poster - International Conference of Agricultural Engineering
poster - International Conference of Agricultural Engineering poster - International Conference of Agricultural Engineering
TABLE 1: Average Turbidity values (NTU) for the various applications of Moringa oleifera powder in distilled water during 24 h and result of the Scott-Knott test (*) Method of application Direct application of the powdered Time (min) 0 1 5 30 60 120 240 1200 1440 113.80 c B 88.73 b B 68.30 b B 46.10 a B 49.87 a B 64.27 b B 80.37 b C 22.27 a B 23.33 a B Non-woven fabric 0.50 a A 0.60 a A 0.58 a A 1.22 a A 1.71 a A 4.27 b A 11.87 c A 12.21 c A 13.97 c A Black fabric 0.56 a A 0.56 a A 0.64 a A 0.94 a A 1.35 a A 3.40 a A 9.89 b A 12.10 b A 9.97 b A Gray fabric 0.47 a A 0.43 a A 0.85 a A 1.25 a A 1.84 a A 7.05 a A 22.22 c B 13.37 b A 11.80 b A Filter paper for coffee 0.40 a A 0.42 a A 0.54 a A 1.14 a A 1.74 a A 2.17 a A 2.71 a A 7.65 b A 12.79 c A White fabric 0.47 a A 0.53 a A 0.60 a A 1.11 a A 1.29 a A 1.63 a A 3.65 b A 9.81 c A 9.83 c A (*) The same lowercase letters should be interpreted as statistical similarity of data in line. The same capital letters should be interpreted as statistical similarity of the data in column. TABLE 2: Average of protein content (mg L -1 ) for the various applications of Moringa oleifera powder in distilled water during 24 h and result of Scott-Knott test (*) Method of application Direct application of the powdered Time (min) 0 1 5 30 60 120 240 1200 1440 80.25 a B 77.39 a B 97.07 a B 153.42 b C 158.02 b A 169.62 b A 187,71 c A 223.10 d A 217.39 d A Non-woven fabric 0.00 a A 3.98 a A 26.67 b A 99.77 c A 127.71 d A 151.52 e A 169,93 e A 235.17 f A 223.74 f A Black fabric 0.00 a A 0.00 a A 22.79 a A 130.25 b B 156.44 c A 169.61 c A 188,34 c A 243.10 d A 231.67 d A Gray fabric 0.00 a A 0.00 a A 38.02 b A 151.67 c C 168.98 d A 180.56 e A 187,55 e A 241.52 f A 228.82 f A Filter paper for coffee 0.00 a A 0.00 a A 9.45 a A 112.15 b A 150.88 c A 163.58 c A 177,87 c A 266.28 e A 238.98 d A White fabric 0.00 a A 0.00 a A 19.29 a A 133.58 b B 153.58 b A 162.79 c A 182,31 c A 262.79 d A 251.67 d A (*) The same lowercase letters should be interpreted as statistical similarity of data in line. The same capital letters should be interpreted as statistical similarity of the data in column.
3.2. Determination of the required dose of powdered seeds in the pouches Considering jars of 2 L capacity, it would take 20 mL of 2% coagulant solution for each 2 L jar for 65 NTU turbidity values (ARANTES, 2010). Based on the protein content of the coagulant solution and the recommended dosage, each pouch must provide the equivalent of 42.66 mg of protein. Once the average protein content of the paper pouch with 2 g of powder is 112.15 mg L -1 in 30 min of dispersion time and assuming that the relationship between protein content and powder dose is directly proportional, the powder dosing in each pouch must be approximately 0.76 g. Therefore, the doses of powdered seeds of Moringa oleifera in the pouches were 0.6 g, 0.8 g and 1.0 g in the clarification tests. 3.3. Clarification of synthetic turbid water The average results for turbidity and apparent color of the turbid synthetic water are shown in Tables 3 and 4, respectively. The results of Scott-Knott test with 5% significance concerning the comparisons for each dosage over time and between the dosages for each time are also shown. TABLE 3: Mean values of turbidity during the sedimentation and result of Scott-Knott test with 5% significance (*). Raw water turbidity = 65.5 NTU. Dosage Time (min) 0 5 15 30 45 60 10 mL L -1 ** 89.10 A b 9.42 A a 2.94 A a 2.00 A a 1.61 A a 1.37 A a Pouch 0,6 g 78.30 A b 30.23 B a 25.00 B a 23.90 B a 23.53 B a 23.37 B a Pouch 0,8 g 81.97 A b 14.00 A a 12.59 A a 11.91 A a 11.51 A a 11.38 A a Pouch 1,0 g 85.77 A c 26.00 B b 4.99 A a 2.70 A a 2.07 A a 1.71 A a (*) The same lowercase letters should be interpreted as statistical similarity of data in line. The same capital letters should be interpreted as statistical similarity of the data in column. (**) Coagulant solution. TABLE 4: Mean values of apparent color during the sedimentation and result Scott-Knott test with 