.
133-A (3). The State Government shall every year pay to each Corporation from the
Consolidated Fund of the State a grant-in-aid approximately equal to the extra duty realized
under sub-section (1) in respect of the property situated within the area of each such
Corporation after making such deductions on account of cost of collection as the State
Government may determine.
135. Imposition of Property-Tax - Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the tax
under clause (a) of sub-section (1) of Section 132 shall be charged, levied and paid, at the rate
not less than six percent and not more than ten percent of the annual letting value, as may be
determined by the Corporation for each financial year.
136. Exemptions - The property tax levied under section 135 shall not be leviable in respect
of the following properties, namely:-
(a) Buildings and lands owned by or vesting in -
(i) The Union Government;
(ii) The State Government;
(iii) The Corporation;
(b) Buildings and lands the annual value of which does not exceed six thousand rupees in
case of Municipal area having population of one lakh or above and four thousand eight
hundred rupees in case of Municipal area having population below one lakh. Provided that
if any such building or land is in the ownership of a person who owns any other building
or land in the same city, the annual value of such building or land shall for the purposes of
this clause, be deemed to be the aggregate annual value of all buildings or lands, owned
by him in the city;
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(c) Buildings and lands or portions thereof used exclusively for educational purposes
including schools, boarding houses, hostels and libraries if such buildings and lands or
portions thereof are either owned by the educational institutions concerned or have been
placed at the disposal of such educational institutions without payment of any rent;
(d) Public parks and play grounds which are open to the public and building and land
attached thereto if the rent derived there from is exclusively spent for the administration of
parks and play grounds to which they are attached;
(e) Buildings and lands or portions thereof used exclusively for public worship or public
charity such as mosques, temples, churches, dharamshalas, gurudwaras, hospitals,
dispensaries, orphanages, alms houses, drinking water fountains, infirmaries for the
treatment and care of animals and public burial grounds, or other places for the disposal of
the dead :
Provided that the following building and lands or portions thereof shall not be deemed to be
used exclusively for public worship or for public charity within the meaning of this section,
namely:-
(i) Buildings in or lands on which any trade or business is carried on unless the rent derived
from such buildings or lands is applied exclusively to religious purposes or to public
charitable institutions aforesaid;
(ii) Buildings or lands in respect of which rent is derived and such rent is not applied
exclusively to religious purposes or public charitable institutions aforesaid.;
(f) Buildings and lands owned by widows or minors or persons subject to physical
disability or mental infirmity owing to which they are incapable of earning their
livelihood, where the main source of maintenance of such widows or minors or persons is
the rent derived from such buildings and lands:
Provided that such exemption shall, relate only to the first [twelve thousand rupees] of the
annual value of such buildings and lands.] 1
[(g) buildings and lands owned by freedom fighters, retired members or Defence Services
and their widows during their life time if they are exempted from income tax.
(h) buildings and lands owned by blind persons, abandoned women and mentally
incapacitated persons.
(i) buildings and lands in occupation of owner for his residence shall be exempted from
property tax to the extent of fifty percent.]
1 Substituted / Inserted by M.P. Act No. 18 of 1997. Published in M.P. Gazette (Extraordinary) dt. 21.4.97.
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Annexure-4: Functions and Powers of Ward Committees
Construction of new roads and drains as necessary and repair and maintenance of the
roads, drains already constructed.
To provide water supply and new pipe connections
Sanitation
To give necessary recommendation for all type of licenses
Collection of tax, fee, rate etc.
To prepare and execute the schemes of market, development and beautifications.
National Programme – Execution of Programme relating to health, women and child
welfare, destitute pensions, handicapped and to run the homes for old age persons.
To remove the encroachments and unauthorised constructions.
To arrange for lighting of streets.
Supervision of school up to primary standard and hospitals up to primary health
centres.
Development and maintenance of gardens, squares and public places.
Activities relating to libraries, Reading Rooms and Sports.
Works relating to control of food adulteration.
Supervision of public distribution system.
Plantation and betterment of environment.
Other functions allotted by the Corporation
Powers of Wards Committees
Sanctioning of an amount up to Rs.50,000/- for the execution of functions as given
above.
Sanction may be granted only if the amount is available in the relevant head of Budget.
Information of every such sanction given by the Wards Committee in which
expenditure of more than Rs.25,000/- is involved, shall be communicated to the
Standing Committee/Mayor-in-Council within 15 days from the date of sanction.
Inspection and supervision of any work.
General Administrative Control over the officers and employees working under the
Wards Committee.
Procedure of Conduct of Business
There shall be a separate office of every Wards Committee, and incharge thereof, under
whom all the officers and employees of wards committee shall work. The officer incharge
shall be responsible for all the works of the Wards Committee.
The date of meeting of Wards Committee shall be fixed by its Chairman and meetings shall
be invited at least once in every 15 days. The quorum for the meeting shall be ½ of the total
number of its members.
The necessary Officers and employees shall be made available to the office of the Wards
Committee by the Municipal Commissioner for the performance of the functions of the
Wards Committee.
The Wards Committee shall take decisions by majority of votes and in the case of equality of
votes, the Chairman shall have casting vote.
The in charge of the office of the Wards Committee shall attend every meeting and may give
his suggestions, but he shall not have right to vote.
Wards Committee shall be empowered to invite any officer of the Corporation for giving
suggestions in its meetings.
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Budget Allotment for the Wards Committee
The Corporation shall provide in the budget of every financial year, the proposed income and
expenditure for the territorial area of the Wards Committee.
Every Wards Committee shall prepare and send its proposals to the Municipal Commissioner
in the month October for next financial year, showing head wise proposed income and
expenditure, and the Commissioner shall submit consolidated proposals to the Standing
Committee/Mayor-in-Council.
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First Stage
Annexure-5: Delegation of Powers by the Commissioner to the Zonal Officers
All proposals relating new construction work, repairs and maintenance under the budget head
– Public Works, Planning and Water Supply. For this purpose following powers are given:
Sanction of expenditure proposals up to Rs. 50,000/-. The administrative and financial
sanction will be given by the Ward Committee and technical sanction will be given by
the Divisional Engineer.
After obtaining approval of the Ward Committee, the will be sent to the Commissioner
for financial arrangements
Disconnection of illegal water connections, regularisation of illegal water connections
and provision of new water connections
Permanent advance of Rs. 5000/- will be given to Divisional Officer for petty works in
the zone. For execution of work from this advance, proposal from the Councilor and his
certificate after completion of the work is necessary. Divisional Officer shall give
information relating to the work taken up from this sum in the meetings of the Ward
Committee.
The Divisional Officer shall prepare a plan and cost estimate for the expenditure
proposals exceeding Rs.50,000/- and present it to the Ward Committee. The proposal
will be forwarded to the Commissioner for sanction along with the comments of the
Divisional Officer and Ward Committee. After obtaining sanction from the
Commissioner, the proposal will be forwarded for the technical and administrative
sanction. After completion of all formalities, the Divisional Officer will take necessary
steps for implementation. The work relating to advertisements, tender notice and
publication will be handled by the Public relation Section at Central Office.
The Commissioner will give powers regarding the contracts to the Divisional Officer.
The annual rates for the construction and repair works, purchase of materials will be
decided by the Central Office. The Divisional Officer/Ward Committee is empowered
to make purchases at these rates subject to their financial powers.
The powers under – Section 80, 82, 83, 85, 136, 138, 140, 148, 152, 153, 155, 156, 159,
167, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 317, 322, 323 to 346, 363, 366 to 391 of the Madhya
Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act 1956 are given to the Divisional Officers.
The powers relating to health, sanitation and food adulteration under Section 190 to 219, 355
to 358 and 361 of the Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act 1956 are given to the
Divisional Officers.
The powers relating to tax assessments and collection under Section 173 to 178 of the
Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act 1956 are given to the Divisional Officers.
The daily receipt of taxes and the other receipts will deposited by the Divisional Officer in
the bank and the report of daily collection under different heads will be sent to the Central
Office.
The powers relating to building permissions under Section 299, 301, 302, 303, 304, 307, 309,
and 310 of The Madhya Pradesh Munocipal Corporaton Act 1956 are given to the Divisional
Officers. Presently, Zonal Office will give building permissions for residential constructions
up to 1500 sq. ft. only. The Divisional officer will undertake site visit and forward his report
along with comments to Central Office in case of building permissions for residential
construction exceeding 1500 sq.ft. and commercial purpose.
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The powers relating to removal of illegal constructions and encroachments under Section
302,307,322 and 323 of the Madhya pradesh Municipal Corporation Act 1956 are given to
the Chairman of the Wards Committee.
The Divisional Officer will be responsible for Lighting, maintenance of parks and gardens,
maintenance of libraries and sports grounds, tree planting, preparation of proposals for area
development and supervision of primary schools. These functions will be performed by the
Divisional Officer on his discretion or under the instructions of higher authorities, public
representatives and by public demand.
Second Stage
Implementation of Government Schemes like old age pension, handicapped and destitute
pension etc.
Building permissions for the construction of commercial complexes and other big
constructions
Tax assessment and collection of all taxes. Classification of receipts. Mutation of property.
Preparation of zonal budget and submission to the Central Office for inclusion in annual
budget. Proposed arrangements for funding of the budgeted expenditure.
Decentralisation of stores and vehicles.
Third Stage
For achieving total functional decentralisation, the powers of the Commissioner relating to
implementation, regulation etc. will be given to Ward Committee and Divisional Officer. All
Ward Committees will function independently under the supervision of Central Office.
Proposals will be referred to Central Office for policy and financial matters only.
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Annexure – 6: Departmental Functions of Central Office
Departments / Sections
1. General Adm.
Dept./Section
Mayors Office,
Commissioners office,
Dy. Commissioners Office,
Public Relations,
Treasury, General Section,
Security, Records,
Law Section, Accounts,
Establishment Section,
Accountant, Audit,
License,
Rikshaw Section,
Tax Assessment,
Education Department and
Library.
2. Health / Sanitation
3.Water Supply
4. Public Works
Stores, Work Shop, DM
Functions
• All functions like appointments, transfers, preparation of pay bills,
promotions, preparation of seniority list, annual increments, leave
encashment and maintenance of service books and files relating to
Establishment of permanent officers and employees.
• All functions relating to release of advertisements and hoardings.
• Printing and stationery
• Allotment of quarters to municipal staff.
• Registration of births and deaths, issue of birth and death certificates.
• Issue of mutation and other Certificates on the basis records
maintained by the Corporation.
• Preparation of Annual Budget
• Payment of bills as per different heads of expenditure.
• Maintenance of Advance Register and Classification.
• Payment of pension, gratuity etc. to the retired employees.
• Audit
• Issue and renewal of licenses, rickshaw licenses etc. and receipt of
fees thereof.
• Removal of encroachments.
• Running of schools and libraries under UMC.
• Implementation of various Government Schemes like payment of
pension to destitute, social security pension, old age pension, girls
welfare scheme, SJSRY
• Preparation of departmental budget and exercising control over
expenditure.
• Collection and disposal of garbage within the municipal limits.
• Running of ayurvedic and homeopathic dispensaries.
• Public vaccination
• Prevention of out-break, spread of infectious diseases.
• Running of dharamshalas.
• Preparation of departmental budget and exercising control over
expenditure.
• Provision of potable water to the public
• Operation and Maintenance of Water Supply services
• Provision of new connections for water supply as per rules.
• Regularisation of illegal water connections.
• Checking of water meters.
• Implementation of water supply scheme
• Operation and maintenance of water treatment plants and analysis of
water samples.
• Preparation of departmental budget and exercising control over
expenditure.
• Preparation of capital expenditure proposals for the consideration of
the Commissioner.
