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FIGURE 3: SPAD index in cowpea as a function of salinity of irrigation water. Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil, 2012. irrigation, where saline stress showed influence on the accumulation of chlorophyll in the leaves. According to these authors, the levels of biochemical constituents of the leaves as photosynthetic pigments, are reduced by salinity, and this effect is compounded by the length and level of exposure to stress condition. In response to conditions of high soil salinity, the plants develop various physiological and biochemical alterations (Munns & Tester, 2008). In plants subjected to salinity decreases in chlorophyll concentration can be attributed to increased activity of the enzyme that degrades the chlorophyll chlorophyllase (Sharma & Hall, 1991). Campbell et al. (2008) showed that the increase in the salinity significantly reduced levels of chlorophyll a, b and total. Under which of the biochemical point of view, observed reductions in chlorophyll content in plants under salt stress, appear to be related to reduced ability of plants to synthesize or further degradation of pigments. The number of nodules of all genotypes of cowpea plants submitted to increasing levels of salinity of irrigation water, was adversely affected, the largest decrease in the order of 75% and observed for genotype MNC01-649F-1-3 (data not shown). According to other authors, the effect of salt on nodulation varies depending on the host legume species (Cordovilla et al., 1999). In studies with pea and bean, Bohlool & Singleton, (1984) evaluated the effect of salt stress on nodulation and plant growth and observed that there was an inhibition of nodulation in both species. However, according to the authors, the pea had a higher sensitivity to salt stress than the beans. Previously, Singleton & Bohlool, (1984) evaluated the nodulation of soybean under different salinity levels and observed that the plants were sensitive to increasing salinity levels. 4. Conclusions No significant interaction between factors and between both genotypes, however there was a decrease in the values obtained in response to increasing salinity of irrigation water. Salt stress caused a decrease in pigmentation of the leaves and nodulation of cowpea.
5. References AYERS, R.S.; WESTCOT, D.W. Water quality for agriculture. Campina Grande, UFPB, 1999. 153p. CAMARGO, P.M.P.; COSTA, R.C.; BARRETO, A.G.T.; NETO, C.F.O.; CRUZ, F.J.R. 2008. Mechanisms of salt tolerance related to nitrogen metabolism in plants and osmotic adjustments sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). VI Seminar on Scientific Initiation/UFRA and XII Seminary of Scientific Initiation of EMBRAPA. CORDOVILLA, M.D.P. LIGERO, F.; LLUCH, C. Effects of NaCl on growth and nitrogen fixation and assimilation of inoculated and KNO 3 fertilized Vicia faba L. and Pisum sativum L. plants. Plant Science, v.140, p. 127–136, 1999. LIMA, G.P.P.; ROSSI, C.; HAKVOORT, D.M.R. 1997. Activity of peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.7) and proline content in the embryo and cotyledons of common bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. grown under conditions of high salinity. Scientia. Agriculture, vol. 54, p.123-127. MUNNS, R.; TESTER, M. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Biology, v.59, p.651-681, 2008. NETO, A.D.A. Salt stress, oxidative stress and cross-tolerance in corn. In: Environmental Stresses: Damage and benefits in plants. WALNUT, R.M.C.; Araujo E.L.; WILLADINO, L.G. et al. (Eds.) Recife: UFRPE, University Press, 2005. 500 p. NETONDO, G.W.; ONYANGO, J.C.; BECK, E. Sorghum and salinity: I. Response of growth, water relations, and ion accumulation to NaCl salinity. Crop Science, v.44, p.797-805, 2004a. NETONDO, G.W.; ONYANGO, J.C.; BECK, E. Sorghum and salinity: II. Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of sorghum under salt stress. Crop Science, v.44, p.806-811, 2004b. NOVAIS, R.J.; NEVES, J.C.L.; BARROS, N.F. Testing in a controlled environment. In: Oliveira, AJ.; GARRIDO, WE, Araújo, JD, LORENZO, L. Research methods in soil fertility. Brasilia: Embrapa, p.189-254, 1991. PRAXEDES, S.C.; LACERDA, C.F. de; DAMATTA, F.M.; PRISCO, J.T.; GOMES-FILHO, E. Salt tolerance is associated with differences in ion accumulation, biomass allocation and photosynthesis in cowpea cultivars. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, v.196, p.193- 204, 2010. RHOADES, J.P.; KANDIAH, A.; MASHALI, A.M. Use of saline water in agricultural production. Campina Grande: UFPB, 2000. 117p. SHARMA, P.K.; HALL, D.O. 1991. Interaction of salt stress and photoinhibition on photosynthesis in barley and sorghun. Journal of Plant Physiology, v.138, n.5, p.614-619. SILVA, E.N. da; RIBEIRO, R.V.; FERREIRA-SILVA, S.L.; VIÉGAS, R.A.; SILVEIRA, J.A.G. Salt stress induced damages onthe photosynthesis of physic nut young plants. Scientia Agricola,v.68, p.62-68, 2011. SINGLETON, P. W.; BOHLOOL, B. B. Effect of salinity on nodule formation by soybean. Plant Physiology, v. 74, p. 72-76, 1984.