5% significance (*). Apparent color of the raw water = 316 mg Pt-Co L -1 . Dosage Time (min) 0 5 15 30 45 60 10 mL L -1 ** 419.00 A b 42.00 A a 11.00 A a 6.00 A a 4.00 A a 3.00 A a Pouch 0,6 g 361.67 A b 124.67 B a 98.67 B a 91.33 B a 90.00 B a 88.67 B a Pouch 0,8 g 372.00 A b 69.00 A a 47.33 A a 44.67 A a 42.67 A a 42.00 A a Pouch 1,0 g 397.33 A c 120.67 B b 23.00 A a 11.67 A a 9.00 A a 7.00 A a (*) The same lowercase letters should be interpreted as statistical similarity of data in line. The same capital letters should be interpreted as statistical similarity of the data in column. (**) Coagulant solution. The statistical analysis of Tables 3 and 4 showed significant reductions of apparent color and turbidity in the initial 5 min for the coagulant solution and the powder pouches of 0.6 and 0.8 g, with stability after this period until the end of sedimentation. The 1.0 g pouch presented significant difference with subsequent stabilization only after 15 min of sedimentation. After this period of sedimentation (when the turbidity and apparent color values did not vary over time for the 4 treatments), the comparison of dosages at each time demonstrates that the coagulant solution and the pouches of 0, 8 and 1.0 g did not differ. The 0.6 g pouch differs from the others and presented less reduction in the evaluated parameters. At the end of sedimentation (60 min), the efficiency of turbidity reduction compared to the raw water was 97.9%, 64.3%, 82.6% and 97.4% for the coagulant solution and pouches
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TABLE 1: Average Turbidity values (NTU) for the various applications <strong>of</strong> Moringa oleifera powder in distilled water during 24 h and result <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Scott-Knott test (*)<br />
Method <strong>of</strong> application<br />
Direct application <strong>of</strong> the<br />
powdered<br />
Time (min)<br />
0 1 5 30 60 120 240 1200 1440<br />
113.80 c B 88.73 b B 68.30 b B 46.10 a B 49.87 a B 64.27 b B 80.37 b C 22.27 a B 23.33 a B<br />
Non-woven fabric 0.50 a A 0.60 a A 0.58 a A 1.22 a A 1.71 a A 4.27 b A 11.87 c A 12.21 c A 13.97 c A<br />
Black fabric 0.56 a A 0.56 a A 0.64 a A 0.94 a A 1.35 a A 3.40 a A 9.89 b A 12.10 b A 9.97 b A<br />
Gray fabric 0.47 a A 0.43 a A 0.85 a A 1.25 a A 1.84 a A 7.05 a A 22.22 c B 13.37 b A 11.80 b A<br />
Filter paper for c<strong>of</strong>fee 0.40 a A 0.42 a A 0.54 a A 1.14 a A 1.74 a A 2.17 a A 2.71 a A 7.65 b A 12.79 c A<br />
White fabric 0.47 a A 0.53 a A 0.60 a A 1.11 a A 1.29 a A 1.63 a A 3.65 b A 9.81 c A 9.83 c A<br />
(*) The same lowercase letters should be interpreted as statistical similarity <strong>of</strong> data in line. The same capital letters should be interpreted as statistical<br />
similarity <strong>of</strong> the data in column.<br />
TABLE 2: Average <strong>of</strong> protein content (mg L -1 ) for the various applications <strong>of</strong> Moringa oleifera powder in distilled water during 24 h and result <strong>of</strong><br />
Scott-Knott test (*)<br />
Method <strong>of</strong> application<br />
Direct application <strong>of</strong> the<br />
powdered<br />
Time (min)<br />
0 1 5 30 60 120 240 1200 1440<br />
80.25 a B 77.39 a B 97.07 a B 153.42 b C 158.02 b A 169.62 b A 187,71 c A 223.10 d A 217.39 d A<br />
Non-woven fabric 0.00 a A 3.98 a A 26.67 b A 99.77 c A 127.71 d A 151.52 e A 169,93 e A 235.17 f A 223.74 f A<br />
Black fabric 0.00 a A 0.00 a A 22.79 a A 130.25 b B 156.44 c A 169.61 c A 188,34 c A 243.10 d A 231.67 d A<br />
Gray fabric 0.00 a A 0.00 a A 38.02 b A 151.67 c C 168.98 d A 180.56 e A 187,55 e A 241.52 f A 228.82 f A<br />
Filter paper for c<strong>of</strong>fee 0.00 a A 0.00 a A 9.45 a A 112.15 b A 150.88 c A 163.58 c A 177,87 c A 266.28 e A 238.98 d A<br />
White fabric 0.00 a A 0.00 a A 19.29 a A 133.58 b B 153.58 b A 162.79 c A 182,31 c A 262.79 d A 251.67 d A<br />
(*) The same lowercase letters should be interpreted as statistical similarity <strong>of</strong> data in line. The same capital letters should be interpreted as statistical<br />
similarity <strong>of</strong> the data in column.
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