HQ$History - United States Special Operations Command

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COMSFOR. U.S. SOF operated only in MND-North, except for liaison officers (LNOs) attached to MND-SE and MND- SW and CA and PSYOP specialists, who operated throughout Bosnia- Herzegovina. SOF’s missions saw little change in MND-North in JOINT FORGE. The SOCCE performed as it had in Operation JOINT ENDEAVOR, and one LCE was still attached to the Russian Brigade. U.S. SOF in Bosnia-Herzegovina theater worked in eightman JCOs in the MND-North. The JCOs’ critical role was to maintain situational awareness and provide ground truth to the CJSOTF and SFOR commanders. To do this, they maintained direct contact with leaders of the former warring factions and key members of the local civil and SOF Joint Commission Observer teams helped stabilize local areas and provided “ground truth” to senior military commanders. military leadership. They served as contact points between the MND-North commander and local ethnic leaders and as impartial information brokers between different elements of the populace. They also provided the MND-North commander with information about conditions throughout Bosnia- Herzegovina. U.S. SOF provided a quick reaction force that stood ready to defend any JCOs that were threatened. At the peak of the JCO mission in 1996 and 1997 there were 16 teams covering all of Bosnia. Twice during their time in Bosnia, U.S. JCO houses were attacked by RPGs. As the environment in Bosnia- Herzegovina matured, the JCO’s contributions were judged to be of less importance as conventional forces increasingly reported similar types of information. In May 2001, the last U.S. JCO house was closed. The majority of SOF personnel for JOINT FORGE were CA and PSYOP specialists. They assisted in reestablishing civil institutions and helped prepare for elections that were held in Bosnia-Herzegovina in the autumn of 1998. SOF continued its support to JOINT FORGE throughout 1999, helping to sustain peace in the area during the Kosovo conflict. The 4th PSYOP Group distributed over 104 million leaflets in Serbia and Kosovo during Operation ALLIED FORCE. 71
Kosovo Operation ALLIED FORCE NATO initiated Operation ALLIED FORCE on 24 March 1999 to put an end to Serbia’s violent repression of ethnic Albanians in Kosovo. The 19- nation ALLIED FORCE coalition conducted an unrelenting bombing campaign in Serbia and Kosovo for 78 days, eventually forcing Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic to withdraw his forces from the province and stop the “ethnic cleansing” of Kosovar Albanians. The bombing strategy did not prevent Serbia from forcing an estimated 800,000 refugees out of the country, producing an enormous humanitarian crisis in the neighboring states of Albania and Macedonia. Furthermore, the air campaign did not eliminate all of Serbia’s SAMs, which managed to shoot down two U.S. aircraft. SOF played a strategic role throughout the Balkans region during ALLIED FORCE. In Albania and Macedonia, CA units participated in Operation SHINING HOPE, the humanitarian assistance mission to aid Kosovar refugees. CA elements coordinated large-scale humanitarian relief efforts with U.S. government agencies and international relief organizations, arranging food, shelter, and medical care for the refugee camps. SOF helicopters airlifted supplies into refugee areas prior to the conventional forces arriving in theater. Within Kosovo itself, SOF aircraft dropped food and supplies to displaced persons. SOF also carried out an extensive PSYOP campaign. From beyond Serb borders, EC-130E <strong>Command</strong>o Solo aircraft transmitted daily Serbian-language radio and television programs into the area, informing the Serb people of their government’s genocidal practices and televising photographs of Kosovar refugees in Albania and Macedonia. MC-130H aircraft dropped millions of leaflets that decried the Serbs’ untenable situation, warning them against committing war crimes, and pointing out how Milosevic’s policies were ruining their country. F-16 CSAR, Operation ALLIED FORCE Members of the MH-60 aircrew who successfully rescued an F-16 pilot shot down in Serbia. 72 SOF also engaged in DA and SR missions. AC-130 gunships attacked Serbian positions. In Bosnia-Herzegovina, a SOF team destroyed a stretch of railroad tracks to prevent Serbian troop movements. SOF deployed near the Albanian-Kosovo border and served as the “eyes and ears” of TF HAWK. These <strong>Special</strong> Forces soldiers and CCTs called in targeting information, prevented friendly fire incidents, and reported on fighting inside of Kosovo. SOF successfully rescued the only two U.S. pilots downed during ALLIED FORCE. In separate missions, SOF CSAR teams rescued an F- 117A pilot who was shot down near Belgrade on 27 March and an F-16 pilot shot down in western Serbia on 2 May. On each occasion, a mixture of MH-53 Pave Low and MH-60 Pave Hawk helicopters were used to retrieve the downed fliers. These rescues had profound effects on the outcome of the operation by denying Milosevic a potent information operation campaign. Operation JOINT GUARDIAN On 9 June 1999, the government of the former republic of Yugoslavia acceded to a “military technical agreement” that ended its army’s occupation of Kosovo. Operation JOINT GUARDIAN, the mission led by NATO’s Kosovo Force (KFOR) to enforce the peace agreement, maintain public security, and provide humani-
