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CONCLUSION 177 in the area of Internet Governance and the opportunity for CSOs to create new networks of social activism in the ICT area, the real limitations of the heavily centralized and bureaucratized process of civil society engagement in the WSIS must also be acknowledged. Specifically, we focused on the ways in which narrow claims for recognition in the area of freedom of information displaced both more expansive claims for recognition of community rights as well as meaningful claims for redistribution. It is in this light that we must question the legitimacy of CSOs as the representative voice of public interest in the field of global communications policy especially as private capital adeptly masters the discourse of sustainable and multicultural info-development. The last section of Chapter 6 examined gender advocacy within the WSIS to contend that the Gender Caucus can be seen as a site of progressive institutional engagement, offering some lessons for researchers and activists in the field of global communications policy. First and foremost, feminist advocacy within the WSIS process formulated redistributive claims over appropriate technology and ICT access through claims for recognition marked by difference based primarily but not exclusively on gender. This framing of questions of access around identity resonates with wider publics because it explicitly situates the technocratic terms of the debate in a wider political and cultural context. Secondly, the Gender Caucus, especially through its regional meetings, was a site of open discussions about representation within transnational civil society, and the difficult but necessary need to balance the articulation of universal values like human rights with attention to difference. Within feminist theory and practice, this has not led to the abandonment of core universal values or emancipatory visions for change, but it has led to greater attention to cultural practice and historical difference. These lessons provide an important template for communications policy scholars and activists engaged in the implementation and follow-up stages of the WSIS process, and well beyond. 2 Notes 1. One area within the field of global communications policy that deserves much more discussion than has been possible in this text is intellectual property rights regimes and the oppositional social movements around open-source software platforms and alternatives such as creative commons licenses for digital content (Lessig 2004; Vaidyanathan 2001). We feel that our larger conceptual framework offering a historical and culturally grounded critique holds true, while this added empirical focus would open up a variety of new questions for debate
178 MEDIA POLICY AND GLOBALIZATION and introduce a range of new actors (activists, for example) in the policy arena. 2. There has been much reflection and analysis of the WSIS process, civil society and the larger institutional and political context. For more see: Special Issue on WSIS in Global Media and Communication 1 (3)(2005): 357–73; Lovink and Soenke (eds) 2005; Raboy and Landry (2005).
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Paula Chakravartty Katharine Sarika
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Media Topics Series editor: Valerie
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C○ Paula Chakravartty and Kathari
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Tables and figures Tables 3.1A Infr
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viii PREFACE shared, between the No
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Abbreviations ABT AFL-CIO AISI Anat
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Part One Policy contexts
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2 Revisiting the history of global
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3 Governing the central nervous sys
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 53 Table
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 55 somewh
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 57 broadb
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 59 was fi
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 61 the ex
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 63 ineffi
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 65 to exe
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 67 all se
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 69 rhetor
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Table 3.3 Telecommunications indica
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 73 libera
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 75 real l
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 77 public
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 79 who li
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Table 3.4 (Continued ) Date Country
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 83 has al
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4 Governing the backbone of culture
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BROADCASTING POLICY 87 Across broad
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BROADCASTING POLICY 89 largely by s
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BROADCASTING POLICY 91 countries. P
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BROADCASTING POLICY 93 Common conce
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BROADCASTING POLICY 95 support and
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BROADCASTING POLICY 97 European cou
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BROADCASTING POLICY 99 European Par
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BROADCASTING POLICY 101 it has on g
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BROADCASTING POLICY 103 limited way
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BROADCASTING POLICY 105 because of
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BROADCASTING POLICY 107 identity. P
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BROADCASTING POLICY 109 than others
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5 Policies for a new world or the e
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THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 115 good jo
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THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 117 we are
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THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 119 phrasin
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THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 121 Order
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THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 123 (EC 200
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THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 125 and acr
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Page 146 and 147: THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 133 that is
Page 148 and 149: THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 135 ‘limi
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Page 182 and 183: Conclusion The three pillars for th
Page 184 and 185: CONCLUSION 171 as the structural co
Page 186 and 187: CONCLUSION 173 the experiences of t
Page 188 and 189: CONCLUSION 175 political systems, s
Page 192 and 193: Bibliography Abramson, Bram Dor and
Page 194 and 195: BIBLIOGRAPHY 181 Bell, Daniel (1973
Page 196 and 197: BIBLIOGRAPHY 183 Crossroads: Whose
Page 198 and 199: BIBLIOGRAPHY 185 ECA (Economic Comm
Page 200 and 201: BIBLIOGRAPHY 187 Garnham, Nicholas
Page 202 and 203: BIBLIOGRAPHY 189 Series on Gender a
Page 204 and 205: BIBLIOGRAPHY 191 International Cent
Page 206 and 207: BIBLIOGRAPHY 193 Klein, Hans and Mi
Page 208 and 209: BIBLIOGRAPHY 195 Millar, Melanie St
Page 210 and 211: BIBLIOGRAPHY 197 Park, Donghyun (20
Page 212 and 213: BIBLIOGRAPHY 199 Sarikakis, Kathari
Page 214 and 215: BIBLIOGRAPHY 201 Sussman, Gerald (1
Page 216: BIBLIOGRAPHY 203 Media Policy in th
Page 219 and 220: 206 INDEX Civil Society Declaration
Page 221 and 222: 208 INDEX International Telecommuni
Page 223 and 224: 210 INDEX Television Without Fronti
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