INDEX 207 General Agreement on Trade <strong>and</strong> Tariffs (GATT), 25, 35, 65--6, 104, 164 <strong>and</strong> Uruguay Rounds, 34, 72, 104 Geneva WSIS, 138, 145, 151--5, 162; see also WSIS Germany, 134 Ghana, 30, 67, 81, 134 Global Business Dialogue, 125--6 global governance, 7, 24, 26, 29, 34, 40, 54, 71, 73, 79, 87--8, 146 civil society participation in, 151 institutions of, 38--9, 87, 151, 159 neo-liberal m<strong>and</strong>ate for, 148 Global Information Infrastructure, 114--15, 120 Global Information Society (GIS), 123--4, 152, 165 <strong>and</strong> WTO, 132 see also Information Society globalization, 8, 10, 21, 40 pressures of, 24 protest against, 87 glocalization, 55--6 Gore, Al, 12, 115, 121 Graham, Stephen, 15--16, 26--7, 37, 52, 56, 62--3, 120 Gramsci, Antonio, 11, 85, 147 Greece, 102, 134 Gupta, Akhil, 32 Gurumurthy, Anita, 53, 158, 162, 163 Habermas, Jürgen, 40 Hamelink, Cees, 18, 59, 63--4, 139, 150--2 Held, David, 7, 40 Hewlett Packard, 154--5 Hollywood, 85, 89, 99, 103--4 Hong Kong, 68 human rights, 21, 32, 41--2, 147, 153--4, 160, 164, 177 at WSIS, 139, 153, 155 Privacy <strong>and</strong> Human Rights Report, 7--8 violations of, 154, 156 see also CRIS IBM, 119, 120 Immigration, policies of, 43; see also xenophobia immigrant labour, 36, 39, 175, 177 communities of, 165 rights of, 147 Incommunicado Project, 156 India, 69, 70, 73, 77, 78, 128, 130, 164 <strong>and</strong> civil society organizations, 76 <strong>and</strong> development communication, 29 National Telecommunications <strong>Policy</strong>, 75 telecom liberalization in, 75--6 Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of India, 76 India–Brazil–South Africa (IBSA) trilateral initiative, 173 Indonesia, 30, 33 Information <strong>and</strong> Communication Technologies (ICTs), 19, 37, 122, 129, 137, 160--1, 175 access to, 130, 154, 170 <strong>and</strong> development, 128, 158 <strong>and</strong> education, 120 <strong>and</strong> state, 127 commercial potential of, 130 creation of markets for, 139 importance of, 127 perceived neutrality of, 54 positive effects of, 122 Information Society, 12--14, 20, 22, 113, 115--17, 122, 127, 132, 145, 174 <strong>and</strong> EU, 115, 121, 123, 176 <strong>and</strong> gender, 118, 130, 161 <strong>and</strong> myths, 13 <strong>and</strong> policies, 115--16 <strong>and</strong> private sector, 139 <strong>and</strong> role of state, 126 <strong>and</strong> US, 120--1, 176 citizen participation in, 169 decentralized nature of, 118 designing of, 138 digital education, 169 future of, 140, 147 impact of, 130 inequities of, 41 info-ethics, 169 living <strong>and</strong> working in, 113, 122, 130 vision of, 114--21, 140 intellectual property rights, 7, 15, 41, 74, 126, 152, 165 <strong>and</strong> open-source, 75, 149, 173 <strong>and</strong> Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs), 35, 149, 164 see also WIPO; WSIS International Monetary Fund (IMF), 25, 27, 33--7, 65, 135, 146 <strong>and</strong> developing economies, 17 International Telecommunications Union (ITU), 26, 34, 55, 59, 64--6, 69, 81, 136, 138, 146 African Green Paper, 135 <strong>and</strong> Gender Taskforce, 159
208 INDEX International Telecommunications Union (Continued) criticism of, 135 institutional limitations of, 151 international trade dynamics of, 10 infrastructure of, 20 Internet Corporations for Assigned Names <strong>and</strong> Numbers (ICANN), 44, 107, 142, 152--4 Internet kiosks, 79 Jamaica, 67 Japan, 119, 128 Jenkins, Rob, 157 Jessop, Robert, 10, 36, 38--9 Johnson, Niki, 154 Kabeer, Naila, 29, 129 Keck, Margaret, 140, 146, 150 Klein, Hans, 154 ‘Knowledge Economy’, 22, 113--14 Lasswell, Harold, 4 Latin America, 28, 129, 170 Lerner, Daniel, 31 MacBride Commission Report, 31--2, 86 <strong>and</strong> global information inequality, 31 MacBride legacy, 151, 159, 163, 164 MacBride Roundatable, 149 see also NWICO Maitl<strong>and</strong> Commission Report, 65 Mali, 134, 159 Malaysia, 67 Mamdani, Mahmood, 28 Marvin, Simon, 15--16, 26--7, 27, 52, 56, 62--3, 120 Mexico, 66--7, 73 <strong>and</strong> reforms, 67, 69 Microsoft, 154--5 Mitter, Swasti, 164 modernity modernization see Third World modernization paradigm, 133, 159 pre-modern societies, 28, 43 monopolies, 27, 62 state owned, 59, 63, 69 state regulation of, 27 Mosco, Vincent, 12, 13, 19 MTV, 85 nation-state, 38--9 accountability of, 16 <strong>and</strong> globalization, 10 <strong>and</strong> international policy regimes, 39 failure of, 35 feminist challenge to, 150 intervention of, 17 legitimacy of, 32, 36 role of, 3, 6--7, 18 nationalism, 40--1 <strong>and</strong> national integration, 26--9, 36, 39, 59, 171 <strong>and</strong> postnational political world, 40 National Aeronautics <strong>and</strong> Space Administration, <strong>and</strong> satellite television, 29 National Information Infrastructure, 114--15, 120 Negroponte, Nicholas, 12--13 network society, 116 new information economy, 68 New International Economic Order, 30--1, 34, 36 new technologies, 122, 142 proliferation of, 6 New World Information <strong>and</strong> Communication Order (NWICO), 30--2, 42, 64, 86, 139, 147--51, 165, 171; see also MacBride Commission Report Ng, Celia, 164 Niger, 133 Nokia, 155 Non-Aligned Movement, 30--2, 148 Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs), 38, 72, 140, 149, 156--8, 170; see also CSOs; WSIS North, the see First World North American Free Trade Agreement, 37, 66 North--South divide, 37, 86, 113, 146, 173; see also WSIS North--South relations, 24, 31, 40, 42, 66, 150--1, 172 OECD, 130, 134 Okinawa Charter on the Global Information Society, 53--4, 78, 124, 140 orientalist discourse, 29 Patriot Act, 7 Peacock Committee Report, 98 People’s Communication Charter, 149 Philippines, 67 Pilkington Committee Report, 98 Platform for Communication Rights, 149 Polanyi, Karl, 9
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Media Topics Series editor: Valerie
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Part One Policy contexts
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BROADCASTING POLICY 87 Across broad
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