• Checking and passing of bills for payment
• Laying of new pipe lines for distribution
• Coordination with PHED authorities regarding the water supply
designed for UMC.
• Construction of roads, culverts etc. and commercial complexes within
the municipal limits
• Repairs and maintenance of roads, culverts etc. and commercial
complexes constructed by the UMC
• Development Works under various Government schemes in municipal
wards and schemes proposed by the Member of Parliament and
Legislators under the funds made available to them for carrying out
development work within the constituencies.
• Running and maintenance of municipal vehicles.
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5. Revenue
6. Fire brigade
7. Lighting
• Supply of water through tankers.
• Recovery of Market Fees on daily/monthly basis from municipal
markets
• Recovery of rent etc. from shops
• Mutation and transfer of lease
• Recovery of land, colony and development fees.
• Sanctioning of building plans and permission for commencement of
work.
• Preparation of departmental budget and exercising control over
expenditure.
• Collection of property tax, water tax, compulsory water tax,
consolidated tax for health; fire and lighting, development tax and
show tax.
• Collection of lease rent on municipal Lands given on lease.
• Collection of rent from slum dwellers who have been allotted “pattas”
by the Collector.
• Collection of miscellaneous taxes.
• Collection of service charges on Central Government properties.
• Maintenance of various records regarding tax collection
• Preparation of DCB statement.
• Preparation of departmental budget and exercising control over
expenditure.
• Attending fire calls within the municipal limits and outside and
prevention of fire.
• Imparting training regarding prevention and control of fire.
• Activities regarding catching of stray animals.
• Preparation of departmental budget and exercising control over
expenditure.
• Repairs and maintenance of street lights within municipal limits.
• Activities relating to provision, repairs and maintenance of lighting
facilities to municipal buildings.
• Provision of lighting arrangements during fairs and festivals and
special functions.
• Upgradation of lighting fixtures within municipal limits.
• Purchase of electrical materials and fixtures.
• Supply of electrical material to Divisional Offices as per the
requirements received from them.
• Checking and passing of all electricity bills received from M.P.E.B.
for power supply to UMC at different places.
• Preparation of departmental budget and exercising control of
expenditure.
• Coordination with M.P.E.B. for the erection of electricity poles within
the municipal limits.
• Preparation of capital expenditure proposals for the consideration of
Commissioner.
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Annexure – 7: List of participants (CDS workshop Ujjain, on 07-01-06)
Joint meeting organised by Municipal Corporation
(Renowned City persons & Senior Citizens)
Sr. Name Disingnation Orgnisation
No.
1 Shri Satyanarayan Jatiya Member of Parliament Ujjain
2 Shri Shivnarayan Jagirdar M.L.A. Ujjain South
3. Ms. Soni Meher Mayor Ujjain UMC
4. Shri. Azad Yadav Chair Person UMC
3 Shri Awantilal Jain Senior Citizen Freedem fighter, Ujjain
4 Shri Babulal Jain Ex. Minister Govt. of M.P.
5 Shri Manohar Beragi Secretary Pradesh Congress
Committee
6 Shri Shiva Kotwani Dist. President B.J.P., Ujjain
7 Shri Diwakar Natu Chairman Simhast Development
Authority
8 Shri Mahaveer Prasad Ex. M.L.A.
Ujjain
Vashistha
9 Shri Mohan Yadav Chairman Ujjain Devlopment
Authority
10 Shri Rajhujursingh Gowr Ex. Chairman Ujjain Devlopment
Authority
11 Shri Bamshanker Joshi President Industrial area Ujjain
12 Shri Beerendra Kawadiya Leader B.J.P., Ujjain
13 Shri Mahendra Gadiya Member Divisional Railway Advisiory
Committee
Ujjain
14 Shri Rajendra Washistha Ward Counsiler Municipal Corporation
Ujjain
15 Shri Ravi Ray Ward Counsiler Municipal Corporation
Ujjain
16 Shri Devbrat Yadav Ward Cousiler Municipal Corporation
Ujjain
17 Shri Anant Narayan Ward Cousiler Municipal Corporation
Meena
Ujjain
18 Shri Ram Bhagwat Ward Cousiler Municipal Corporation
Ujjain
19 Smt. Indira Trivedi Ex. Mayor Municipal Corporation
Ujjain
20 Shri Madanlal Lalawat Ex. Mayor Municipal Corporation
Ujjain
21 Shri Prakash Chittora Ex. Chair Person Municipal Corporation
Ujjain
22 Shri Prakash Choube Ex. Wice Mayor Municipal Corporation
Ujjain
23 Shri Jai Prakash Joonwal Ex. Counsilor Municipal Corporation
Ujjain
24 Shri Neeraj Mandloi Collector & Distt. Megistrate Distt. Ujjain
25 Shri Anil Mehta Beurochief Awantika News Paper
26 Shri Abhay Jain Corspondent Naiduniya News Paper
27 Shri Dharmendra Sikarwar Corspondent Naw Bharat News Paper
28 Shri Sandeep Pandla Corspondent City Channel, Ujjain
29 Shri Kirti Rana Beurochief Bhasker News Paper Ind.
30 Shri Tiwari Corspondent Star News Channel, Ujjain
31 Shri Sachin Goyal Corspondent N.D. T.V., Ujjain
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32 Shri Sachin Kasliwal Beurochief Loklakshy News Paper
33 Representative Corspondent Sahara News, Ujjain
34 Shri Veerendra Bhardwaj Corspondent Madhayanchal News
Paper
35 Shri Shubh Karan Sharma Administrator Shri Mahakal Temple
36 Shri I.V. Mulle Executive Eng. M.P. Housing Board
37 Shri J.P. Tyagi Executive Eng. M.P.E.B., Ujjain
38 Shri Manaklal Giriya President Chamber of Commerce,
UJN
39 Shri A.I. Kara Father Katholik Charch, Ujjain
40 Shri B.R. Sarfaraj Sinior Citizen Ujjain
41 Shri S.K. Shriwastava Doctor Ujjain
42 Shri Ashok Jain Social Worker Ujjain
43 Shri Dawarkadhish Advocate
Ujjain
Choudhari
44 Shri Shrikant Architect
Ujjain
Veshampayan
45 Shri Kedar Bansal Secretary Fertiliser Union, Ujjain
46 Shri Suresh Chopara Member Loding Matadore, Union
47 Shri Ashok Jain President Transport Union Ujjain
48 Shri Krashna Chowrasia President Hansraj Dhannalal Trust
49 Shri Basant Chowrasia Member Hansraj Dhannalal Trust
50 Shri M. Rizwani Executive Eng. Municipal Corporation
Ujjain
51 Shri Farid Khan Kureshi Asst. Comm. Municipal Corporation
Ujjain
52 Shri R.S. Rawat Dy. Comm. Municipal Corporation
Ujjain
53 Shri B. K. Sharma Asstt. Engineer Municipal Corporation
Ujjain
54 Shri. Rajesh jain Municipal Commissioner Municipal Corporation
Ujjain
List of participants (CDS workshop Ujjain, on 09-01-06)
Joint meeting organised by Municipal Corporation
Sr. Name Disingnation Orgnisation
No
.
1. Ms. Soni Meher Mayor Municipal Corp. Ujjain
2. Shri Azad Yadav Chair Person Municipal Corp. Ujjain
1 Shri Rahul Lot Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
2 Smt. Sugan Rathore Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
3 Smt. Komal Bai Bhati Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
4 Shri Sushil Kumar Choursiya Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
5 Smt. Deepkuwar Sisodiya Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
6 Smt. Shantaban Bese Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
7 Shri Annatnarayan Meena Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
8 Shri Gajndra Sakalecha Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
9 Shri Sonu Gehlot Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
10 Shri Abdull Gaffar Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
11 Smt. Shashikala Joshi Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
12 Shri Salim Kabadi Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
13 Smt. Kalawati Yadav Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
14 Shri Sunil Kachhaway Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
15 Shri Ravi Ray Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
16 Shri Prakash Sharma Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
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17 Smt. Varsha Sugandhi Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
18 Shri Girish Shastri Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
19 Smt. Rekha Ora Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
20 Smt. Pravina Ben Patal Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
21 Shri Kailash Singh Bisen Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
22 Shri Satyanarayan Chouhan Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
23 Shri Mehtab Shah lala Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
24 Shri Sunil Goyal Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
25 Shri Rameshwar Dubey Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
26 Shri Mohammd Jawad Kurashi Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
27 Smt. Seraj bee Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
28 Shri Bhagwansingh Gaud Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
29 Smt. Geeta Bai Choudhari Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
30 Smt. Shashi Chandel Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
31 Shri Ram Bhagwat Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
32 Smt. Leela Junwal Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
33 Smt. Rajni Kotwani Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
34 Shri Jeetendra Tilkar Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
35 Shri Atmaram Malviya Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
36 Shri Radheshyam Verma Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
37 Shri Ramsingh Sikarwar Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
38 Shri Sanjay Mehata Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
39 Shri Ramnarayan Kuwal Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
40 Shri Santosh Yadav Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
41 Shri Jaisingh Darabar Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
42 Shri Vijay Jonwal Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
43 Shri Amit Shrivastava Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
44 Shri Davvrat Yadav Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
45 Shri Rajendra Vashistha Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
46 Shri Shalendra Veenu Kushwaha Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
47 Shri Babulal Vaghela Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain
48 Shri Shil Lashkari Elderman Municipal Corp. Ujjain
49 Shri Charansingh Gil Elderman Municipal Corp. Ujjain
50 Shri Vijay Agrawal Elderman Municipal Corp. Ujjain
51 Shri Babulal Jain Elderman Municipal Corp. Ujjain
52 Shri Rajesh Jain Municipal
Commissioner
Municipal Corp. Ujjain
List of participants (CDS workshop Ujjain, on 09-01-06)
Joint meeting organised by Municipal Corporation
Sr. Name Disingnation Orgnisation
No
.
1 Shri Shailesh Vyas City Correspondent Naiduniya News Paper
2 Shri Hemant Sen City Correspondent Bhaskar News Paper
3 Shri Vishvas Sharma City Correspondent Awantika News Paper
4 Shri Anilsingh Chandel City Correspondent Agnipath News Paper
5 Shri Kumar Narendra Choukse City Correspondent Chouthasansar NewsPaper
6 Shri Tarun Sen City Correspondent Free Prass
7 Shri Shailendra Kulmi City Correspondent Sandhya Dainik News Paper
8 Shri Prekash Triwadi City Correspondent Samachar Line Dota com
9 Shri Dharmandra Singh City Correspondent Naw Bharat News Paper
10 Shri Shadab Ansari City Correspondent S.R. Chainnal
11 Shri Sandeep Pandla City Correspondent City Chainnal
Ujjain Municipal Corporation
City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City Development Plan Ujjain
12 Shri Dinesh Sisodia City Correspondent Madhyanchal News Paper
13 Representetive City Correspondent Vikram Dershan News Paper
14 Representetive City Correspondent Prajaduta News Paper
15 Representetive City Correspondent Nirnayak News Paper
16 Representetive City Correspondent Malwa Kranti News Paper
17 Representetive City Correspondent Aksharvishve News Paper
18 Representetive City Correspondent Matikimahima News Paper
19 Representetive City Correspondent Amar Shaym News Paper
List of participants (CDS workshop Ujjain, on 09-01-06)
Joint meeting organised by Municipal Corporation
20 Auto Mobile Sangh President Ujjain
21 Industrialist Association President Ujjain
22 Chamber of Comm. President Ujjain
23 Power Lum Association Secretary Ujjain
24 Plastic Association Secretary Ujjain
25 Transport Association President Ujjain
26 Patni Bazar Association President Ujjain
27 Freeganj Marchant Association President Ujjain
28 Sarafa Association President Ujjain
29 Mandi Samiti President Ujjain
List of participants (CDS workshop Ujjain, on 10-01-06)
Joint meeting organised by Municipal Corporation
Sr. Name Disingnation Orgnisation
No
1 Smt. Sudha Baheti President Lions Club, Surbhi, UJN
2 Shri Sanjay Agrawal President Lions Club, Classic, UJN
3 Dr. V.S. Uveja Director & Principal Mahakal Institute of Technology &
Science
4 Shri S. Vaishampayan Architect Ujjain
5 Shri Tulsidas Ji Vastu Vid Ujjain
6 Dr. Nemichand Ji Jain President Lions Club, Metri, UJN
7 Shri Anand Ji Bangar Member Lions Club, UJN
8 Shri Bharat Jain Charterpresident Ujjain
9 Shri Sanjay Triwadi Enginer & Architect Ujjain
10 Shri K.L. Sonhare Training Officer I.T.I. Ujjain
11 Shri Shiv Soni Secretary Sarafa Association
12 Shri Prakash Jain President Daulat Gunj Merchant Asso. Ujjain
13 Shri Sanjay Khandalwal Secretary Lions Club, Kshipra, UJN
14 Shri Navin Jain President Lions Club, Kshipra, UJN
15 Smt. Urmila Nirkhe President Bhumika Sa. Sanstha, UJN
16 Shri Mukesh Harbhajanka Vice President Lions Club, Holicity, UJN
17 Shri Bhagwan Khandegar State Co-ordinater Ravidas Mahasangh, UJN
18 Prof. Jagdish Palsaniya Reader, Civil Engg. Civil Engg. Club., UJN
Dept
As a part of formulating City Development Plan for Ujjain City, a series of meetings of city
stake holder were organised by Municipal Corporation of Ujjain. The valuable suggestions
from the participants are summarised below.
