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166 MEDIA POLICY AND GLOBALIZATION
and industrial associations in lieu of civil society organizations representing
some form of ‘community’ or ‘public’ interest (Kleinwächter
2004a; Siochrú 2003). We will discuss the role of civil society within
the ITU in greater detail below.
2. Cammaerts and Carpentier very usefully point out that the Conference
on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992
featured the participation of some 2,400 people and 1,400 accredited
NGOs within the formal process, with some 17,000 people participating
in the parallel NGO forum. Similarly, during the Fourth World
conference in Beijing, 5,000 people participated in the official process
representing 2,100 accredited NGOs, with an additional 30,000
people participating in the parallel NGO forum. More recently, at
the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination , Xenophobia
and Related Intolerance in Durban in 2001, there were 1,300
accredited NGOs participating in the forum with another 8,000 people
involved in a parallel NGO forum. See: Cammaerts and Carpetier
(2005): 3.
3. This alternate vision includes defining the IS on the following critical
terms:
1. Access to communications resources for citizens as opposed to
consumers.
2. Knowledge understood as a public good as opposed to a commodity.
3. Advertising regulated on the basis of the ecological implications of
consumer society as opposed to promoting the commercialization
of space and peoples.
4. Promoting individual privacy as opposed to mining of personal
data.
5. Protecting the Intellectual Property Rights of communities as opposed
to the protection of the rights of transnational corporations.
6. Exempting trade in culture by promoting the right to protect cultural
autonomy and promote public spaces.
7. Regulating concentration of ownership on the basis of promoting
plurality of perspectives.
8. Promoting the ideals of the ‘commons’ – protecting public property
and public accountability as opposed to the private exploitation
of common assets. (Summarized from Hamelink 2002:
252–3).
4. The Voices 21 initiative identified four areas of action: (1) Access and
Accessibility; (2) Right to Communicate; (3) Diversity of Expression;
(4) Security and Privacy; (5) Cultural Environment (promoting
a culture of peace, solidarity and environmental awareness). For more
details see: http://www.comunica.org/v21/statement.htm