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iver, the surface water will be pumped to the pre-treatment plant, which will be constructed during treatment plant modernization. Spring area intensification is also related to the water treatment plant intensification - a capacity increase about 30 l.s -1 . Existing technology - single-stage filtration and ozone oxidation, will be preserved. Conclusions Agriculture and water supply belongs to the important landscape functions and during protection zones revision it was necessary to work closely together and create a compromise solution. The farmers have to comply with the Nitrates Directive conditions and no other measures in protection zones were necessary to propose. The cooperation between water managers, farmers and government control authorities is the current tendency when the protection zones are proposing. New level 2 protection zone is smaller than the original level 2 hygienic protection zone. Water supply operator must regularly monitor the physico-chemical and microbiological parameters in all boreholes. It is possible to determine other level 2 protection zones or more restrictive regime in the case of water quality deterioration. Currently, in the spring area we can find all types of water protection measures - preventive, technical and technological measures. Protection zones represent the preventive measures. Selection of perspective intake objects and the infiltration represent the technical measures and water treatment plant modernization and pre-treatment processes of surface water given up to infiltration represent the technological measures. Acknowledgements This work was created in the project QJ1230056 - The impact of the expected climate changes on soils of the Czech Republic and the evaluation of their productive functions. References Directiva Marco [online], [cit. 2012-02-10]. . Implementation of nitrates Directive. [online], [cit. 2012-03-12]. . Oppeltová, P., Novák, J. (2007). Zhodnocení problematiky ochrany vodních zdroj v R v období posledních let z pohledu právního i provozního (Evaluation of problematics of drinking water sources protection in the Czech Republic in terms of law). In Zborník prednášok z X. konferencie s medzinárodnou úasou Pitná voda 2007. Bratislava - REPRO PRINT, Bratislava, Slovaquia, 2007, pp. 63 - 70 (in Czech). Pitter, P. (2008). Hydrochemie (Hydrochemistry). VŠCHT Praga. ISBN 978-80-7080-701-9 (in Czech). Vyhláška 103/2003 Sb. (National regulation 103/2003 Sb. On protection of waters against pollution by nitrate from agricultural sources ) (in Czech) Vyhláška MZDR R . 252/2004 Sb., kterou se stanoví hygienické požadavky na pitnou a teplou vodu a etnost a rozsah kontroly pitné vody (National Regulation 252/2004 Sb. On drinking water parameters and quality coontrol) (in Czech). Zákon . 254/2001 Sb. (Water Law 254/2001 Sb.) (in Czech). Zákon . 274/2001 Sb. o vodovodech a kanalizacích pro veejnou potebu v platném znní (Drainage, sewers and public water supply law 274/2001 Sb.) (in Czech).
Biological Nitrogen Fixation In Genotypes of Cowpea Under Salt Stress Increasing the State of Paraíba, Brazil Ronaldo do Nascimento 1* , Jailma R. de Andrade 2 , Francisco V. da Silva 3 , Aryadne Ellen V. de Alencar 4 , Daniele F. de Melo 4 , José Wilson Barbosa 2 1 Teacher Associate of Academic Unit of Agricultural Engineering, CTRN / UFCG, Av Aprígio Veloso, 882, University District, Campina Grande, Paraíba, 58429-140, Brazil. 2 Graduate in Agricultural Sciences, Ms in Agricultural Engineering, Academic Unit of Agricultural Engineering, CTRN / UFCG. 3 Agronomist Engineer, PhD, Academic Unit of Agricultural Engineering, CTRN / UFCG. 4 Graduate in Agricultural Engineering, Academic Unit of Agricultural Engineering, CTRN / UFCG. *Corresponding author. E-mail: ronaldo@deag.ufcg.edu.br Abstract The symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia can supply most or all of the nitrogen needed for growth and productivity of plant species. However, for this to occur satisfactorily, the plant must be effectively nodulated by bacteria. Nodulation is dependent on a number of factors involving the plant, bacteria and soil and the interaction of the three. The combined action of these factors may limit or stimulate nodulation, which will be reflected in the amount of fixed atmospheric nitrogen and productivity of the legume. Among the main environmental factors that affect the potential of biological nitrogen fixation in the northeast region of Brazil, there is the salinity of the soil, considering the use of low quality water and high evaporation due to climate conditions in the region. The objective of the research was to evaluate the potential for biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) for different cultivars of cowpea under conditions of increasing salinity in irrigation water. For this we used polyethylene pots containing neolithic regosols eutrophic fertilized as recommended for cultivation in specific vessels, except nitrogen, and protected environment. We used a completely randomized design in a 4x5 factorial (salinity x genotype), with four repetitions. Treatments consisted of four