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Salt Stress on the Photosynthetic Pigment Content Cowpea Inoculated With Rhizobia Ronaldo do Nascimento 1* , Jailma R. de Andrade 2 , Francisco V. da Silva 3 , Aryadne Ellen V. de Alencar 4 , Daniele F. de Melo 4 , José Wilson Barbosa 2 1 Teacher Associate of Academic Unit of Agricultural Engineering, CTRN / UFCG, Av Aprígio Veloso, 882, University District, Campina Grande, Paraíba, 58429-140, Brazil. 2 Graduate in Agricultural Sciences, Ms in Agricultural Engineering, Academic Unit of Agricultural Engineering, CTRN / UFCG. 3 Agronomist Engineer, PhD, Academic Unit of Agricultural Engineering, CTRN / UFCG. 4 Graduate in Agricultural Engineering, Academic Unit of Agricultural Engineering, CTRN / UFCG. *Corresponding author. E-mail: ronaldo@deag.ufcg.edu.br Abstract Soil salinity is an abiotic factor that can affect the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis, decreasing nodulation and consequently the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. This can negatively influence the synthesis of chlorophyll and photosynthesis, a decrease in the growth and crop productivity. In the Northeast region of Brazil, cowpea, legume species capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen through symbiosis with bacteria called rhizobial, is important for the subsistence families, because they are considered more resistant to adverse conditions the middle. This region has raised the problem of soil salinity due to the use of low water quality and intense evaporation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of salt stress on the accumulation of photosynthetic pigments in differents cultivars of cowpea inoculated with rhizobium strain BR-3267, developed especially in Brazil for symbiosis with this legume. The study was performed using polyethylene pots containing Neolithic Eutrophic Regosols. We used a completely randomized design in a 4x5 factorial (salinity x genotype), with four repetitions. Treatments consisted of four levels of salinity of irrigation water (1,5; 3,0; 4,5 e 6,0 dSm -1 ) and genotypes were used MNCO1-649F-1-3, BRS-Juruá, MNCO2-675F-4-9, MNCO3-736F-7 and MNCO2-684F-5-6. Evaluations were performed at 40 days after emergence (DAE), when samples were collected from leaf tissue of plants, brought to Irrigation and Salinity Laboratory (LIS) of the Center for Technology and Natural Resources (CTRN), Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), processed and determined the levels of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophylls and carotenoids, and the relationship of chlorophyll a/b and total chlorophyll/carotenoids. Analysis of variance showed that there were significant for salinity levels on all variables. Regression analysis showed linear or quadratic response to the negative content of total chlorophylls and carotenoids, respectively. Regarding the contents of chlorophylls a and b, there was a negative linear response. The content of photosynthetic pigments were generally adversely affected by salinity levels of irrigation water, showing a sensitivity of the symbiosis to salt stress, which is reflected in the production of leaf pigments responsible for capturing light and CO 2 for photosynthesis. Keywords: salinity, chlorophyll, photosynthesis, cowpea, rhizobia. 1. Introduction The irrigation is one of the technologies applied in agriculture that has most contributed to the increase in food production. Nevertheless this practice should therefore be used rationally, because the climate conditions of the Northeast (high temperature, low precipitation and the high salt contents in water used for irrigation), have been causing problem salinization in soils. The increasing need to enhance the food production, has increased significantly to expand of the cultivated areas but that search not take into account
only the expansion of agricultural lands but also regarded as of using water of lower quality as well as to reuse drain water with high levels of salts and use species able to provide high yields when irrigated with those types of water (Rhoades et al., 2000). Soil salinity is an abiotic factor that can affect the rhizobia-legume symbiosis, nodulation and consequently decreasing the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. This can negatively influence the synthesis of chlorophyll and photosynthesis, a decrease in the growth and yield. In northeastern Brazil, cowpea, legume species capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen through symbiosis with bacteria called rhizobia is important to the livelihoods of low income families, because they are considered more resistant to adverse conditions of the medium. This region has worsened the problem of soil salinity due to the use of low water quality and intense evaporation (Cordovilla, et al., 1999). The search for new sources of genes for tolerance to salinity must be constant. The identification of new genotypes as sources of tolerance, genetic variability in breeding genetically divergent groups represents an important strategy to gain selection. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of salt stress on accumulation of leaf photosynthetic pigments in various cultivars of the cowpeas inoculated with rhizobia strain BR-3267, especially developed in Brazil to a symbiosis with this leguminous. 2. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted in a a greenhouse at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), in the dependencies of UFCG, Centre for Technology and Natural Resource (CTRN), Academic Unit the Agricultural Engineering (UAEA). A UFCG (FIGURE 1) is located in central east of the state of Paraíba, in the Borborema Plateau, which geographic FIGURE 1: Aerial view of UFCG. Local greenhouse in focus.