Page 1 and 2: POSTER SW: SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERI
Page 3 and 4: Presenter: Jose Euclides Paterniani
Page 5 and 6: 1 Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
Page 7 and 8: Matsura Department of hydraulic and
Page 9 and 10: P-2064 MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF
Page 11 and 12: temperature-based (e.g., Thornthwai
Page 13 and 14: two types of reference surfaces rep
Page 15 and 16: (d) Baft (c) Bam (b) Kerma n (a) Ji
Page 17 and 18: Estevez, J., Gavilan, P., & Berenge
Page 19 and 20: 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 The hy
Page 21 and 22: Ia = n × v ec Equation 3 which: Ia
Page 23 and 24: 5. References ALLEN, R.G.; PEREIRA,
Page 25 and 26: The density analysis was performed
Page 27 and 28: Figure1 - Relationship between the
Page 29 and 30: 4 Conclusions • The density obtai
Page 31 and 32: characteristics resulting from of g
Page 33 and 34: Table1. Morphological characteristi
Page 35 and 36: Transpiration of Eucalyptus spp see
Page 37 and 38: The fertilization growth and harden
Page 39 and 40: Cool, J. B., Rodrigo, G. N., Garcí
Page 41 and 42: Abstract Agriculture and water sour
Page 43 and 44: In 1985 and 1986 hygienic protectio
Page 45 and 46: spring area. It is also prohibited
Page 47 and 48: Biological Nitrogen Fixation In Gen
Page 49: We used a completely randomized in
Page 53 and 54: 2 However, the cultures are not alw
Page 55 and 56: 4 TABEL 2: Mean values of radiation
Page 57 and 58: accumulated ETo (mm dia -1 ) 6 900
Page 59 and 60: only the expansion of agricultural
Page 61 and 62: FIGURE 2: Content of chlorophyll a,
Page 63 and 64: Evapotranspiration and Crop Coeffic
Page 65 and 66: were respectively applied in the fi
Page 67 and 68: TABLE 1: Irrigation depth and actua
Page 69 and 70: NUTRIENT RETENTION IN WETLANDS USIN
Page 71 and 72: Table 2. Daily affluent concentrati
Page 73 and 74: IMPORTANCE OF DRY GEAR MASS CULTURE
Page 75 and 76: mobilizing assimilated exerted by c
Page 77 and 78: This method consists of covering th
Page 79 and 80: uncovered ones, that mixed the wate
Page 81 and 82: coliforms and E-coli that might hav
Page 83 and 84: WATER TREATMENT BY COAGULATION WITH
Page 85 and 86: in a grinder and passed through a 0
Page 87 and 88: 3.2. Determination of the required
Page 89 and 90: ANALYSIS OF LEVELS OF LAND DEGRADAT
Page 91 and 92: This methodology consists of a sequ
Page 93 and 94: FIGURE 5. A - Area of exploitation
Page 95 and 96: Water technology improvements and t
Page 97 and 98: The Multiattribute Utility Theory (
Page 99 and 100: higher demand than those of scenari
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YIELD AND BEAN SIZE OF COFFEA ARABI
Page 103 and 104:
uniformity of flowering. The irriga
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Table 3 - Analysis of variance for
Page 107 and 108:
SUGARCANE FERTIRRIGATED WITH MINERA
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3. Results and Discussion The value
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espectively, compared to that obser
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Optimal Reservoir Operation Model w
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all periods are computed using Eq.
