INDEX 209 political society, 158 Portugal, 134 postcolonial societies, 158, 163 postcolonial states, 24, 32, 59, 163, 171--3 accountability of, 79 <strong>and</strong> corruption, 68, 69, 79--81 <strong>and</strong> national integration, 26 <strong>and</strong> political elites, 28--30 <strong>and</strong> telecommunications reform, 63, 79 failure of, 35, 62 see also Third World Post-Fordist Regulation, 24, 39, 41, 62--3, 68, 86 private sector see transnational corporations public goods model of regulation, global public goods model, 155 public interest, 22, 43, 60 <strong>and</strong> state, 63, 67, 78, 172 notions of, 54 representation of, 24, 32 see also communications <strong>and</strong> media policy public service broadcasting, 17, 21, 85, 87, 92, 95--7, 105 <strong>and</strong> competition, 90 <strong>and</strong> cultural cohesion, 95, 106 <strong>and</strong> propag<strong>and</strong>a, 88 as European institution, 88 decline of, 106 funding of, 89, 90--2 future of, 96 in Europe, 88--91, 174 in US, 89, 91, 93 organization of, 96 role of, 106 Public Service Broadcasting Protocol, 92, 95 public sphere, 132 multiple publics, 41, 79, 146, 173 Puerto Rico, 69 racism, 12, 30, 61, 87, 165 environmental, 9, 128 ethnic <strong>and</strong> racial minorities, 30, 41--2, 94--5, 119, 128, 149, 170, 175 racialized labour relation, 61 see also xenophobia Raboy, Marc, 17 redistribution, 21, 41, 75, 86, 114, 130, 148, 150--3, 155, 158, 164--5, 170, 173--4, 177; see also social justice religious fundamentalism, 35, 40, 140, 147 Russia, 40, 71 Sassen, Saskia, 37 Senegal, 134, 152 sexism, 12, 61, 87, 165 sexuality, 39, 41--2, 163 <strong>and</strong> rights, 149 minorities, 41 Sierra Leone, 133 Sikkink, Katharine, 140, 146, 150 Singapore, 68 Singh, Parminder Jeet, 158 Siochru, Sean, 151 Sri Lanka, 31 social justice, 24, 41--3, 139--40, 147, 148--51, 153, 159, 164--5, 174, 176 social movements, 42--3, 73--6, 93, 146--50, 158, 164, 170 transnational nature of, 42, 146, 148 South, the see Third World; see also postcolonial states South Africa, 69, 73, 133, 152, 164 South Korea, 68, 128 Southeast Asia, 129--30 South--South collaboration, 73--4, 164, 175 Soviet Union, 26, 33, 59 splintered urbanism, 156, 175 Stewart Millar, Melanie, 13--14 Stiglitz, Joseph, 40 Streeter, Thomas, 4, 11, 60, 93 Sub-Saharan Africa, 30, 129 Sun Microsystems, 155 Sykes Committee Report, 98 symbolic economy, 105 symbolic power, 19, 43, 78, 89, 145 Taiwan, 68 techno-capitalists, 12, 14 technological determinism, 16 Telebras, 74, 79 telecommunications infrastructure, 51, 61, 66, 68, 81 reform of, 54, 66, 86 telecommunications policy, 12, 14, 51, 56 <strong>and</strong> privatization, 64, 69 <strong>and</strong> regulation, 7, 52, 55, 59, 63 <strong>and</strong> reregulation, 18, 24, 36--7, 44, 70, 78, 100--1, 106, 114, 172 cross-subsidy, 59, 62, 64, 74 liberalization of, 14, 51, 54, 62, 64--6, 69, 73, 75--6, 81, 86, 89, 96, 99--100, 104--6, 124, 132--5 public good model of regulation, 55, 154--5 regulatory agencies of, 16 see also Third World; transnational corporations
210 INDEX Television Without Frontiers Directive (TVWF), 99, 100, 102, 105, 107, 122 Third World, 7, 9, 26, 29--34, 39, 54, 67--8, 72--3, 76, 146, 156, 172--3 <strong>and</strong> authoritarian regimes, 7 <strong>and</strong> corruption, 68, 74, 79--80 <strong>and</strong> debt, 33--4, 63 <strong>and</strong> development, 26--9, 78 <strong>and</strong> labour conditions, 43, 61, 70, 129, 130, 164 <strong>and</strong> solidarity, 30--3 <strong>and</strong> state censorship, 30 <strong>and</strong> telecommunications policy, 21, 63--7, 70 dependency of, 31 global cities of, 128, 175 modernization of, 24, 27, 30, 36, 67, 78: critique of, 29--30, 175 see also postcolonial states trade unions, 55, 76, 147 anti-union policies, 9, 68 opposition to liberalization, 70, 74--6, 149 unionized labour in telecommunications, 27, 60, 61, 68, 75 translocal telecommunications networks, 56 transnational corporations (TNCs), 6, 9, 15, 21, 34, 51--2, 54, 57, 63--4, 66, 76--8, 86, 89, 90, 113, 125, 135--6, 142, 148, 156, 164, 173 accountability of, 9, 16, 57, 70 <strong>and</strong> corruption, 57, 74, 79, 80 <strong>and</strong> deregulation, 100, 114 <strong>and</strong> developing markets, 9, 62 <strong>and</strong> self regulation 38 <strong>and</strong> telecommunications policy, 12, 55, 65--7, 72, 87, 93, 124, 137, 172, 176 pressures from, 7, 15--16, 38, 63, 72, 124 protection of, 8 regulation of, 60, 126 see also WSIS transnational telecommunications firms see transnational corporations Treaty of Amsterdam, 91, 93, 95 Tunis WSIS, 151--5, 162; see also WSIS Tunisia, 133, 153--4 Tunisian Human Rights League, 153 United Kingdom, 134 broadcasting, 4: <strong>and</strong> public service broadcasting, 97 media, 89: liberalization of, 98 UNESCO, 25, 27, 29, 31--4, 138--9, 151 attack on, 32, 135 failure of, 149 UNIFEM, 159 United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, 135 United States of America broadcasting, 4, 85: policy, 17, 93; regulation of, 11 cultural exports, 86, 89, 103--4: <strong>and</strong> media imperialism, 31, 102; see also Hollywood media industry, 66, 89, 100, 105: economic power of, 31, 103 Venezuela, 67 Voices, 21, 149 ‘War on Terror’, 7, 176 Washington consensus, 35, 38 post Washington consensus, 40, 134, 146 WiRed, 13--14 World Association of Christian Communication, 149 World Association of Community Radio Broadcasters, 149 World Bank, 25, 27, 33, 37, 65, 69, 134--5, 146, 158 <strong>and</strong> developing economies, 17 global governance by, 34--5 pressures of, 66--7, 125 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 34, 72, 126, 146, 164, 173; see also intellectual property rights World Social Forum, 40, 74, 146 World Summit on Information Society (WSIS), 19, 53, 120, 124, 135--6, 139, 140--2, 147--9, 161, 165, 169, 174, 176 <strong>and</strong> civil society, 138, 139, 141, 150--2, 158, 162, 170: Civil Society Bureau, 151, 153, 256 <strong>and</strong> freedom of information, 152 <strong>and</strong> nation-states, 141 <strong>and</strong> NGOs, 138, 148 <strong>and</strong> North--South divisions, 152--7, 160, 162--3 <strong>and</strong> TNCs, 138--41, 151--5 feminist criticism of, 163--4 Gender Caucus at, 159, 160--5, 177 institutional context of, 148, 156
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Part One Policy contexts
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 73 libera
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BROADCASTING POLICY 87 Across broad
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THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 115 good jo
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