Develop the city of Ujjain with all Religious tourism facilities and provide the city with
all required infrastructure.
Initiate up gradation programmes and provide basic services to the urban poor of Ujjain
so that the city may reduce pressure by 2021.
Ujjain Municipal Corporation
City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City Development Plan Ujjain
To exploit all the available water resources in the city vicinity and improve supply
network so as to provide water for all.
Promote public health and wellness by providing opportunities for residents to be
physically, socially and culturally active.
Provide a range of transportation alternatives to enhance mobility of all citizens. Plan,
design and construct transportation infrastructure that promotes and enhances safety.
Regular monitoring and reviewing of the performance of the system which shall be
shaped.
Explore options for private sector participation in this project and Motivate private
sector to participate in slum upgradation projects.
Purification of Shipra River.
Purification of Shipra River and linking project with Narmada River.
Development of Dewas Gate Bus Stand, Krashi Upaj Mandi and other important Trade
Centre of city.
City core Area has remained as prime agenda, as the city activities concentrate in and
around the Mahakal Temple and Shipra river city ghats which needs immediate
refurbishment and upgradation.
Over Bridges and Underpass is also need for the city as existing infrastructure is in
dilapidated condition city need to count on the issue.
The over congested area are short of proper parking space which need to be catered
immediately and effectively through innovative and cost effective mechanisms
The over all Assets created under the project should suffice the need of the city even in
the peek festive occasions, where population is at times 5 folds.
Most of the suggestions have been undertaken and incorporated in formulating the vision and
setting objectives for the city development for 2021.
Ujjain Municipal Corporation
City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
Annexure 8: Ujjain City Development Plan – Financial Operating Plan
Particulars (Receipts) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Estd. Rs Lakh
Opening Balance 0 145.18 -462.06 28.43 471.52 -415.94 431.19 531.55 -140.22 -390.53 -154.52
I Revenue Receipts
A Tax Receipts
1 Property Tax 148.94 165.10 205.89 223.24 245.58 315.04 335.00 400.00 460.00 529.00 608.35
2 Consolidated Tax 63.05 67.28 81.99 88.17 96.47 111.51 122.00 265.00 296.80 332.42 372.31
3 Miscellaneous Tax 6.14 14.16 9.37 8.94 10.38 12.35 16.20 31.50 36.82 43.06 50.40
4 Water Charges 492.01 462.68 356.51 314.44 298.50 378.28 435.02 559.61 789.42 926.63 1068.35
B Income from Municipal Property
1 Income from Municipal land and assets 44.60 41.18 53.59 45.40 41.87 45.18 40.17 70.70 76.81 83.61 91.06
2 Income from Market 74.66 79.81 70.16 69.12 56.86 87.56 80.00 80.00 88.00 96.80 106.48
C Fees,Service Charges and Penalties
1 License Income 119.37 57.11 66.60 119.22 84.43 32.86 36.93 41.80 43.89 46.08 48.39
2 Income from Advertising 2.48 1.66 2.17 4.88 4.26 2.23 1.50 10.00 11.00 12.10 13.31
3 Income from Map sanctiomning etc. 26.03 25.73 37.44 39.92 41.51 107.46 135.00 190.00 230.00 279.25 339.99
4 Miscellaneous Income 112.37 65.20 100.94 60.34 52.56 35.48 84.48 80.60 85.07 89.91 95.17
D1 Revenue Transfer
1 Octroi Compensation 913.60 889.20 1227.34 843.28 1170.43 1354.30 1350.00 1696.00 1865.60 2052.16 2257.38
2 Stamp Duty Transfers 45.73 39.98 12.83 54.60 64.80 170.34 137.55 150.00 165.00 181.50 199.65
3 Passenger/Motor Vehicle Tax 168.17 154.51 165.60 238.34 202.53 214.94 350.00 350.00 367.50 385.88 405.17
Total Revenue Receipt 2217.15 2063.60 2390.43 2109.89 2370.18 2867.53 3123.85 3925.22 4515.91 5058.40 5655.99
D2 Capital Receipts
PHED- WTP/ Intake Maintenance 248.48 150.46 179.72 196.99 325.63 175.41 184.18 193.39 203.06 213.21 223.87
Grants- Other Infrastructure (Road Cons.&
Main & Slum Imp.) 149.54 119.00 193.02 154.27 206.51 194.36 233.06 250.00 275.00 302.50 332.75
SFC & Basic Services Grant 229.96 66.04 81.51 330.76 445.29 697.43 610.00 729.36 838.76 964.58 1109.27
Dev Grants / Sinhastha 2004/MP/MLA 0.00 13.25 902.50 3590.86 1502.75 565.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
JNNURM Receipts 2881.73 18951.0 27063.9 25814.7 30103.4
JNNURM Receipts from Local Bodies,
Trusts and PPP Projects (3%) 108.45 713.21 1018.53 971.52
Total- Capital Receipts 628.0 348.8 1356.8 4272.9 2480.2 1633.1 3909.0 20232.2 29094.0 28313.5 32740.8
Total Income 2845.1 2412.4 3747.2 6382.8 4850.4 4500.6 7032.8 24157.4 33634.9 33426.4 38485.9
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
Particulars (Expenditure)
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003- 2004-05 2005-06 2006- 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
04
07
Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Estd. Rs.Lakh
III Revenue Expenditure
E Admin &Establishment Expenditure
1 Establishment & salary 1344.42 1620.93 1416.51 1551.73 1721.24 1891.07 2025.87 2170.74 2326.46 2493.86 2673.84
2 General Administration 49.53 57.40 66.39 92.84 135.14 141.93 72.06 78.69 88.71 96.94 105.97
F O & M Expenditure
1 Lighting 116.37 141.00 184.65 215.30 232.67 247.78 309.73 387.16 483.95 604.93 756.16
2 Water Works 733.12 652.62 738.94 590.48 637.77 534.68 561.41 589.48 618.96 649.91 762.39
3 Health 93.09 79.75 114.31 145.33 455.95 183.09 21.97 224.64 52.67 57.36 62.60
4 Public Works & Roads 67.00 43.61 43.34 77.54 35.74 48.61 149.12 161.94 178.17 298.50 766.25
5 Workshop &Stores 73.13 75.56 128.04 125.13 146.97 153.20 175.02 200.03 228.70 261.57 299.26
6 Miscellaneous 59.46 56.57 74.63 90.22 177.05 92.15 104.89 119.47 136.14 155.21 177.04
Total- Revenue Expenditure 2536.12 2727.44 2766.81 2888.57 3542.53 3292.51 3420.08 3932.16 4113.75 4618.29 5603.51
G Capital Expenditure
1 water Supply 32.01 137.51 266.29 796.91 783.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 36.81 42.33 48.68
2 Road construction 13.12 8.60 83.14 1622.00 835.56 141.25 166.15 195.70 230.79 272.50 322.09
3 Stadium & Swimming pool Construction 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
4 Drainage work for small localities 50.90 27.30 0.00 22.49 53.13 10.26 10.77 11.31 11.88 12.47 13.09
5 Other/Misc. 17.75 22.07 47.08 413.27 329.99 43.56 45.94 48.46 54.96 58.08 61.40
6
Recommendation work for all ward
members 50.05 96.67 93.37 178.44 183.18 165.92 182.51 200.76 220.84 242.92 267.22
7 Expenditure under JNNURM 3098.6 20377.4 29101.0 27757.7 32369.2
8 Repayment of Loan 8.4 63.4 142.0 216.9 304.3
Total- Capital Expenditure 163.8 292.2 489.9 3051.1 2195.3 361.0 3512.4 20897.0 29771.4 28572.1 33350.5
Total Expenditure 2700.0 3019.6 3256.7 5939.7 5737.8 3653.5 6932.4 24829.2 33885.2 33190.4 38954.1
Revenue Account -319.0 -663.8 -376.4 -778.7 -1172.4 -425.0 -296.2 -6.9 427.2 494.6 141.6
Capital Account 464.2 56.6 866.9 1221.8 284.9 1272.1 396.6 -664.8 -677.5 -258.6 -609.8
Overall Status of Municipal Fund 145.2 -607.2 490.5 443.1 -887.5 847.1 100.4 -671.8 -250.3 236.0 -468.1
Closing balance 145.2 -462.1 28.4 471.5 -415.9 431.2 531.6 -140.2 -390.5 -154.5 -622.6
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
Particulars (Receipts) 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
Rs.Lakh
Opening Balance -622.64 562.21 1022.14 1619.21 2443.03 3897.43 4035.72 6380.22 8725.95 10995.64
I Revenue Receipts
A Tax Receipts
1 Property Tax 699.60 804.54 925.22 1064.01 1170.41 1287.45 1416.19 1557.81 1713.60 1884.95
2 Consolidated Tax 416.98 467.02 523.06 585.83 656.13 734.87 823.05 921.82 1032.43 1156.33
3 Miscellaneous Tax 59.02 69.14 81.03 95.01 111.42 130.72 153.39 180.03 211.34 248.14
4 Water Charges 1412.88 1437.32 1462.19 1487.48 1513.21 2001.21 2035.83 2071.05 2106.88 2143.33
B Income from Municipal Property
1 Income from Municipal land and assets 99.20 108.13 117.90 128.61 144.31 162.11 182.32 205.25 231.31 261.39
2 Income from Market 117.13 128.84 141.72 155.90 171.49 188.64 207.50 228.25 251.07 276.18
C Fees, Service Charges and Penalties
1 License Income 50.81 53.35 56.02 58.82 67.64 77.79 89.45 102.87 118.30 147.88
2 Income from Advertising 14.64 16.11 17.72 19.49 22.41 25.77 29.64 34.08 39.20 45.08
3 Income from Map sanctioning etc. 415.00 507.77 622.64 765.01 850.94 947.37 1055.66 1177.34 1314.17 1439.37
4 Miscellaneous Income 100.88 107.08 113.82 121.14 130.30 140.21 150.94 162.56 175.15 188.80
D1 Revenue Transfer
1 Octroi Compensation 2483.11 2731.42 3004.57 3305.02 3635.53 3999.08 4398.99 4838.89 5322.77 5855.05
2 Stamp Duty Transfers 262.35 301.70 346.96 399.00 418.95 439.90 461.90 484.99 509.24 534.70
3 Passenger/Motor Vehicle Tax 512.44 563.68 620.05 682.05 716.15 751.96 789.56 829.04 870.49 914.01
Total Revenue Receipt 6644.0 7296.1 8032.9 8867.4 9608.9 10887.1 11794.4 12794.0 13896.0 15095.2
D2 Capital Receipts
PHED- WTP/ Intake Maintenance 235.07 246.82 259.16 272.12 285.72 300.01 285.72 300.01 315.01 330.76
Grants- Other Infrastructure (Road Cons.&
Main & Slum Imp.) 366.03 402.63 442.89 487.18 535.90 589.49 648.44 713.28 784.61 823.84
SFC & Basic Services Grant 1275.66 1467.00 1687.05 1940.11 2063.72 2196.16 2338.16 2490.47 2653.94 2786.64
Dev Grants / Sinhastha 2004/MP/MLA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3770.40 1577.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
JNNURM Receipts 12376.35
JNNURM Receipts from Local Bodies,