levels of salinity of irrigation water (1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 dS m -1 ) and genotypes (G) were used (G1) MNCO1-649F-1-3, (G2) BRS-Juruá, (G3) MNCO2-675F-4-9, (G4) MNCO3-736F-7 e (G5) MNCO2-684F-5-6, inoculated with rhizobium strain BR-3267, specially developed in Brazil for symbiosis this species legume. The FBN was estimated through the SPAD readings of the index and weight of the dry mass of nodules, 40 days after emergence (DAE). Analysis of variance showed that there were significant for levels of salinity on the parameters. Regression analysis showed a negative linear response for dry weight of nodules and SPAD index, which was negatively affected by salinity levels of irrigation water, showing a sensitivity of the symbiosis to salt stress. Key words: cowpea, salinity, nitrogen, nodulation. 1. Introduction The cowpea constitutes the main subsistence crop in the north and northeast of Brazil, especially in the semiarid northeast. Irrigation is one of the technologies applied in agriculture that has most contributed to the increase in food production, however this practice should be used rationally, since the weather conditions in the northeast (high temperatures, low rainfall and high levels of salts in irrigation water), have caused problems of salinity in soils. The salinity of the soil is particularly important in semi-arid regions, in order to lower the precipitation rate and high evaporation. Most crop species subjected to salinity have reduced growth and metabolism affected (Lima et al., 1997). The growing need to increase food production, has significantly increased the expansion of cultivated areas, but this quest does not take into account only the expansion of agricultural areas, but also considered the use of
Page 1 and 2: POSTER SW: SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERI
Page 3 and 4: Presenter: Jose Euclides Paterniani
Page 5 and 6: 1 Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
Page 7 and 8: Matsura Department of hydraulic and
Page 9 and 10: P-2064 MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF
Page 11 and 12: temperature-based (e.g., Thornthwai
Page 13 and 14: two types of reference surfaces rep
Page 15 and 16: (d) Baft (c) Bam (b) Kerma n (a) Ji
Page 17 and 18: Estevez, J., Gavilan, P., & Berenge
Page 19 and 20: 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 The hy
Page 21 and 22: Ia = n × v ec Equation 3 which: Ia
Page 23 and 24: 5. References ALLEN, R.G.; PEREIRA,
Page 25 and 26: The density analysis was performed
Page 27 and 28: Figure1 - Relationship between the
Page 29 and 30: 4 Conclusions • The density obtai
Page 31 and 32: characteristics resulting from of g
Page 33 and 34: Table1. Morphological characteristi
Page 35 and 36: Transpiration of Eucalyptus spp see
Page 37 and 38: The fertilization growth and harden
Page 39 and 40: Cool, J. B., Rodrigo, G. N., Garcí
Page 41 and 42: Abstract Agriculture and water sour
Page 43 and 44: In 1985 and 1986 hygienic protectio
Page 45: spring area. It is also prohibited
Page 49 and 50: We used a completely randomized in
Page 51 and 52: 5. References AYERS, R.S.; WESTCOT,
Page 53 and 54: 2 However, the cultures are not alw
Page 55 and 56: 4 TABEL 2: Mean values of radiation
Page 57 and 58: accumulated ETo (mm dia -1 ) 6 900
Page 59 and 60: only the expansion of agricultural
Page 61 and 62: FIGURE 2: Content of chlorophyll a,
Page 63 and 64: Evapotranspiration and Crop Coeffic
Page 65 and 66: were respectively applied in the fi
Page 67 and 68: TABLE 1: Irrigation depth and actua
Page 69 and 70: NUTRIENT RETENTION IN WETLANDS USIN
Page 71 and 72: Table 2. Daily affluent concentrati
Page 73 and 74: IMPORTANCE OF DRY GEAR MASS CULTURE
Page 75 and 76: mobilizing assimilated exerted by c
Page 77 and 78: This method consists of covering th
Page 79 and 80: uncovered ones, that mixed the wate
Page 81 and 82: coliforms and E-coli that might hav
Page 83 and 84: WATER TREATMENT BY COAGULATION WITH
Page 85 and 86: in a grinder and passed through a 0
Page 87 and 88: 3.2. Determination of the required
Page 89 and 90: ANALYSIS OF LEVELS OF LAND DEGRADAT
Page 91 and 92: This methodology consists of a sequ
Page 93 and 94: FIGURE 5. A - Area of exploitation
Page 95 and 96: Water technology improvements and t
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The Multiattribute Utility Theory (
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higher demand than those of scenari
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YIELD AND BEAN SIZE OF COFFEA ARABI
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uniformity of flowering. The irriga
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Table 3 - Analysis of variance for
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SUGARCANE FERTIRRIGATED WITH MINERA
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3. Results and Discussion The value
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espectively, compared to that obser
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Optimal Reservoir Operation Model w
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all periods are computed using Eq.