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POSTER SW: SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERI
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Presenter: Jose Euclides Paterniani
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1 Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
Page 7 and 8: Matsura Department of hydraulic and
Page 9 and 10: P-2064 MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF
Page 11 and 12: temperature-based (e.g., Thornthwai
Page 13 and 14: two types of reference surfaces rep
Page 15 and 16: (d) Baft (c) Bam (b) Kerma n (a) Ji
Page 17 and 18: Estevez, J., Gavilan, P., & Berenge
Page 19 and 20: 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 The hy
Page 21 and 22: Ia = n × v ec Equation 3 which: Ia
Page 23 and 24: 5. References ALLEN, R.G.; PEREIRA,
Page 25 and 26: The density analysis was performed
Page 27 and 28: Figure1 - Relationship between the
Page 29 and 30: 4 Conclusions • The density obtai
Page 31 and 32: characteristics resulting from of g
Page 33 and 34: Table1. Morphological characteristi
Page 35 and 36: Transpiration of Eucalyptus spp see
Page 37 and 38: The fertilization growth and harden
Page 39 and 40: Cool, J. B., Rodrigo, G. N., Garcí
Page 41 and 42: Abstract Agriculture and water sour
Page 43 and 44: In 1985 and 1986 hygienic protectio
Page 45 and 46: spring area. It is also prohibited
Page 47 and 48: Biological Nitrogen Fixation In Gen
Page 49 and 50: We used a completely randomized in
Page 51 and 52: 5. References AYERS, R.S.; WESTCOT,
Page 53 and 54: 2 However, the cultures are not alw
Page 55 and 56: 4 TABEL 2: Mean values of radiation
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Page 61 and 62: FIGURE 2: Content of chlorophyll a,
Page 63 and 64: Evapotranspiration and Crop Coeffic
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Page 67 and 68: TABLE 1: Irrigation depth and actua
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Page 71 and 72: Table 2. Daily affluent concentrati
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Page 77 and 78: This method consists of covering th
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Page 83 and 84: WATER TREATMENT BY COAGULATION WITH
Page 85 and 86: in a grinder and passed through a 0
Page 87 and 88: 3.2. Determination of the required
Page 89 and 90: ANALYSIS OF LEVELS OF LAND DEGRADAT
Page 91 and 92: This methodology consists of a sequ
Page 93 and 94: FIGURE 5. A - Area of exploitation
Page 95 and 96: Water technology improvements and t
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Page 99 and 100: higher demand than those of scenari
Page 101 and 102: YIELD AND BEAN SIZE OF COFFEA ARABI
Page 103 and 104: uniformity of flowering. The irriga
Page 105 and 106: Table 3 - Analysis of variance for
Page 107 and 108: SUGARCANE FERTIRRIGATED WITH MINERA
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3. Results and Discussion The value
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espectively, compared to that obser
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Optimal Reservoir Operation Model w
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all periods are computed using Eq.