Trusts and PPP Projects (3%) 1132.92
Total- Capital Receipts 15386.0 2116.5 2389.1 2699.4 6655.7 4663.5 3272.3 3503.8 3753.6 3941.2
Total Income 22030.1 9412.6 10422.0 11566.8 16264.6 15550.6 15066.7 16297.7 17649.5 19036.4
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
Particulars (Expenditure) 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
Rs. Lakh
III Revenue Expenditure
E Admin &Establishment Expenditure
1 Establishment & salary 2867.35 3075.43 3299.21 3539.89 3731.51 3934.14 4148.48 4375.23 4615.18 4826.43
2 General Administration 115.86 126.71 138.61 151.66 147.91 220.83 179.16 191.31 204.34 217.74
F O & M Expenditure
1 Lighting 945.21 1181.51 1476.88 1846.10 2215.33 2658.39 3190.07 3828.08 4593.70 5512.44
2 Water Works 800.51 840.53 882.56 926.69 973.02 1021.67 1072.76 1126.39 1182.71 1241.85
3 Health 68.44 74.97 82.28 90.49 157.12 500.87 145.73 107.96 89.70 93.00
4 Public Works & Roads 1086.25 1139.37 1195.04 1253.35 1693.20 1877.37 1414.22 1492.04 1573.78 1659.41
5 Wiorkshop &Stores 342.49 392.06 448.94 514.19 575.94 586.21 618.74 649.67 682.16 716.26
6 Miscellaneous 202.04 230.65 263.43 300.98 337.54 453.77 398.85 438.34 481.76 529.46
Total- Revenue Expenditure 6428.13 7061.24 7786.96 8623.37 9831.57 11253.26 11167.98 12209.02 13423.32 14796.58
G Capital Expenditure
1 Water Supply 15.21 17.49 110.11 118.13 876.60 861.77 3.46 3.81 4.19 4.61
2 Road construction 381.12 451.42 535.18 635.04 2327.07 1603.74 928.66 1059.67 1209.92 1382.27
3 Stadium & Swimming pool Construction 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
4 Drainage work for small localities 13.75 14.44 15.16 15.92 24.74 58.44 16.71 17.55 18.43 19.35
5 Other/Misc. 64.93 68.67 72.66 76.90 504.39 413.04 84.68 89.17 93.90 98.59
6 Recommendation work for all ward members 293.94 323.33 355.66 391.23 430.35 473.39 520.73 572.80 630.08 661.58
7 Expenditure under JNNURM 13307.90 0.00
8 Repayment of Loan 340.23 1016.03 949.19 882.36 815.52 748.68 0.00 0.00
Total- Capital Expenditure 14417.08 1891.38 2037.97 2119.58 4978.67 4159.07 1554.24 1742.99 1956.51 2166.40
Total Expenditure 20845.21 8952.63 9824.93 10742.94 14810.24 15412.33 12722.22 13952.01 15379.83 16962.98
Revenue Account 215.92 234.86 245.93 243.99 -222.67 -366.19 626.42 584.96 472.64 298.62
Capital Account 968.94 225.07 351.13 579.83 1677.07 504.48 1718.08 1760.77 1797.05 1774.84
Overall Status of Municipal Fund 1184.85 459.93 597.07 823.82 1454.40 138.29 2344.50 2345.73 2269.69 2073.46
Closing balance 562.21 1022.14 1619.21 2443.03 3897.43 4035.72 6380.22 8725.95 10995.64 13069.10
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
Annexure 9: Ujjain City Development Plan FOP – Contribution of Revenue and Expenditure Heads to Total
Particulars (Receipts) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
In Percentage
I Revenue Receipts
A Tax Receipts
1 Property Tax 6.72 8.00 8.61 10.58 10.36 10.99 10.72 10.19 10.13 10.35 10.59
2 Consolidated Tax 2.84 3.26 3.43 4.18 4.07 3.89 3.91 6.75 6.54 6.50 6.48
3 Miscellaneous Tax 0.28 0.69 0.39 0.42 0.44 0.43 0.52 0.80 0.81 0.84 0.88
4 Water Charges 22.19 22.42 14.91 14.90 12.59 13.19 13.93 14.26 17.38 18.12 18.60
B Income from Municipal Property
1 Income from Municipal land and assets 2.01 2.00 2.24 2.15 1.77 1.58 1.29 1.80 1.69 1.64 1.58
2 Income from Market 3.37 3.87 2.94 3.28 2.40 3.05 2.56 2.04 1.94 1.89 1.85
C Fees,Service Charges and Penalties
1 License Income 5.38 2.77 2.79 5.65 3.56 1.15 1.18 1.06 0.97 0.90 0.84
2 Income from Advertising 0.11 0.08 0.09 0.23 0.18 0.08 0.05 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.23
3 Income from Map sanctiomning etc. 1.17 1.25 1.57 1.89 1.75 3.75 4.32 4.84 5.07 5.46 5.92
4 Miscellaneous Income 5.07 3.16 4.22 2.86 2.22 1.24 2.70 2.05 1.87 1.76 1.66
D1 Revenue Transfer
1 Octroi Compensation 41.21 43.09 51.34 39.97 49.38 47.23 43.22 43.21 41.08 40.14 39.29
2 Stamp Duty Transfers 2.06 1.94 0.54 2.59 2.73 5.94 4.40 3.82 3.80 3.88 3.97
3 Passenger/Motor Vehicle Tax 7.58 7.49 6.93 11.30 8.54 7.50 11.20 8.92 8.48 8.28 8.11
Total Revenue Receipt 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
D2 Capital Receipts
Grants- Water Supply 39.57 43.14 13.25 4.61 13.13 10.74 4.71 0.96 0.70 0.75 0.68
Grants- Other Infrastructure 23.81 34.12 14.23 3.61 8.33 11.90 5.96 1.24 0.95 1.07 1.02
SFC & Basic Services Grant 36.62 18.94 6.01 7.74 17.95 42.71 15.61 3.60 2.88 3.41 3.39
Central/State/District Grants for
Development / Sinhastha 2004/MP/MLA 0.00 3.80 66.52 84.04 60.59 34.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
JNNURM 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 73.72 93.67 93.02 91.17 91.94
JNNURM Receipts from Local Bodies,
Trusts and PPP Projects (3%) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.54 2.45 3.60 2.97
Total- Capital Receipts 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
Particulars (Expenditure)
2000-01 2001- 2002-03 2003- 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008- 2009- 2010-11
02
04
09 10
In Percentage
III Revenue Expenditure
E Admin &Establishment Expenditure
1 Establishment & salary 53.01 59.43 51.20 53.72 48.59 57.44 59.23 55.20 56.55 54.00 47.72
2 General Administration 1.95 2.10 2.40 3.21 3.81 4.31 2.11 2.00 2.16 2.10 1.89
F O & M Expenditure
1 Lighting 4.59 5.17 6.67 7.45 6.57 7.53 9.06 9.85 11.76 13.10 13.49
2 Water Works 28.91 23.93 26.71 20.44 18.00 16.24 16.42 14.99 15.05 14.07 13.61
3 Health 3.67 2.92 4.13 5.03 12.87 5.56 0.64 5.71 1.28 1.24 1.12
4 Public works & Roads 2.64 1.60 1.57 2.68 1.01 1.48 4.36 4.12 4.33 6.46 13.67
5 Wiorkshop &Stores 2.88 2.77 4.63 4.33 4.15 4.65 5.12 5.09 5.56 5.66 5.34
6 Miscellaneous 2.34 2.07 2.70 3.12 5.00 2.80 3.07 3.04 3.31 3.36 3.16
Total- Revenue Expenditure 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
G Capital Expenditure
1 Water Supply 19.54 47.07 54.36 26.12 35.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.04 0.04
2 Road Construction 8.01 2.94 16.97 53.16 38.06 39.13 4.73 0.94 0.78 0.95 0.97
3 Stadium & Swimming pool Construction 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.59 0.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
4 Drainage work for small localities 31.07 9.34 0.00 0.74 2.42 2.84 0.31 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04
5 Other/Misc. 10.83 7.55 9.61 13.54 15.03 12.07 1.31 0.23 0.18 0.20 0.18
6
Recommendation work for all ward
members 30.55 33.09 19.06 5.85 8.34 45.96 5.20 0.96 0.74 0.85 0.80
7 Expenditure under JNNURM 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 88.22 97.51 97.75 97.15 97.06
8 Repayment of Loan 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.30 0.48 0.76 0.91
Total- Capital Expenditure 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
Particulars (Receipts) 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
In Percentage
I Revenue Receipts
A Tax Receipts 10.53 11.03 11.52 12.00 12.18 11.83 12.01 12.18 12.33 12.49
1 Property Tax 6.28 6.40 6.51 6.61 6.83 6.75 6.98 7.21 7.43 7.66
2 Consolidated Tax 0.89 0.95 1.01 1.07 1.16 1.20 1.30 1.41 1.52 1.64
3 Miscellaneous Tax 21.27 19.70 18.20 16.77 15.75 18.38 17.26 16.19 15.16 14.20
4 Water Charges
B Income from Municipal Property 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.45 1.50 1.49 1.55 1.60 1.66 1.73
1 Income from Municipal land and assets 1.76 1.77 1.76 1.76 1.78 1.73 1.76 1.78 1.81 1.83
2 Income from Market
C Fees,Service Charges and Penalties 0.76 0.73 0.70 0.66 0.70 0.71 0.76 0.80 0.85 0.98
1 License Income 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.27 0.28 0.30
2 Income from Advertising 6.25 6.96 7.75 8.63 8.86 8.70 8.95 9.20 9.46 9.54
3 Income from Map sanctiomning etc. 1.52 1.47 1.42 1.37 1.36 1.29 1.28 1.27 1.26 1.25
4 Miscellaneous Income
D1 Revenue Transfer 37.37 37.44 37.40 37.27 37.84 36.73 37.30 37.82 38.30 38.79
1 Octroi Compensation 3.95 4.14 4.32 4.50 4.36 4.04 3.92 3.79 3.66 3.54
2 Stamp Duty Transfers 7.71 7.73 7.72 7.69 7.45 6.91 6.69 6.48 6.26 6.05
3 Passenger/Motor Vehicle Tax
Total Revenue Receipt 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
D2 Capital Receipts 16.49 16.49 16.49 16.49 5.14 8.77 16.23 16.40 16.57 16.42
Grants- Water Supply 21.32 21.32 21.32 21.32 6.45 10.69 20.36 19.98 19.61 19.42
Grants- Other Infrastructure 62.19 62.19 62.19 62.19 19.24 32.57 63.41 63.61 63.82 64.16
SFC & Basic Services Grant
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 69.17 47.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Dev. Grants / Singhstha 2004/MP/MLA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 56.65 33.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
JNNURM 80.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
JNNURM Receipts from Local Bodies,
Trusts and PPP Projects (3%) 7.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total- Capital Receipts
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
Particulars (Expenditure) 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
In Percentage
III Revenue Expenditure
E Admin. &Establishment Expenditure
1 Establishment & salary 44.61 43.55 42.37 41.05 37.95 34.96 37.15 35.84 34.38 32.62
2 General Administration 1.80 1.79 1.78 1.76 1.50 1.96 1.60 1.57 1.52 1.47
F O & M Expenditure
1 Lighting 14.70 16.73 18.97 21.41 22.53 23.62 28.56 31.35 34.22 37.25
2 Water Works 12.45 11.90 11.33 10.75 9.90 9.08 9.61 9.23 8.81 8.39
3 Health 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.60 4.45 1.30 0.88 0.67 0.63
4 Public works & Roads 16.90 16.14 15.35 14.53 17.22 16.68 12.66 12.22 11.72 11.21