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(a) Calibration (b) Verification Fi
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Characteristics of Heavy Metal Cont
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2. Materials and Method 2.1. Study
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TABLE 2: Devices for collecting of
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Calibration of Hargreaves Equation
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Relative error (RE): Index of agree
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Stochastic modelling of Contaminant
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widely used for various fields such
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show that Extvalue and Logistic dis
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Efficiency of water and energy use
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Pressure: it was obtained by means
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them cover similar percentages. Dur
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Relationship among compaction, mois
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Cylindrical containers (191mm diame
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Figure 9 High compaction. Bulk dens
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Simulation of water flow with root
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water contents were almost greater
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Operation and Energy Optimization M
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Urmia Salt Lake Urmia FIGURE 1: Gha
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changes have been done in system. F
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Application of Surface Cover and So
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significantly lower than those from
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Choi, J. D., (1997). Effect of Rura
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1.1. Scope and aim The growth of th
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Therefore, the remaining works are
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network makes such volumes unaccept
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Reclaimed wastewater reuse has been
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Fig. 2 shows the monitoring results
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3. Conclusions Reclaimed wastewater
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Q P Ia 2 P Ia S for P≥Ia Q 0
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data P (mm), gauged in 130 pluviogr
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TABLE 2: CN emp values obtained for
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References Chapman, T. G. & Maxwell
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This work, after applying Kennessey
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TABLE 2 - Partial runoff coefficien
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Figure 3 also reports a comparison
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2. Material and Methods The experim
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TABLE 2: Summary of variance analys
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BEZERRA, I. L.; GHEYI, H. R.; FERNA
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2. Materials and Methods The study
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Figure 3. Hourly values of ET estim
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Ortega-Farias, S.O., Cuenca, R.H.,
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2 Material end methods The wastewat
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Queiroz et al. (2004) and (Fonseca
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Reference list CEREDA, M.P. (2001)
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2. Data and Methods 2.1. Methods Ir
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3. Results The water balance model
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Acknowledgments This work was carri
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and the need to reduce costs, it be
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40 mm 65.30 59.00 8.70 8.10 60 mm 6
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REFERENCES BERTRAND, J. P. et al. L
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The mathematical modeling in the wa
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OD (mg L -1 ) OD obs (mg L -1 ) TAB
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OD (mg L -1 ) DBO (mg L -1 ) 8,00 7
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Effect of Rice Straw Mulch on Runof
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mg/L, 14.6 mg/L, and 1.2 mg/L, resp
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1 PAPAYA SEEDLINGS PRODUCTION FROM
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3 into an oven with circulating air
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5 14 12 Stem diameter (mm) 10 8 6 4
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7 Root dry matter (g plant -1 ) 8 7
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CAVALCANTE, L. F.; CORDEIRO, J. C.;
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This document was created with Win2
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extractable and non-extractable bou
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MOD-E and MOD-B, and 65.99% and 80.
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Houot, S., Barriuso, E., Bergheaud,
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measures water content and electric
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As observed, increasing the dischar
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irrigation: a comparison of point a
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field operations (STRECK et al., 20
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3. Results and discussions Table 1
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4. Conclusions It can be concluded
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water maintenance. At the same time
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TABLE 1 Stream discharge for each m
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TABLE 5 Correlation analysis of wat
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turbulent flow energy produced by w
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The numerical model was validated a
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4. Conclusion FIGURE 6: The shape o
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2.1 Case study The Zayandeh-Rud bas
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economic factors. In this is a very
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FIGURE 1. Location of the Wuliangsu
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WT( o C) (a) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
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• The effectiveness of the crop c
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As evidenced by Rana et al. (2005),
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1.20 1.20 2010 2011 0.90 0.90 K c 0
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elationships. There is forest area,
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B = ( c − a) A − ( c − d) c
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References Choi, W.-J., Lee, S.-M.,
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of faecal bacteria (Kummerer, 2004;
Page 295 and 296:
FIGURE 1 - Project tasks and links
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Oliveira, A.B. & Henriques, M. (201
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1 Introduction To irrigate is to su
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the inverter that provides a refere
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OLIVEIRA FILHO, D. ; SAMPAIO, R. P.
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1.1 Description of the Study Area T
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Refrences: Bruce J.P. (1994). Natur
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RE because it has the advantages ov
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with L 1 2 com obs J ( k ) = ∑{ f
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Relative hydraulic conductivity r 1
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surfaces requires information on th
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climate. Therefore a special coeffi
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FIGURE 2: The relation between K pa
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Coagulation using Moringa oleifera
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After the assembly of the experimen
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For the positive control test, the
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MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF PRINCIP
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The multiple regression equations w
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Table 3 - Regression models that be
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Is Imaging Analysis Quantifying the
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of the computer. All additional ima
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The final enhanced images were segm
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image analysis is well suited and f
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EVALUATION OF CROP CANOPY EFFECT ON
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∂e ∂e ∂e + u + v ∂t ∂x
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4. Results and discussion 4.1. Spat
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Benchmarking of Irrigated Agricultu
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Indicators can be thought of as sta
Page 351 and 352:
total area is about 13,700 km2. The
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