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HISTORY 6th Edition
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1968 - The future home of U.S. Stri
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General James J. Lindsay accepting
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Senator Sam Nunn (D-GA) Senator Wil
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USSOCOM Commanders There have been
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the impact on its people, the comma
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Mission and Organization USSOCOM’
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Logistics (SOAL). Finally, the Chie
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During the review process for the 2
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HQ USSOCOM Organization Chart 2006
Page 21 and 22: greatly improved the command’s ab
Page 23 and 24: (7) JMISC continued to provide PSYO
Page 25 and 26: USSOCOM’s MFP-11. By FY 2006, the
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Page 29 and 30: nature were key goals in addition t
Page 31 and 32: COMMANDER’S TOP PRIORITIES FOR FY
Page 33 and 34: President George W. Bush signed the
Page 35 and 36: Iran Ajr, caught laying mines, was
Page 37 and 38: The invasion of Panama, known as Op
Page 39 and 40: Capturing Torrijos/Tocumen was cruc
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Page 43 and 44: second pass, one pilot saw movement
Page 45 and 46: Harbor by having SEALs place demoli
Page 47 and 48: BLACK elements returned to Albrook
Page 49 and 50: Noriega’s Surrender: After his ap
Page 51 and 52: joint training with NSWTG small boa
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Page 57 and 58: SCUD hunting patrol in western Iraq
Page 59 and 60: In January 1981, the FMLN (Farabund
Page 61 and 62: HOPE. On 12 January 1993, a Special
Page 63 and 64: missions into Mogadishu, all of whi
Page 65 and 66: Haiti had endured unremitting polit
Page 67 and 68: of Haiti. These themes stressed nat
Page 69 and 70: In the early 1990s, rival ethnic st
Page 71: what they had done for JOINT ENDEAV
Page 75 and 76: Peace Operations and Crisis Respons
Page 77 and 78: In conjunction with the UN, the Org
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Page 85 and 86: Operation FIRM RESPONSE, ESAT vehic
Page 87 and 88: In Phase II, the relief phase, CA s
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Page 93 and 94: government, so the “lead agency
Page 95 and 96: Objective Rhino, a desert landing s
Page 97 and 98: ather than target coordinates into
Page 99 and 100: would prove adequate to both assaul
Page 101 and 102: 100 Despite what, in retrospect, ma
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Page 105 and 106: the valley. Takur Ghar was a perfec
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Page 109 and 110: not designed to form a JSOTF. DAGGE
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Page 113 and 114: During 2003, however, Afghanistan s
Page 115 and 116: east of the city of Khowst. While b
Page 117 and 118: Operation RED WINGS LT Michael P. M
Page 119 and 120: their combat operations in southern
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Civil Affairs (CA) augmentation. Th
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line demarcating the KAZ, SOF and P
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TEXACO) and metering and manifold s
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accordance with his importance, Sad
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Saddam’s regime, terrorists, and
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with Iraqi police units. SOF have c
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increasing security in Iraq. The ER
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“extra-judicial killings” condu
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Operation ENDURING FREEDOM Trans-Sa
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Training in Yemen In December 2005,
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esulting operation known as Balikat
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that template, SOCPAC deployed one
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CTJTF..Counterterrorist Joint Task
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Command, Central SOCEUR....Special
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AQIZ: 134, 135 Al Qaim: 127, 136 Al
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Guatemala: 75 H Haditha: 127, 129 H
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47, 48 Northern Alliance: 91, 92, 9
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United Arab Emirates: 73, 118, 119,
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HQ$History - United States Special Operations Command

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