5 Wiorkshop &Stores 5.33 5.55 5.77 5.96 5.86 5.21 5.54 5.32 5.08 4.84
6 Miscellaneous 3.14 3.27 3.38 3.49 3.43 4.03 3.57 3.59 3.59 3.58
Total- Revenue Expenditure 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
G Capital Expenditure
1 Water Supply 0.11 0.92 5.40 5.57 17.61 20.72 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.21
2 Road Construction 2.64 23.87 26.26 29.96 46.74 38.56 59.75 60.80 61.84 63.81
3 Stadium & Swimming pool Construction 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
4 Drainage work for small localities 0.10 0.76 0.74 0.75 0.50 1.41 1.08 1.01 0.94 0.89
5 Other/Misc. 0.45 3.63 3.57 3.63 10.13 9.93 5.45 5.12 4.80 4.55
6
Recommendation work for all ward
members 2.04 17.09 17.45 18.46 8.64 11.38 33.50 32.86 32.20 30.54
7 Expenditure under JNNURM 92.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
8 Repayment of Loan 2.36 53.72 46.58 41.63 16.38 18.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total- Capital Expenditure 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
Annexure 10: Ujjain City Development Plan– Schedules to FOP
Particular (Receipts) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Est. Rs. Lakh
Income from Municipal
A Taxes
1
Conservancy/ Light/ Fire
Tax 63.05 67.28 81.99 88.17 96.47 111.51 122 265.00 296.8 332.42 372.31
2 Property Tax 148.94 165.10 205.89 223.24 245.58 315.04 335.00 400.00 460.00 529.00 608.35
3 Water Tax 492.01 462.68 356.51 314.44 298.50 378.28 435.02 559.61 789.42 926.63 1068.35
4 Development Tax 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5 Cinema Tax 3.21 2.77 2.13 0.01 0.93 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.16
Tax under Special Rule
6 (education cess) 0.00 4.93 6.85 7.71 9.00 11.07 15.00 30.00 35.27 41.46 48.74
7 Service Fees 2.15 5.86 0.00 0.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
8 Income from Entry Tax 0.78 0.60 0.39 0.50 0.45 0.34 0.20 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
Sub Total -1 710.14 709.22 653.76 634.79 650.93 817.18 908.22 1256.11 1583.04 1831.11 2099.40
Income from Municipal
B1 Properties
1
Lease Income from
Municipal Land 1.73 1.39 1.76 0.26 2.05 2.05 2.00 3.00 3.15 3.31 3.47
2 Truck Terminus 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3 Income fromGardens 1.53 0.62 1.75 0.43 1.40 1.22 0.50 2.00 2.10 2.21 2.32
4
Income from Swimming
Pools 4.05 4.00 1.69 3.97 3.76 5.04 5.00 5.00 5.25 5.51 5.79
5 Rent on Community Halls 0.96 0.84 0.89 1.63 0.69 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.02 1.18 1.35
6
Hiring of Equipments (
health Workshop
Firebrigade) 1.55 2.31 0.66 0.46 0.47 0.56 0.42 2.70 2.84 2.98 3.13
7 Shops and Stadiums 22.29 14.73 18.54 17.84 19.51 29.92 25.00 40.00 44.00 48.40 53.24
8 Premiums on shops 0.61 13.82 17.49 8.46 4.82 0.55 3.25 5.00 5.25 5.51 5.79
9 Income from lodges 11.88 3.47 10.81 12.35 9.17 5.84 4.00 12.00 13.20 14.52 15.97
10 Gumtian 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sub Total -2 44.60 41.18 53.59 45.40 41.87 45.18 40.17 70.70 76.81 83.61 91.06
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
Particular (Receipts) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
B2 Income from Markets
1 Market Rent 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0
2 Daily Market Sitting 74.66 79.81 70.16 69.12 56.86 87.56 80.00 80.00 88.00 96.80 106.48
Sub Total -3 74.66 79.81 70.16 69.12 56.86 87.56 80.00 80.00 88.00 96.80 106.48
C1 License Income 114.52
1 Income from License 84.87 57.11 66.60 119.22 84.43 32.86 36.93 41.80 43.89 46.08 48.39
2 Income from Excise 34.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sub Total -4 119.37 57.11 66.60 119.22 84.43 32.86 36.93 41.80 43.89 46.08 48.39
C2 Income from Advertising
1 Advertising Hoarding 2.48 1.66 2.17 4.88 4.26 2.23 1.50 10.00 11.00 12.10 13.31
Sub Total -5 2.48 1.66 2.17 4.88 4.26 2.23 1.50 10.00 11.00 12.10 13.31
Income from Map
C3 Sanctioning etc
1 Map Sanctioning 12.84 13.89 19.80 21.15 24.25 40.03 45.00 60.00 75.00 93.75 117.19
2 Compounding 12.48 11.63 14.40 15.21 17.26 61.21 45.00 80.00 100.00 125.00 156.25
3 Colony Development 0.71 0.21 3.24 3.56 0.00 6.22 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.50 66.55
Sub Total -6 26.03 25.73 37.44 39.92 41.51 107.46 135.00 190.00 230.00 279.25 339.99
C4 Miscellaneous Income
1 Income from Encroachment 34.46 50.26 33.78 30.87 21.16 0.00 23.28 25.60 28.16 30.98 34.08
2 Other Income 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3
Penalty income under
Municipal Corporation Act 0.48 0.66 0.32 4.51 5.76 7.66 6.40 6.00 6.30 6.62 6.95
4
Income from Auction
Saving 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5 Income From Form Selling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.75 0.85 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.16
6 Ration Card Income 0.35 0.31 0.20 0.23 0.17 0.21 2.50 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06
7 Road Cutting Charges 26.21 11.87 39.78 3.12 16.09 3.14 4.25 24.00 24.00 24.00 24.00
8
Income from Slaughter
Houses 1.33 0.97 0.89 0.81 0.66 0.71 0.75 1.50 1.53 1.56 1.59
9 Bank Interest 49.54 1.13 25.97 20.80 8.72 22.95 46.45 21.50 23.01 24.62 26.34
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
Sub Total-7 112.37 65.20 100.94 60.34 52.56 35.48 84.48 80.60 85.07 89.91 95.17
Particular (Receipts) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Government Loans,
D1+D2 Transfers and Grants
1 Octroi Compensation 913.60 889.20 1227.34 843.28 1170.43 1354.30 1350.00 1696.00 1865.60 2052.16 2257.38
2
Passenger Tax
Compensation 168.17 154.51 165.60 238.34 202.53 214.94 350.00 350.00 385.00 423.50 465.85
3 Stamp Duty 45.73 39.98 12.83 54.60 64.80 170.34 137.55 150.00 172.50 198.38 228.13
4
State Finance Commission
Grant 229.96 66.04 81.51 266.80 41.53 340.96 150.00 200.00 230.00 264.50 304.18
5
Road Construction &
Maintenance 93.39 82.35 170.53 154.27 149.74 113.97 233.06 250.00 275.00 302.50 332.75
6
Slum Area Improvement &
Development 56.15 36.65 22.49 0.00 56.77 80.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
7 Basic Services Planning 0.00 0.00 0.00 63.96 403.76 356.47 460.00 529.36 608.76 700.08 805.09
8 Water Supply Planning 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
9
PHED- WTP/ Intake
Maintenance 248.48 150.46 179.72 196.99 325.63 175.41 184.18 193.39 203.06 213.21 223.87
10 Income for W/S Scheme 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other Grants/Singhastha
11
2004/M.P.&,M.L.A.(Pavitra
Nagrai Vikas) 0.00 13.25 902.50 3590.86 1502.75 565.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
12 Receipts under JNNURM
- Receipt from GoI 2478.90 16301.94 23280.79 22206.19 25895.37
- Receipt from GoMP 309.86 2037.74 2910.10 2775.77 3236.92
13 Loan for JNNURM from FI 92.96 611.32 873.03 832.73 971.08
Sub Total -8 1755.48 1432.44 2762.52 5409.10 3917.94 3372.68 5870.28 22443.51 30940.94 29974.72 34570.69
Total Receipts 2845.13 2412.35 3747.18 6382.77 4850.36 4500.63 7032.81 24048.97 32921.65 32407.89 37514.41
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
Particulars (Receipts) 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
Rs. Lakh
A Income from Municipal Taxes
Conservancy/ Light/ Fire
Tax 416.98 467.02 523.06 585.83 656.13 734.87 823.05 921.82 1032.43 1156.33
1
2 Property Tax 699.60 804.54 925.22 1064.01 1170.41 1287.45 1416.19 1557.81 1713.60 1884.95
3 Water Tax 1412.88 1437.32 1462.19 1487.48 1513.21 2001.21 2035.83 2071.05 2106.88 2143.33
4 Development Tax 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5 Cinema Tax 1.22 1.28 1.34 1.41 1.48 1.55 1.63 1.71 1.80 1.89
Tax under Special Rule
(education cess) 57.30 67.36 79.19 93.10 109.45 128.67 151.26 177.82 209.05 245.76
6
7 Service Fees 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
8 Income from Entry Tax 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
Sub Total -1 2588.48 2778.02 2991.50 3232.32 3451.18 4154.24 4428.46 4730.71 5064.25 5432.75
Income from Municipal
B1 Properties
1
Lease Income from
Municipal Land 3.65 3.83 4.02 4.22 4.43 4.65 4.89 5.13 5.39 5.66
2 Truck Terminus 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3 Income fromGardens 2.43 2.55 2.68 2.81 2.95 3.10 3.26 3.42 3.59 3.77
4
Income from Swimming
Pools 6.08 6.38 6.70 7.04 7.39 7.76 8.14 8.55 8.98 9.43
5 Rent on Community Halls 1.56 1.79 2.06 2.37 2.60 2.86 3.15 3.47 3.81 4.19
6
Hiring of Equipments (
health Workshop
Firebrigade) 3.28 3.45 3.62 3.80 4.18 4.60 5.06 5.56 6.12 6.73
7 Shops and Stadiums 58.56 64.42 70.86 77.95 89.64 103.09 118.55 136.33 156.78 180.30
8 Premiums on shops 6.08 6.38 6.70 7.04 7.39 7.76 8.14 8.55 8.98 9.88
9 Income from lodges 17.57 19.33 21.26 23.38 25.72 28.30 31.12 34.24 37.66 41.43
10 Gumtian 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sub Total -2 99.20 108.13 117.90 128.61 144.31 162.11 182.32 205.25 231.31 261.39
B2 Income from Markets
1 Market Rent 0 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
2 Daily Market Sitting 117.13 128.84 141.72 155.90 171.49 188.64 207.50 228.25 251.07 276.18
Sub Total -3 117.13 128.84 141.72 155.90 171.49 188.64 207.50 228.25 251.07 276.18
Particulars (Receipts) 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
C1 License Income
1 Income from License 50.81 53.35 56.02 58.82 67.64 77.79 89.45 102.87 118.30 147.88
2 Income from Excise 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sub Total -4 50.81 53.35 56.02 58.82 67.64 77.79 89.45 102.87 118.30 147.88
