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THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 131 Table 5.2 United Nations Millennium Development Goals Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Target 1. Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day Target 2. Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger Goal 2. Achieve universal primary education Target 3. Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling Goal 3. Promote gender equality and empower women Target 4. Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015 Goal 4. Reduce child mortality Target 5. Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate Goal 5. Improve maternal health Target 6. Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio Goal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Target 7. Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS Target 8. Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases Goal 7. Ensure environmental sustainability Target 9. Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources Target 10. Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and sanitation Target 11. By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers Goal 8. Develop a global partnership for development Target 12. Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, nondiscriminatory trading and financial system. Source: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals Global policy hegemony and local tension: the pressure for privatization Scholars have already pointed out that the lead in international information society policy is taken in the e-commerce sector by the global conglomerates (for example, Abramson and Raboy 1999; Cogburn 2003). They see this emphasis on e-commerce as the outcome of a USA-imposed ‘free-flow’ argument as well as the clear superiority of companies in identifying policy priorities (less regulation). Cogburn goes on to assert that
132 MEDIA POLICY AND GLOBALIZATION despite a number of international institutions involved, the leading organization in the new international regime of the GIS remains the WTO. The neoliberal sentiments of the WTO are widely declared as a series of meetings has shown; one of the major tasks of WTO in general is the harmonization of regulatory frameworks across the world and the continuation of the liberalization process for industries. There are differences among the participating countries as to the extent and degree of liberalization, especially with regards to health and education but also culture industries. The United National Economic Commission for Africa has developed a Green Paper to deal with the impact of liberalization, the South Africa Green Paper that particularly deals with the conditions of ecommerce harmonization, according to the international framework as set out by the Global Information Society (GIS) and WTO. In particular, the development of e-commerce would demand the necessary infrastructure and regulation in line with the international ‘regime’ and to accept the WTO’s agreement to liberalize and privatize its telecommunications. Audenhove et al. (1999) argue that this regulatory framework is based on two assumptions, the ability of new entertainment services to provide revenue to subsidize the building of the infrastructure and the willingness of consumers to pay for new services. Therefore, competition is seen as a paramount policy that encompasses growth and the lowering of prices. Again, as in the case of broadcasters, national operators are seen as hindering development and market growth. It is reasonable to assume that tight control of private enterprise by the state, like the tight control of private and public spheres by the state, can border loss of freedom, especially in regimes or in conditions where democratic standards are rather theoretical than practical. 7 When broadcasting is controlled by the state then not only economic but also social aspects/indicators are lower than those countries with a vibrant public and non-state sector. Venturelli (2002) argues that excessive control of the state in East Asian economies has failed to promote the drive for competition in the telecoms sector. Similarly, it has also failed to promote a vibrant culture production sector that is vital to the production of content in the IS and a weak but emerging civil society sector which suggests a fundamental shift in social and cultural dynamics. Although this is probably generally the case, the opposite, the lack of control over entrepreneurship, does not guarantee freedom of speech or critical expression. Nevertheless, the dominant argument of ‘prosperity’ and the opportunity for the diversity of ‘cultural expression’ continue to rank high in the list of assumed benefits of the liberalization process. Audenhove et al. identify the same arguments in the development of a GIS framework
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Paula Chakravartty Katharine Sarika
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Media Topics Series editor: Valerie
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C○ Paula Chakravartty and Kathari
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Tables and figures Tables 3.1A Infr
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viii PREFACE shared, between the No
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Abbreviations ABT AFL-CIO AISI Anat
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Part One Policy contexts
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2 Revisiting the history of global
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3 Governing the central nervous sys
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 53 Table
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 55 somewh
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 57 broadb
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 59 was fi
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 61 the ex
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 63 ineffi
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 65 to exe
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 67 all se
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 69 rhetor
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Table 3.3 Telecommunications indica
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 73 libera
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 75 real l
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 77 public
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 79 who li
Page 94 and 95: Table 3.4 (Continued ) Date Country
Page 96 and 97: TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 83 has al
Page 98 and 99: 4 Governing the backbone of culture
Page 100 and 101: BROADCASTING POLICY 87 Across broad
Page 102 and 103: BROADCASTING POLICY 89 largely by s
Page 104 and 105: BROADCASTING POLICY 91 countries. P
Page 106 and 107: BROADCASTING POLICY 93 Common conce
Page 108 and 109: BROADCASTING POLICY 95 support and
Page 110 and 111: BROADCASTING POLICY 97 European cou
Page 112 and 113: BROADCASTING POLICY 99 European Par
Page 114 and 115: BROADCASTING POLICY 101 it has on g
Page 116 and 117: BROADCASTING POLICY 103 limited way
Page 118 and 119: BROADCASTING POLICY 105 because of
Page 120 and 121: BROADCASTING POLICY 107 identity. P
Page 122: BROADCASTING POLICY 109 than others
Page 126 and 127: 5 Policies for a new world or the e
Page 128 and 129: THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 115 good jo
Page 130 and 131: THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 117 we are
Page 132 and 133: THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 119 phrasin
Page 134 and 135: THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 121 Order
Page 136 and 137: THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 123 (EC 200
Page 138 and 139: THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 125 and acr
Page 140 and 141: THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 127 Materia
Page 142 and 143: THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 129 Interne
Page 146 and 147: THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 133 that is
Page 148 and 149: THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 135 ‘limi
Page 150 and 151: THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 137 subsume
Page 152 and 153: THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 139 the pol
Page 154 and 155: THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 141 Table 5
Page 156 and 157: THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 143 ‘comm
Page 158 and 159: 6 Civil society and social justice:
Page 160 and 161: CIVIL SOCIETY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE 14
Page 182 and 183: Conclusion The three pillars for th
Page 184 and 185: CONCLUSION 171 as the structural co
Page 186 and 187: CONCLUSION 173 the experiences of t
Page 188 and 189: CONCLUSION 175 political systems, s
Page 190 and 191: CONCLUSION 177 in the area of Inter
Page 192 and 193: Bibliography Abramson, Bram Dor and
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 181 Bell, Daniel (1973
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 183 Crossroads: Whose
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 185 ECA (Economic Comm
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 187 Garnham, Nicholas
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 189 Series on Gender a
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 191 International Cent
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 193 Klein, Hans and Mi
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 195 Millar, Melanie St
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 197 Park, Donghyun (20
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 199 Sarikakis, Kathari
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 201 Sussman, Gerald (1
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 203 Media Policy in th
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206 INDEX Civil Society Declaration
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208 INDEX International Telecommuni
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210 INDEX Television Without Fronti
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