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(a) Calibration (b) Verification Fi
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Characteristics of Heavy Metal Cont
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2. Materials and Method 2.1. Study
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TABLE 2: Devices for collecting of
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Calibration of Hargreaves Equation
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Relative error (RE): Index of agree
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Stochastic modelling of Contaminant
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widely used for various fields such
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show that Extvalue and Logistic dis
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Efficiency of water and energy use
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Pressure: it was obtained by means
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them cover similar percentages. Dur
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Relationship among compaction, mois
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Cylindrical containers (191mm diame
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Figure 9 High compaction. Bulk dens
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Simulation of water flow with root
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water contents were almost greater
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Operation and Energy Optimization M
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Urmia Salt Lake Urmia FIGURE 1: Gha
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changes have been done in system. F
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Application of Surface Cover and So
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significantly lower than those from
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Choi, J. D., (1997). Effect of Rura
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1.1. Scope and aim The growth of th
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Therefore, the remaining works are
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network makes such volumes unaccept
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Reclaimed wastewater reuse has been
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Fig. 2 shows the monitoring results
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3. Conclusions Reclaimed wastewater
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Q P Ia 2 P Ia S for P≥Ia Q 0
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data P (mm), gauged in 130 pluviogr
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TABLE 2: CN emp values obtained for
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References Chapman, T. G. & Maxwell
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This work, after applying Kennessey
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TABLE 2 - Partial runoff coefficien
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Figure 3 also reports a comparison
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2. Material and Methods The experim
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TABLE 2: Summary of variance analys
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BEZERRA, I. L.; GHEYI, H. R.; FERNA
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2. Materials and Methods The study
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Figure 3. Hourly values of ET estim
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Ortega-Farias, S.O., Cuenca, R.H.,
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2 Material end methods The wastewat
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Queiroz et al. (2004) and (Fonseca
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Reference list CEREDA, M.P. (2001)
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2. Data and Methods 2.1. Methods Ir
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3. Results The water balance model
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Acknowledgments This work was carri
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and the need to reduce costs, it be
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40 mm 65.30 59.00 8.70 8.10 60 mm 6
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REFERENCES BERTRAND, J. P. et al. L
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The mathematical modeling in the wa
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OD (mg L -1 ) OD obs (mg L -1 ) TAB
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OD (mg L -1 ) DBO (mg L -1 ) 8,00 7
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Effect of Rice Straw Mulch on Runof
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mg/L, 14.6 mg/L, and 1.2 mg/L, resp
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1 PAPAYA SEEDLINGS PRODUCTION FROM
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3 into an oven with circulating air
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5 14 12 Stem diameter (mm) 10 8 6 4
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7 Root dry matter (g plant -1 ) 8 7
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CAVALCANTE, L. F.; CORDEIRO, J. C.;
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This document was created with Win2
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extractable and non-extractable bou
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MOD-E and MOD-B, and 65.99% and 80.
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Houot, S., Barriuso, E., Bergheaud,
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measures water content and electric
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As observed, increasing the dischar
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irrigation: a comparison of point a
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field operations (STRECK et al., 20
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3. Results and discussions Table 1
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4. Conclusions It can be concluded
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water maintenance. At the same time
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TABLE 1 Stream discharge for each m
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TABLE 5 Correlation analysis of wat
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turbulent flow energy produced by w
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The numerical model was validated a
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4. Conclusion FIGURE 6: The shape o
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2.1 Case study The Zayandeh-Rud bas
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economic factors. In this is a very
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FIGURE 1. Location of the Wuliangsu
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WT( o C) (a) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
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• The effectiveness of the crop c
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As evidenced by Rana et al. (2005),
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1.20 1.20 2010 2011 0.90 0.90 K c 0
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elationships. There is forest area,
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B = ( c − a) A − ( c − d) c
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References Choi, W.-J., Lee, S.-M.,
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of faecal bacteria (Kummerer, 2004;
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FIGURE 1 - Project tasks and links
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Oliveira, A.B. & Henriques, M. (201
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1 Introduction To irrigate is to su
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the inverter that provides a refere
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OLIVEIRA FILHO, D. ; SAMPAIO, R. P.
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1.1 Description of the Study Area T
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Refrences: Bruce J.P. (1994). Natur
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RE because it has the advantages ov
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with L 1 2 com obs J ( k ) = ∑{ f
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Relative hydraulic conductivity r 1
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surfaces requires information on th
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climate. Therefore a special coeffi
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FIGURE 2: The relation between K pa
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Coagulation using Moringa oleifera
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After the assembly of the experimen
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For the positive control test, the
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MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF PRINCIP
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The multiple regression equations w
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Table 3 - Regression models that be
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Is Imaging Analysis Quantifying the
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of the computer. All additional ima
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The final enhanced images were segm
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image analysis is well suited and f
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EVALUATION OF CROP CANOPY EFFECT ON
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∂e ∂e ∂e + u + v ∂t ∂x
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4. Results and discussion 4.1. Spat
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Benchmarking of Irrigated Agricultu
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Indicators can be thought of as sta
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total area is about 13,700 km2. The
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