C2 Income from Advertising
1 Advertising Hoarding 14.64 16.11 17.72 19.49 22.41 25.77 29.64 34.08 39.20 45.08
Sub Total -5 14.64 16.11 17.72 19.49 22.41 25.77 29.64 34.08 39.20 45.08
Income from Map
C3 Sanctioning etc
1 Map Sanctioning 146.48 183.11 228.88 286.10 329.02 378.37 435.13 500.39 575.45 633.00
2 Compounding 195.31 244.14 305.18 381.47 419.62 461.58 507.74 558.51 614.36 675.80
3 Colony Development 73.21 80.53 88.58 97.44 102.31 107.42 112.79 118.43 124.36 130.57
Sub Total -6 415.00 507.77 622.64 765.01 850.94 947.37 1055.66 1177.34 1314.17 1439.37
C4 Miscellaneous Income
1 Income from Encroachment 37.49 41.23 45.36 49.89 54.88 60.37 66.41 73.05 80.36 88.39
2 Other Income 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3
Penalty income under
Municipal Corporation Act 7.29 7.66 8.04 8.44 8.86 9.31 9.77 10.26 10.78 11.31
4
Income from Auction
Saving 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5 Income From Form Selling 1.22 1.28 1.34 1.41 1.48 1.55 1.63 1.71 1.80 1.89
6 Ration Card Income 1.08 1.10 1.13 1.15 1.17 1.20 1.22 1.24 1.27 1.29
7 Road Cutting Charges 24.00 24.00 24.00 24.00 25.20 26.46 27.78 29.17 30.63 32.16
8
Income from Slaughter
Houses 1.62 1.66 1.69 1.72 1.76 1.79 1.83 1.87 1.90 1.94
9 Bank Interest 28.18 30.15 32.27 34.52 36.94 39.53 42.29 45.25 48.42 51.81
Sub Total-7 100.88 107.08 113.82 121.14 130.30 140.21 150.94 162.56 175.15 188.80
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
Particulars (Receipts) 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
Government Loans,
D1+D2 Transfers and Grants
1 Octroi Compensation 2483.11 2731.42 3004.57 3305.02 3635.53 3999.08 4398.99 4838.89 5322.77 5855.05
2
Passenger Tax
Compensation 512.44 563.68 620.05 682.05 716.15 751.96 789.56 829.04 870.49 914.01
3 Stamp Duty 262.35 301.70 346.96 399.00 418.95 439.90 461.90 484.99 509.24 534.70
4
State Finance Commission
Grant 349.80 402.27 462.61 532.00 585.20 643.72 708.10 778.91 856.80 899.64
5
Road Construction &
Maintenance 366.03 402.63 442.89 487.18 535.90 589.49 648.44 713.28 784.61 823.84
6
Slum Area Improvement &
Development 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
7 Basic Services Planning 925.85 1064.73 1224.44 1408.11 1478.51 1552.44 1630.06 1711.56 1797.14 1887.00
8 Water Supply Planning 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
9
PHED- WTP/ Intake
Maintenance 235.07 246.82 259.16 272.12 285.72 300.01 285.72 300.01 315.01 330.76
10 Income for W/S Scheme 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other Grants/Singhastha
11
2004/M.P.&,M.L.A.(Pavitra
Nagrai Vikas) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3770.40 1577.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
12 Receipts under JNNURM
- Receipt from GoI 10646.32 0 0.00 0.00 300.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
- Receipt from GoMP 1330.79 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
13 Loan for JNNURM from FI 399.24
Sub Total -8 17510.99 5713.26 6360.68 7085.49 11726.38 9854.49 8922.76 9656.67 10456.06 11245.00
Total Receipts 20897.14 9412.56 10421.99 11566.77 16564.64 15550.62 15066.72 16297.74 17649.52 19036.44
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
Particulars (Expenditure) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
E1 Establishment and Salaries
1 General Administration 103.31 112.67 116.02 96.71 108.24 114.23 116.51 118.84 121.22 123.65 126.12
2 Revenue 66.62 70.78 74.31 64.73 75.73 77.12 80.98 85.02 89.28 93.74 98.43
3 Fire Services 30.63 34.76 34.41 38.50 39.66 41.29 43.35 45.52 47.80 50.19 52.70
4 Lighting 6.26 6.87 7.95 8.37 8.62 8.89 9.51 10.18 10.89 11.65 12.47
5 Water Works 377.10 385.97 385.15 416.54 444.08 488.40 522.59 559.17 598.31 640.19 685.01
6 Health 408.56 415.39 298.30 493.11 552.71 598.23 646.09 697.78 753.60 813.89 879.00
7 Market 50.00 51.00 52.00 55.64 63.70 64.21 68.70 73.51 78.66 84.17 90.06
8 Dharamshalla 6.74 8.21 9.14 9.17 9.45 9.61 10.38 11.21 12.11 13.07 14.12
9 Garden 34.81 36.84 41.72 33.24 44.85 45.21 48.83 52.73 56.95 61.51 66.43
10 Public Works Department 51.59 55.94 64.21 55.50 70.50 73.58 79.47 85.82 92.69 100.10 108.11
11 Workshop & Stores 10.40 10.74 12.07 14.48 14.91 15.13 16.34 17.65 19.06 20.58 22.23
12 Public Education 7.79 8.14 7.87 7.45 7.67 7.87 8.26 8.68 9.11 9.57 10.04
13 Labour 38.77 49.02 49.55 50.54 58.72 60.23 66.25 72.88 80.17 88.18 97.00
14
Payment of Employee Pension
& Gratuity 151.84 205.28 263.81 207.75 222.40 287.07 308.60 331.75 356.63 383.37 412.13
15
Difference of 5th Pay
Commission 0.00 169.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sub Total -1 1344.42 1620.93 1416.51 1551.73 1721.24 1891.07 2025.87 2170.74 2326.46 2493.86 2673.84
E2 Office Expenditure
1 Printing & Stationery 15.28 11.55 19.86 24.72 10.49 9.76 10.25 10.76 11.30 11.86 12.46
2
Public Relations & Magazine
Printing/( Sinhanstha 2004) 11.91 19.42 19.55 30.06 86.18 64.21 21.51 23.66 26.02 28.62 31.49
3 Court Expenditure 1.20 0.98 0.66 0.57 0.37 1.22 1.28 1.35 1.41 1.48 1.56
4 Welcome Expenditure 1.11 1.21 2.05 2.63 2.39 3.04 3.34 3.68 4.05 4.45 4.90
5
TA and Medical
Reimbursement 0.13 0.08 0.71 1.57 0.24 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.29 0.32 0.35
6 Building Electricity Billing 18.15 20.56 21.08 26.79 26.47 27.22 29.94 32.94 36.23 39.85 43.84
7
Renovation & Modernization
of Departments 1.00 2.00 2.10 4.00 5.00 36.26 5.50 6.05 6.66 7.32 8.05
8 Zonal Office Modernization 0.75 1.60 0.38 2.50 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.75 3.03 3.33
Sub Total -2 49.53 57.40 66.39 92.84 135.14 141.93 72.06 78.69 88.71 96.94 105.97
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
Particulars (Expenditure) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
F1 Lighting Department
1 Street Lighting Bills 116.37 141.00 184.65 215.30 232.67 247.78 309.73 387.16 483.95 604.93 756.16
2 Payable of Lighting Liabilities 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sub Total -3 116.37 141.00 184.65 215.30 232.67 247.78 309.73 387.16 483.95 604.93 756.16
F2 Water Works
1 MPSEB Bills for Electricity 320.94 281.56 405.69 378.89 341.92 357.41 375.28 394.04 413.75 434.43 456.16
2
City Water Distribution
Arrangement
Temporary Water Distribution
3 (Tubewells, etc.)
412.18 371.06 333.25 211.59 295.85 177.27 186.13 195.44 205.21 215.47 226.25
4 Maintenance of WTP
5 Maintenance of Pump Houses
Increase in O&M owing to
6 augmentation
0.00 0.00 0.00 79.98
Sub Total -4 733.12 652.62 738.94 590.48 637.77 534.68 561.41 589.48 618.96 649.91 762.39
F3 Health
1
Casual Expenditure/ Singhstha
2004 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.82 309.26 163.47 0.00 200.00 25.00 26.25 27.56
2
Purchase of Medicine for
Hospital 1.15 0.38 0.71 2.30 0.46 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48
3
Expenses on Clearing &
Dusting 3.79 6.18 6.33 10.24 5.66 2.97 3.19 3.43 3.69 3.97 4.26
4 Expenses on Clearing Contract 83.25 66.64 96.45 109.05 120.98 3.32 3.49 3.66 3.84 4.04 4.24
Sub Total -5 88.19 73.20 103.49 127.41 436.36 170.14 7.08 207.51 32.97 34.71 36.55
F3 Gardening
1
Expenses on Garden
Maintenance 4.90 6.55 10.82 17.92 19.59 12.95 14.89 17.13 19.70 22.65 26.05
Sub Total -6 4.90 6.55 10.82 17.92 19.59 12.95 14.89 17.13 19.70 22.65 26.05
F4 Public Works Department
1 Road Repairs
Existing Exp 33.27 23.52 12.88 21.12 11.19 16.77 116.13 127.75 140.52 154.58 170.03
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
Particulars (Expenditure) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Incremental from projects 56.54
Repairs of Public
2 Conveniences 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.07 1.18 1.29 1.42 1.57 1.72
3 Drainage Work 27.64 12.40 22.77 41.61 18.06 20.92 21.34 21.77 22.20 22.64 23.10
4 Bridge Construction 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5
Dustbin Construction &
Repairing 0.00 0.00 0.97 0.55 0.06 5.78 6.07 6.37 6.69 7.03 7.38
6
Maintenance of Ponds &
Wells 0.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.38 0.40 0.42
7 Maintenanceof Markets 0.25 0.44 0.45 0.55 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.10 1.21 1.33
8 Parking & Traffic Signals 0.49 0.10 0.00 0.63 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.69 0.76 0.84
9
Stadium & Community
Maintenance 3.57 4.46 5.61 5.17 3.93 2.57 2.83 3.11 3.42 3.76 4.14
10
Maintenance of swimming
pools 1.42 2.69 0.66 7.91 1.25 1.50 1.58 1.65 1.74 1.82 1.91
11 Liabilities 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
12 Solid Waste Management 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
13 Sewerage 0.00 0.00 104.74 164.96
Strom Water Drainage
14 augmentation 29.00
15 Heritage 304.88
Sub Total -7 67.00 43.61 43.34 77.54 35.74 48.61 149.12 161.94 178.17 298.50 766.25
F5 Workshop
1
Mainatenance of
vehicle/vehicle
repairs(B135+B140) 15.74 16.04 39.88 34.93 20.57 11.33 12.46 13.71 15.08 16.59 18.25
2 Material Purchase 2.11 0.60 4.86 4.46 6.19 5.90 6.20 6.50 6.83 7.17 7.53
Sub Total -8 17.85 16.64 44.74 39.39 26.76 17.23 18.66 20.21 21.91 23.76 25.78
F6 Stores
1 Purchase of diesel/ oil 55.28 58.92 83.30 85.74 120.21 135.97 156.37 179.82 206.79 237.81 273.48
2 Liabilities 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sub Total -9 55.28 58.92 83.30 85.74 120.21 135.97 156.37 179.82 206.79 237.81 273.48
F7 Miscellaneous Expenditure
1
Miscellaneous Revenue
expenditure 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.73 0.74 0.76 0.77 0.79 0.81