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(a) Calibration (b) Verification Fi
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Characteristics of Heavy Metal Cont
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2. Materials and Method 2.1. Study
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TABLE 2: Devices for collecting of
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Calibration of Hargreaves Equation
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Relative error (RE): Index of agree
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Stochastic modelling of Contaminant
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widely used for various fields such
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show that Extvalue and Logistic dis
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Efficiency of water and energy use
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Pressure: it was obtained by means
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them cover similar percentages. Dur
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Relationship among compaction, mois
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Cylindrical containers (191mm diame
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Figure 9 High compaction. Bulk dens
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Simulation of water flow with root
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water contents were almost greater
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Operation and Energy Optimization M
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Urmia Salt Lake Urmia FIGURE 1: Gha
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changes have been done in system. F
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Application of Surface Cover and So
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significantly lower than those from
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Choi, J. D., (1997). Effect of Rura
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1.1. Scope and aim The growth of th
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Therefore, the remaining works are
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network makes such volumes unaccept
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Reclaimed wastewater reuse has been
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Fig. 2 shows the monitoring results
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3. Conclusions Reclaimed wastewater
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Q P Ia 2 P Ia S for P≥Ia Q 0
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data P (mm), gauged in 130 pluviogr
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TABLE 2: CN emp values obtained for
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References Chapman, T. G. & Maxwell
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This work, after applying Kennessey
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TABLE 2 - Partial runoff coefficien
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Figure 3 also reports a comparison
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2. Material and Methods The experim
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TABLE 2: Summary of variance analys
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BEZERRA, I. L.; GHEYI, H. R.; FERNA
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2. Materials and Methods The study
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Figure 3. Hourly values of ET estim
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Ortega-Farias, S.O., Cuenca, R.H.,
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2 Material end methods The wastewat
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Queiroz et al. (2004) and (Fonseca
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Reference list CEREDA, M.P. (2001)
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2. Data and Methods 2.1. Methods Ir
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3. Results The water balance model
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Acknowledgments This work was carri
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and the need to reduce costs, it be
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40 mm 65.30 59.00 8.70 8.10 60 mm 6
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REFERENCES BERTRAND, J. P. et al. L
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The mathematical modeling in the wa
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OD (mg L -1 ) OD obs (mg L -1 ) TAB
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OD (mg L -1 ) DBO (mg L -1 ) 8,00 7
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Effect of Rice Straw Mulch on Runof
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mg/L, 14.6 mg/L, and 1.2 mg/L, resp
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1 PAPAYA SEEDLINGS PRODUCTION FROM
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3 into an oven with circulating air
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5 14 12 Stem diameter (mm) 10 8 6 4
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7 Root dry matter (g plant -1 ) 8 7
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CAVALCANTE, L. F.; CORDEIRO, J. C.;
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This document was created with Win2
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extractable and non-extractable bou
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MOD-E and MOD-B, and 65.99% and 80.
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Houot, S., Barriuso, E., Bergheaud,
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measures water content and electric
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As observed, increasing the dischar
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irrigation: a comparison of point a
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field operations (STRECK et al., 20
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3. Results and discussions Table 1
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4. Conclusions It can be concluded
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water maintenance. At the same time
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TABLE 1 Stream discharge for each m
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TABLE 5 Correlation analysis of wat
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turbulent flow energy produced by w
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The numerical model was validated a
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4. Conclusion FIGURE 6: The shape o
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2.1 Case study The Zayandeh-Rud bas
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economic factors. In this is a very
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FIGURE 1. Location of the Wuliangsu
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WT( o C) (a) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
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• The effectiveness of the crop c
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As evidenced by Rana et al. (2005),
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1.20 1.20 2010 2011 0.90 0.90 K c 0
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elationships. There is forest area,
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B = ( c − a) A − ( c − d) c
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References Choi, W.-J., Lee, S.-M.,
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of faecal bacteria (Kummerer, 2004;
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FIGURE 1 - Project tasks and links
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Oliveira, A.B. & Henriques, M. (201
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1 Introduction To irrigate is to su
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the inverter that provides a refere
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OLIVEIRA FILHO, D. ; SAMPAIO, R. P.
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1.1 Description of the Study Area T
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Refrences: Bruce J.P. (1994). Natur
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RE because it has the advantages ov
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with L 1 2 com obs J ( k ) = ∑{ f
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Relative hydraulic conductivity r 1
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surfaces requires information on th
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climate. Therefore a special coeffi
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FIGURE 2: The relation between K pa
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Coagulation using Moringa oleifera
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After the assembly of the experimen
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For the positive control test, the
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MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF PRINCIP
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The multiple regression equations w
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Table 3 - Regression models that be
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Is Imaging Analysis Quantifying the
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of the computer. All additional ima
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The final enhanced images were segm
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image analysis is well suited and f
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EVALUATION OF CROP CANOPY EFFECT ON
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∂e ∂e ∂e + u + v ∂t ∂x
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4. Results and discussion 4.1. Spat
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Benchmarking of Irrigated Agricultu
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Indicators can be thought of as sta
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total area is about 13,700 km2. The
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