2 Expenditure on Municipal 0.04 0.00 0.36 0.01 0.96 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.01 1.06 1.11
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
Particulars (Expenditure) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Elections
3 Fire Casualty 17.08 2.13 6.51 10.58 86.74 2.95 3.10 3.25 3.41 3.59 3.77
4 Expenses on Stray Animals 0.18 0.36 0.00 1.65 1.81 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
5 Public Education 1.38 2.30 1.21 0.63 1.31 0.18 0.21 0.24 0.27 0.31 0.36
6 School Rent 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
7 Sport Activities 0.67 0.18 2.64 1.41 0.40 10.12 11.13 12.25 13.47 14.82 16.30
8
Deduction of Employees GPF
& workers Society payment 40.03 51.41 62.71 74.01 85.31 75.37 86.68 99.68 114.63 131.82 151.60
9
Consultancy for Planning
Assignments 0.08 0.19 1.20 1.93 0.52 1.92 2.11 2.32 2.56 2.81 3.09
Sub Total -10 59.46 56.57 74.63 90.22 177.05 92.15 104.89 119.47 136.14 155.21 177.04
G Capital Expenditure
New pipelines 32.01 85.81 41.19 189.73 2.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00 11.50 13.23
WS Project/(Singhstha 2004) 0.00 0.00 172.66 607.18 780.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
New Tubewells and
handpumps 0.00 51.70 52.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Road Constructions 13.12 8.60 40.55 87.88 46.22 107.78 129.34 155.20 186.24 223.49 268.19
Construction of main roads /
Singhstha 2004 0.00 0.00 42.59 1534.12 789.34 33.47 36.82 40.50 44.55 49.00 53.90
Stadium and Swimming pool
construction/refurbishment 18.00 10.00
Drainage for Small Localities 50.90 27.30 0.00 22.49 53.13 10.26 10.77 11.31 11.88 12.47 13.09
Purchase of Electric Items
(Singhstha 2004) 11.17 12.00 21.27 196.10 179.35 29.81 31.30 32.87 34.51 36.23 38.05
Vehicle Purchase (Singhastaha
2004) 0.00 0.00 0.00 197.28 138.16 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
Gardens and Entertainment
Parks 1.39 8.32 20.36 10.46 7.89 4.13 4.54 5.00 5.50 6.05 6.65
Plantation & environmental
Development 0.52 0.15 1.35 3.40 0.00 0.99 1.04 1.09 1.15 1.20 1.26
Market Development 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.37 8.79 9.23 9.69 10.17 10.68
Development of Ponds 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.20
Community Halls, Library,
etc. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Slaughter Houses 1.51 1.60 1.64 2.35 2.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.72 1.81 1.90
Bridges 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Public Convenience 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
Particulars (Expenditure) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Construction
Development of Graveyards 3.16 0.00 2.46 3.68 1.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.11 2.32 2.56
Recommendation work for all
ward members 50.05 96.67 93.37 178.44 183.18 165.92 182.51 200.76 220.84 242.92 267.22
Expenditure for Projects under
JNNURM 3098.63 20377.4 29101.0 27757.74 32369.2
Repayment of Loan 8.37 63.39 141.96 216.90 304.30
Sub Total -11 118.70 146.04 140.45 614.20 566.30 219.74 3346.22 20701.3 29530.6 28288.12 33015.2
Total- Expenditure 2654.82 2873.48 2907.26 3502.77 4108.83 3512.25 6766.30 24633.5 33644.3 32906.42 38618.7
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
Particulars (Expenditure) 2011-12 2012-
13
2013-
14
2014-
15
2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
Rs. Lakh
E1 Establishment and Salaries
1 General Administration 128.64 131.21 133.84 136.52 139.25 142.03 144.87 147.77 150.72 153.74
2 Revenue 103.35 108.52 113.94 119.64 125.62 131.90 138.50 145.42 152.69 160.33
3 Fire Services 55.33 58.10 61.00 64.05 67.26 70.62 74.15 77.86 81.75 85.84
4 Lighting 13.34 14.28 15.27 16.34 17.16 18.02 18.92 19.87 20.86 21.90
5 Water Works 732.96 784.26 839.16 897.90 942.80 989.94 1039.44 1091.41 1145.98 1180.36
6 Health 949.32 1025.26 1107.28 1195.86 1255.66 1318.44 1384.36 1453.58 1526.26 1602.57
7 Market 96.36 103.11 110.32 118.05 123.95 130.15 136.65 143.49 150.66 155.18
8 Dharamshalla 15.25 16.47 17.79 19.21 20.17 21.18 22.24 23.35 24.52 25.25
9 Garden 71.74 77.48 83.68 90.37 94.89 99.64 104.62 109.85 115.34 121.11
10 Public Works Department 116.76 126.10 136.19 147.09 154.44 162.16 170.27 178.78 187.72 197.11
11 Workshop & Stores 24.01 25.93 28.00 30.24 32.36 34.63 37.05 39.64 42.42 44.54
12 Public Education 10.55 11.07 11.63 12.21 12.82 13.46 14.13 14.84 15.58 16.36
13 Labour 106.70 117.37 129.11 142.02 156.22 171.84 189.03 207.93 228.72 251.60
14
15
Payment of Employee
Pension & Gratuity 443.04 476.26 511.98 550.38 588.91 630.13 674.24 721.44 771.94 810.54
Difference of 5th Pay
Commission 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sub Total -1 2867.35 3075.43 3299.21 3539.89 3731.51 3934.14 4148.48 4375.23 4615.18 4826.43
E2 Office Expenditure
1 Priniting & Stationery 13.08 13.73 14.42 15.14 15.90 16.69 17.53 18.40 19.32 20.29
2
Public Relations &
Magazine Priniting/(
Singhstha 2004) 34.63 38.10 41.91 46.10 34.57 99.11 48.40 50.82 53.36 56.03
3 Court Expenditure 1.63 1.72 1.80 1.89 1.99 2.09 2.19 2.30 2.42 2.54
4 Welcome Expenditure 5.39 5.92 6.52 7.17 7.88 8.67 9.54 10.49 11.54 12.12
5
TA and Medical
Reimbursement 0.39 0.43 0.47 0.52 0.57 0.63 0.69 0.76 0.84 0.92
6 Building Electricity Billing 48.22 53.04 58.35 64.18 68.68 73.48 78.63 84.13 90.02 96.32
7
Renovation &
Modernisation 8.86 9.74 10.72 11.79 12.97 14.27 15.69 17.26 18.99 20.89
8 Zonal Office Modernisatn 3.66 4.03 4.43 4.87 5.36 5.89 6.48 7.13 7.85 8.63
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
Particulars (Expenditure) 2011-12 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
13 14 15
Sub Total -2 115.86 126.71 138.61 151.66 147.91 220.83 179.16 191.31 204.34 217.74
F1 Lighting Department
1 Street Lighting Bills 945.21 1181.51 1476.88 1846.10 2215.33 2658.39 3190.07 3828.08 4593.70 5512.44
2
Payable of Lighting
Liabilities 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sub Total -3 945.21 1181.51 1476.88 1846.10 2215.33 2658.39 3190.07 3828.08 4593.70 5512.44
F2 Water Works
1 MPSEB Bills for Electricity 478.96 502.91 528.06 554.46 582.18 611.29 641.86 673.95 707.65 743.03
2
City Water Distribution
Arrangement
Temporary Water
3 Distribution (Tube well etc.)
237.56 249.44 261.91 275.00 288.75 303.19 318.35 334.27 350.98 368.53
4 Maintenance of WTP
5 Maintenance of Pump Hses
Increase in O&M owing to
6 augmentation
83.98 88.18 92.59 97.22 102.08 107.19 112.55 118.17 124.08 130.29
Sub Total -4 800.51 840.53 882.56 926.69 973.02 1021.67 1072.76 1126.39 1182.71 1241.85
F3 Health
1
Casual Expenditure/
Singhstha 2004 28.94 30.39 31.91 33.50 6.40 340.19 85.82 45.06 23.65 23.65
2
Purchase of Medicine for
Hospital 0.51 0.53 0.56 0.59 0.62 0.65 0.68 0.72 0.75 0.79
3
Expenses on Clearing &
Dusting 4.58 4.93 5.30 5.69 11.01 6.08 5.98 6.28 6.59 6.92
4
Expenses on Clearing
Contract 4.45 4.67 4.91 5.15 117.23 130.05 5.41 5.68 5.96 6.26
Sub Total -5 38.48 40.52 42.67 44.94 135.26 476.97 97.89 57.73 36.96 37.63
F3 Gardening
1
Expenses on Garden
Maintenance 29.95 34.45 39.61 45.56 21.86 23.90 47.83 50.23 52.74 55.37
Sub Total -6 29.95 34.45 39.61 45.56 21.86 23.90 47.83 50.23 52.74 55.37
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
Particulars (Expenditure) 2011-12 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
13 14 15
F4 Public Works Department
1 Road Repairs
Existing Exp 187.04 205.74 226.31 248.94 266.37 285.02 304.97 326.32 349.16 373.60
Incremental from projects 118.74 124.68 130.91 137.46 445.31 467.57 159.12 167.08 175.43 184.20
2
Repairs of Public
Conveniences 1.90 2.09 2.29 2.52 2.70 2.89 3.09 3.31 3.54 3.79
3 Drainage Work 23.56 24.03 24.51 25.00 45.77 19.87 26.25 27.56 28.94 30.39
4 Bridge Construction 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5
Dustbin Construction &
Repairing 7.75 8.13 8.54 8.97 9.42 9.89 10.38 10.90 11.44 12.02
6
Maintenance of Ponds &
Wells 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.51 0.53 0.56 0.59 0.62 0.65 0.68
7 Maintenanceof Markets 1.46 1.61 1.77 1.95 2.14 2.36 2.59 2.85 3.14 3.30
8 Parking & Traffic Signals 0.92 1.01 1.12 1.23 1.29 1.35 1.42 1.49 1.57 1.65
9
Stadium & Community
Maintenance 4.55 5.01 5.51 6.06 5.95 4.52 6.36 6.68 7.02 7.37
10
Maintenance of swimming
pools 2.01 2.11 2.22 2.33 8.70 1.38 1.44 1.52 1.59 1.67
11 Liabilities 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
12 Solid Waste Management 155.67 152.48 148.02 142.13 134.63 113.33 112.99 111.74 109.42 105.86
13 Sewerage 230.95 242.49 254.62 267.35 294.08 287.40 308.96 332.13 357.04 383.81
14
Strom Water Drainage
augmentation 31.14 33.40 35.79 38.32 87.20 272.67 47.05 49.40 51.87 54.46
15 Heritage 320.13 336.13 352.94 370.59 389.12 408.57 429.00 450.45 472.97 496.62
Sub Total -7 1086.25 1139.37 1195.04 1253.35 1693.20 1877.37 1414.22 1492.04 1573.78 1659.41
F5 Workshop
1
Mainatenance of
vehicle/vehicle
repairs(B135+B140) 20.07 22.08 24.29 26.72 40.17 23.66 28.05 29.45 30.93 32.47
2 Material Purchase 7.91 8.30 8.72 9.15 9.61 10.09 10.60 11.13 11.68 12.27
Sub Total -8 27.98 30.38 33.00 35.87 49.78 33.75 38.65 40.58 42.61 44.74
F6 Stores
1 Purchase of diesel/ oil 314.51 361.68 415.94 478.33 526.16 552.47 580.09 609.09 639.55 671.53
2 Liabilities 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sub Total -9 314.51 361.68 415.94 478.33 526.16 552.47 580.09 609.09 639.55 671.53
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
Particulars (Expenditure) 2011-12 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
13 14 15
F7 Miscellaneous Expenditure
1
Miscellaneous Revenue
expenditure 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.87 0.89 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.98
2
Expenditure on Municipal
Elections 1.17 1.22 1.29 1.35 1.42 1.49 1.56 1.64 1.72 1.81
3 Fire Casualty 3.95 4.15 4.36 4.58 11.64 95.41 4.81 5.05 5.30 5.56
4 Expenses on Stray Animals 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
5 Public Education 0.42 0.48 0.55 0.63 0.70 0.77 0.84 0.93 1.02 1.07
6 School Rent 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
7 Sport Activities 17.93 19.72 21.69 23.86 26.25 28.87 31.76 34.94 38.43 42.27
8
Deduction of Employees
GPF & workers Society
payment 174.34 200.49 230.56 265.14 291.66 320.82 352.90 388.19 427.01 469.72
9
Consultancy for Planning
Assignments 3.40 3.74 4.12 4.53 4.98 5.48 6.03 6.63 7.29 8.02
Sub Total -10 202.04 230.65 263.43 300.98 337.54 453.77 398.85 438.34 481.76 529.46
G Capital Expenditure
New pipelines 15.21 17.49 20.11 23.13 208.70 3.15 3.46 3.81 4.19 4.61
WS Project/(Singhstha
2004) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 667.90 858.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
New Tubewells and
handpumps 0.00 0.00 90.00 95.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Road Constructions 321.83 386.20 463.43 556.12 639.54 735.47 845.79 972.66 1118.56 1286.34
Construction of main roads /
Singhstha 2004 59.29 65.22 71.75 78.92 1687.53 868.27 82.87 87.01 91.36 95.93
Stadium and Swimming pool
construction/refurbishment
Drainage for Small
Localities 13.75 14.44 15.16 15.92 24.74 58.44 16.71 17.55 18.43 19.35
Purchase of Electric Items
(Singhstha 2004) 39.95 41.95 44.04 46.25 225.52 206.25 48.56 50.99 53.53 56.21
Vehicle Purchase
(Singhastaha 2004) 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 246.60 172.70 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12
Gardens and Entertainment
Parks 7.32 8.05 8.85 9.74 10.23 10.74 11.27 11.84 12.43 13.05
Plantation & environmental
Development 1.33 1.39 1.46 1.54 1.61 1.69 1.78 1.87 1.96 2.06
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
Particulars (Expenditure) 2011-12 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
13 14 15
Market Development 11.22 11.78 12.37 12.98 13.63 14.32 15.03 15.78 16.57 17.40
Development of Ponds 0.21 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.29 0.30 0.32 0.33
Community Halls, Library,
etc. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Slaughter Houses 1.99 2.09 2.20 2.31 2.42 2.54 2.67 2.80 2.95 3.09
Bridges 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Public Convenience
Construction 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Development of Graveyards 2.81 3.09 3.40 3.74 4.12 4.53 4.98 5.48 6.03 6.33
Recommendation work for
= all ward members 293.94 323.33 355.66 391.23 430.35 473.39 520.73 572.80 630.08 661.58
Expenditure for Projects
under JNNURM 13307.90 0.00 0.00 700.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Repayment of Loan 340.23 1016.03 949.19 882.36 815.52 748.68 0.00
Sub Total -11 14020.75 1422.47 1392.68 2066.40 1775.00 1693.56 622.12 679.52 742.41 779.52
Total- Expenditure 20448.87 8483.72 9179.64 10689.8 11606.57 12946.81 11790.10 12888.54 14165.72 15576.10
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
Annexure 11: Growth Rate Assumptions for FOP
Particulars (Receipts)
2005-06 to Sinhastha 2015-16 to
2014-15 Years 2019-20
A Income from Municipal Taxes
1 Conservancy/ Light/ Fire Tax 12% 12%
2 Property Tax 15% 10%
3 Water Tax 15% 10%
4 Development Tax 0% 0%
5 Cinema Tax 5% 5%
6 Tax under Special Rule (education cess) 18% 18%
7 Service Fees 0% 0%
8 Income from Entry Tax 0% 0%
B1 Income from Municipal Properties
1 Lease Income from Municipal Land 5% 5%
2 Truck Terminus 0% 0%
3 Income fromGardens 5% 5%
4 Income from Swimming Pools 5% 5%
5 Rent on Community Halls 15% 10%
6 Hiring of Equipments ( health Workshop Firebrigade) 5% 10%
7 Shops and Stadiums 10% 15%
8 Premiums on shops 5% 5%
9 Income from lodges 10% 10%
10 Gumtian 0% 0%
B2 Income from Markets
1 Market Rent 0% 0%
2 Daily Market Sitting 10% 10%
C1 License Income
1 Income from License 5% 15%
2 Income from Excise 0% 0%
C2 Income from Advertising
1 Advertising Hoarding 10% 15%
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
A
Particulars (Receipts)
Income from Municipal Taxes
Sub Total -5
2005-06 to
2014-15
Sinhastha
Years
2015-16 to
2019-20
C3 Income from Map Sanctioning etc
1 Map Sanctioning 25% 15%
2 Compounding 25% 10%
3 Colony Development 10% 5%
C4 Miscellaneous Income
1 Income from Encroachment 10% 10%
2 Other Income 10% 10%
3 Penalty income under Municipal Corporation Act 5% 5%
4 Income from Auction Saving 2% 2%
5 Income From Form Selling 5% 5%
6 Ration Card Income 2% 2%
7 Road Cutting Charges 0% 5%
8 Income from Slaughter Houses 2% 2%
9 Bank Interest 7% 7%
D1+D2 Government Loans, Transfers and Grants
1 Octroi Compensation 10% 10%
2 Passenger Tax Compensation 5% 5%
3 Stamp Duty 10% 10%
4 State Finance Commission Grant 5% 0%
5 Road Construction & Maintenance 5% 0%
6 Slum Area Improvement & Development 5% 5%
7 Basic Services Planning 5% 3%
8 Water Supply Planning 0% 0%
9 PHED- WTP/ Intake Maintenance 5% 10% 3%
10 Income for W/S Scheme 0% 0%
11
Other Grants/Singhastha 2004/M.P.&,M.L.A.(Pavitra Nagrai
Vikas) 0% 5% 0%
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
Particulars (Expenditure)
2005-06 to
2014-15
Sinhstha
Years
2015-16 to
2019-20
2020-21 to
2024-25
E1 Establishment and Salaries
1 General Administration 2% 2% 2%
2 Revenue 5% 5% 5%
3 Fire Services 5% 5% 5%
4 Lighting 7% 5% 5%
5 Water Works 7% 5% 3%
6 Health 8% 5% 5%
7 Market 7% 5% 3%
8 Dharamshalla 8% 5% 3%
9 Garden 8% 5% 5%
10 Public Works Department 8% 5% 5%
11 Workshop & Stores 8% 7% 5%
12 Public Education 5% 5% 5%
13 Labour 10% 10% 10%
14 Payment of Employee Pension & Gratuity 8% 7% 5%
15 Difference of 5th Pay Commission 0% 0% 0%
E2 Office Expenditure
1 Priniting & Stationery 5% 5% 5%
2 Public Relations & Magazine Priniting/( Singhstha 2004) 10% 15% 5% 5%
3 Court Expenditure 5% 5% 5%
4 Welcome Expenditure 10% 10% 5%
5 TA and Medical Reimbursement 10% 10% 10%
6 Building Electricity Billing 10% 7% 7%
7 Renovation & Modernisation of Departments 10% 10% 10%
8 Zonal Office Modernisation 10% 10% 10%
F1 Lighting Department
1 Street Lighting Bills 25% 20% 20%
2 Payable of Lighting Liabilities 5% 5% 5%
F2 Water Works
1 MPSEB Bills for Electricity 5% 5% 5%
2 City Water Distribution Arrangement
5% 5% 5%
3 Temporary Water Distribution (Tubewells, etc.)
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
Particulars (Expenditure)
E1 Establishment and Salaries
4 Maintenance of WTP
5 Maintenance of Pump Houses
6 Increase in O&M owing to augmentation
2005-06 to
2014-15
Sinhstha
Years
2015-16 to
2019-20
2020-21 to
2024-25
F3 Health
1 Casual Expenditure/ Singhstha 2004 5% 10% 5% 0%
2 Purchase of Medicine for Hospital 5% 5% 5%
3 Expenses on Clearing & Dusting 8% 8% 5% 5%
4 Expenses on Clearing Contract 5% 8% 5% 5%
Sub Total -5
F3 Gardening
1 Expenses on Garden Maintenance 15% 22% 5% 5%
F4 Public Works Department
1 Road Repairs
Existing Exp 10% 7% 7%
Incremental from projects
2 Repairs of Public Conveniences 10% 7% 7%
3 Drainage Work 2% 10% 5% 5%
4 Bridge Construction 2% 2% 2%
5 Dustbin Construction & Repairing 5% 5% 5%
6 Maintenance of Ponds & Wells 5% 5% 5%
7 Maintenanceof Markets 10% 10% 5%
8 Parking & Traffic Signals 10% 5% 5%
9 Stadium & Community Maintenance 10% 15% 5% 5%
10 Maintenance of swimming pools 5% 10% 5% 5%
11 Liabilities 0% 0% 0%
12 Solid Waste Management
13 Sewerage
14 Strom Water Drainage augmentation
15 Heritage
F5 Workshop
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
E1
Particulars (Expenditure)
2005-06 to
2014-15
Sinhstha
Years
2015-16 to
2019-20
2020-21 to
2024-25
Establishment and Salaries
1 Mainatenance of vehicle/vehicle repairs(B135+B140) 10% 15% 5% 5%
2 Material Purchase 5% 5% 5%
F6 Stores
1 Purchase of diesel/ oil 15% 10% 5%
2 Liabilities 0% 0% 0%
F7 Miscellaneous Expenditure
1 Miscellaneous Revenue expenditure 2% 2% 2%
2 Expenditure on Municipal Elections 5% 5% 5%
3 Fire Casualty 5% 10% 5% 5%
4 Expenses on Stray Animals 5% 5% 5%
5 Public Education 15% 10% 5%
6 School Rent 5% 5% 5%
7 Sport Activities 10% 10% 10%
8 Deduction of Employees GPF & workers Society payment 15% 10% 10%
9 Consultancy for Planning Assignments 10% 10% 10%
G Capital Expenditure
New pipelines 15% 20% 15% 10%
WS Project/(Singhstha 2004) 0% 10% 0% 0%
New Tube wells and hand pumps 0% 10% 0% 0%
Road Constructions 20% 15% 15%
Construction of main roads / Singhstha 2004 10% 10% 5% 5%
Stadium and Swimming pool construction/refurbishment
Drainage for Small Localities 5% 10% 5% 5%
Purchase of Electric Items (Singhstha 2004) 5% 15% 5% 5%
Vehicle Purchase (Singhastaha 2004) 0% 25% 5% 0%
Gardens and Entertainment Parks 10% 5% 5%
Plantation & environmental Development 5% 5% 5%
Market Development 5% 5% 5%
Development of Ponds 5% 5% 5%
Community Halls, Library, etc. 10% 10% 5%
Slaughter Houses 5% 5% 5%
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh

City development plan Ujjain
E1
Particulars (Expenditure)
2005-06 to
2014-15
Sinhstha
Years
2015-16 to
2019-20
2020-21 to
2024-25
Establishment and Salaries
Bridges 0% 0% 0%
Public Convenience Construction 0% 0% 0%
Development of Graveyards 10% 10% 5%
Recommendation work for all ward members 10% 10% 5%
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh